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Rickettsia is a genus of nonmotile, gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that may occur in the forms of cocci, bacilli, or threads. The genus was named after Howard Taylor Ricketts in honor of his pioneering work on tick-borne spotted fever.
Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non–spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and is genetically closely related to Escherichia. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who discovered it in 1897.
Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. They are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is considered to be substantial in humans, and tick-borne diseases are estimated to affect ~80 % of cattle worldwide. Most of these pathogens require passage through vertebrate hosts as part of their life cycle. Tick-borne infections in humans, farm animals, and companion animals are primarily associated with wildlife animal reservoirs. many tick-borne infections in humans involve a complex cycle between wildlife animal reservoirs and tick vectors. The survival and transmission of these tick-borne viruses are closely linked to their interactions with tick vectors and host cells. These viruses are classified into different families, including Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae.
Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class in the genus Borrelia, and is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans. Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The complex currently comprises 20 accepted and 3 proposed genospecies. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto exists in North America and Eurasia and until 2016 was the only known cause of Lyme disease in North America. Borrelia species are Gram-negative.
Erythema migrans or erythema chronicum migrans is an expanding rash often seen in the early stage of Lyme disease, and can also be caused by southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI). It can appear anywhere from one day to one month after a tick bite. This rash does not represent an allergic reaction to the bite, but rather an actual skin infection of one of the Lyme bacteria species from the genus Borrelia. The rash's name comes from Neo-Latin for "migrating redness".
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection, caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These obligate intracellular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells.
Ehrlichia is a genus of Rickettsiales bacteria that are transmitted to vertebrates by ticks. These bacteria cause the disease ehrlichiosis, which is considered zoonotic, because the main reservoirs for the disease are animals.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular, Gram-negative species of Rickettsiales bacteria. It is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans by the lone star tick. It is the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis.
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne, infectious disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular bacterium that is typically transmitted to humans by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus species complex, including Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in North America. These ticks also transmit Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases.
Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection is an infectious disease caused by an intracellular bacteria, Ehrlichia ewingii. The infection is transmitted to humans by the tick, Amblyomma americanum. This tick can also transmit Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the bacteria that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME).
Rickettsia typhi is a small, aerobic, obligate intracellular, rod shaped gram negative bacterium. It belongs to the typhus group of the Rickettsia genus, along with R. prowazekii. R. typhi has an uncertain history, as it may have long gone shadowed by epidemic typhus. This bacterium is recognized as a biocontainment level 2/3 organism. R. typhi is a flea-borne disease that is best known to be the causative agent for the disease murine typhus, which is an endemic typhus in humans that is distributed worldwide. As with all rickettsial organisms, R. typhi is a zoonotic agent that causes the disease murine typhus, displaying non-specific mild symptoms of fevers, headaches, pains and rashes. There are two cycles of R. typhi transmission from animal reservoirs containing R. typhi to humans: a classic rat-flea-rat cycle that is most well studied and common, and a secondary periodomestic cycle that could involve cats, dogs, opossums, sheep, and their fleas.
African tick bite fever (ATBF) is a bacterial infection spread by the bite of a tick. Symptoms may include fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash. At the site of the bite there is typically a red skin sore with a dark center. The onset of symptoms usually occurs 4–10 days after the bite. Complications are rare but may include joint inflammation. Some people do not develop symptoms.
Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Rickettsia helvetica, previously known as the Swiss agent, is a bacterium found in Dermacentor reticulatus and other ticks, which has been implicated as a suspected but unconfirmed human pathogen. First recognized in 1979 in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Switzerland as a new member of the spotted fever group of Rickettsia, the R. helvetica bacterium was eventually isolated in 1993. Although R. helvetica was initially thought to be harmless in humans and many animal species, some individual case reports suggest that it may be capable of causing a nonspecific fever in humans. In 1997, a man living in eastern France seroconverted to Rickettsia 4 weeks after onset of an unexplained febrile illness. In 2010, a case report indicated that tick-borne R. helvetica can also cause meningitis in humans.
Borrelia miyamotoi is a bacterium of the spirochete phylum in the genus Borrelia. A zoonotic organism, B. miyamotoi can infect humans through the bite of several species of hard-shell Ixodes ticks, the same kind of ticks that spread B. burgdorferi, the causative bacterium of Lyme disease. Ixodes ticks are also the primary vector in the spread of babesiosis and anaplasmosis.
