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Swarm robotics is an approach to the coordination of multiple robots as a system which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots. It is supposed that a desired collective behavior emerges from the interactions between the robots and interactions of robots with the environment. This approach emerged on the field of artificial swarm intelligence, as well as the biological studies of insects, ants and other fields in nature, where swarm behaviour occurs.
In a hierarchical telecommunications network, the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network, and the small subnetworks at the edge of the network.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are created by applying the principles of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) – the spontaneous creation of a wireless network of mobile devices – to the domain of vehicles. VANETs were first mentioned and introduced in 2001 under "car-to-car ad-hoc mobile communication and networking" applications, where networks can be formed and information can be relayed among cars. It was shown that vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communications architectures will co-exist in VANETs to provide road safety, navigation, and other roadside services. VANETs are a key part of the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) framework. Sometimes, VANETs are referred as Intelligent Transportation Networks. They are understood as having evolved into a broader "Internet of vehicles". which itself is expected to ultimately evolve into an "Internet of autonomous vehicles".
A wireless ad hoc network (WANET) or mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a decentralized type of wireless network. The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access points in wireless networks. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, so the determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically on the basis of network connectivity and the routing algorithm in use.
Ian F. Akyildiz received his BS, MS, and PhD degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, in 1978, 1981 and 1984, respectively. Currently, he is the President and CTO of the Truva Inc. since March 1989. He retired from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at Georgia Tech in 2021.
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In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO, is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation. MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). More recently, MIMO has been applied to power-line communication for three-wire installations as part of the ITU G.hn standard and of the HomePlug AV2 specification.
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Bernhard H. Walke is a pioneer of mobile Internet access and professor emeritus at RWTH Aachen University in Germany. He is a driver of wireless and mobile 2G to 5G cellular radio networks technologies. In 1985, he proposed a local cellular radio network comprising technologies in use today in 2G, 4G and discussed for 5G systems. For example, self-organization of a radio mesh network, integration of circuit- and packet switching, de-centralized radio resource control, TDMA/spread spectrum data transmission, antenna beam steering, spatial beam multiplexing, interference coordination, S-Aloha based multiple access and demand assigned traffic channels, mobile broadband transmission using mm-waves, and multi-hop communication.
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Drones, also known as Unmanned Aerial Systems/Vehicles (UAS/UAV), or Remotely Piloted Aircraft, are used in wildfire surveillance and suppression. They help in the detection, containment, and extinguishing of fires. They are also used for locating a hot spot, firebreak breaches, and then to deliver water to the affected site. In terms of maneuverability, these are superior to a helicopter or other forms of manned aircraft. They help firefighters determine where a fire will spread through tracking and mapping fire patterns. These empower scientists and incident personnel to make informed decisions. These devices can fly when and where manned aircraft are unable to fly. They are associated with low cost and are flexible devices that offer a high spatiotemporal resolution.
An Aerial base station (ABS), also known as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted base station (BS), is a flying antenna system that works as a hub between the backhaul network and the access network. If more than one ABS is involved in such a relaying mechanism the so-called fly ad-hoc network (FANET) is established. FANETs are an aerial form of wireless ad hoc networks (WANET)s or mobile ad hoc networks (MANET)s.
In telecommunications, 6G is the sixth generation standard currently under development for wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. It is the planned successor to 5G and will likely be significantly faster. Like its predecessors, 6G networks will probably be broadband cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. Several companies, as well as several countries, have shown interest in 6G networks.
References
- ↑ Float or move due to weather conditions, coverage requirements, and even due to some real-time traffic changes/abnormalities in the network.
- 1 2 Alzenad, M.; Shakir, M. Z.; Yanikomeroglu, H.; Alouini, M.-S. (2018). "FSO-based vertical backhaul/fronthaul framework for 5G+ wireless networks". IEEE Communications. 56 (1): 218–224. arXiv: 1607.01472 . doi:10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600735.
- ↑ Shah, S. A. W.; Khattab, T.; Shakir, M. Z.; Hasna, M. O. (2017). "A distributed approach for networked flying platform association with small cells in 5G+ networks". Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM. Singapore. arXiv: 1705.03304 .
- ↑ Mozaffari, M.; Saad, W