Helicobacter pullorum is a bacterium in the Helicobacteraceae family, Campylobacterales order. It was isolated from the liver, duodenum, and caecum of broiler and layer chickens, and from humans with gastroenteritis. It is a nongastric urease-negative Helicobacter species colonizing the lower bowel.
Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis, also known as Bannwarth syndrome, is a neurological disease characterized as intense nerve pain radiating from the spine. The disease is caused by an infection of Borrelia burgdorferi, a tick-borne spirochete bacterium also responsible for causing Lyme disease.
Tania Sorrell is an Australian infectious disease physician who is a Professor and Director of the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity at the University of Sydney. She serves as Chair of the National Health and Medical Research Council Research Translation Faculty Steering Group on New and Emerging Health Threats. She is interested in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
Neisseria animaloris, formerly named CDC group EF-4a, is a gram-negative coccoid rod. The bacterium is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract of cats and dogs, and they may cause pulmonary infections in cat. In humans Neisseria animaloris have been reported to cause wound infection after animal bites but also chronic otitis media, bacteremia and endophtalmitis.
Neoehrlichia mikurensis (NM), previously known as Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, is an intracellular, gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae. Using ticks as vectors, it spreads between animals - mainly rodents, but other mammals as well as humans can get infected. After Borrelia and Rickettsia, it is believed to be the third most common tick-borne pathogen able to infect humans. Between 2009 and 2019, 45 human cases of NM-infections were found in Sweden.
References
- ↑ Wennerås, C. (2015-05-11). "Infections with the tick-borne bacterium Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 21 (7): 621–630. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.030 . PMID 25770773.
- 1 2 Höper, Linnea; Skoog, Elisabet; Stenson, Martin; Grankvist, Anna; Wass, Linda; Olsen, Björn; Nilsson, Kenneth; Mårtensson, Andreas; Söderlind, Jacob; Sakinis, Augustinas; Wennerås, Christine (2021-10-05). "Vasculitis due to Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis: A Cohort Study of 40 Swedish Patients". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 73 (7): e2372–e2378. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1217. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 32818961.
- 1 2 Grankvist, A.; Andersson, P.-O.; Mattsson, M.; Sender, M.; Vaht, K.; Hoper, L.; Sakiniene, E.; Trysberg, E.; Stenson, M.; Fehr, J.; Pekova, S.; Bogdan, C.; Bloemberg, G.; Wenneras, C. (2014-06-15). "Infections With the Tick-Borne Bacterium "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" Mimic Noninfectious Conditions in Patients With B Cell Malignancies or Autoimmune Diseases". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 58 (12): 1716–1722. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu189 . ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 24647019.
- ↑ Wass, Linda; Grankvist, Anna; Bell-Sakyi, Lesley; Bergström, Malin; Ulfhammer, Erik; Lingblom, Christine; Wennerås, Christine (2019-01-01). "Cultivation of the causative agent of human neoehrlichiosis from clinical isolates identifies vascular endothelium as a target of infection". Emerging Microbes & Infections. 8 (1): 413–425. doi:10.1080/22221751.2019.1584017. ISSN 2222-1751. PMC 6455172 . PMID 30898074.
- ↑ Quarsten, H.; Grankvist, A.; Høyvoll, L.; Myre, I.B.; Skarpaas, T.; Kjelland, V.; Wenneras, C.; Noraas, S. (August 2017). "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in the blood of Norwegian patients with erythema migrans". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 8 (5): 715–720. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.004. PMID 28539197.
- ↑ Li, Hao; Jiang, Jia-Fu; Liu, Wei; Zheng, Yuan-Chun; Huo, Qiu-Bo; Tang, Kun; Zuo, Shuang-Yan; Liu, Kun; Jiang, Bao-Gui; Yang, Hong; Cao, Wu-Chun (October 2012). "Human Infection with Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, China". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (10): 1636–1639. doi:10.3201/eid1810.120594. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3471638 . PMID 23017728.
- ↑ Welc-Falęciak, Renata; Siński, Edward; Kowalec, Maciej; Zajkowska, Joanna; Pancewicz, Sławomir A. (2014-07-17). Gilligan, P. H. (ed.). "Asymptomatic "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" Infections in Immunocompetent Humans". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52 (8): 3072–3074. doi:10.1128/JCM.00741-14. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 4136151 . PMID 24899023.
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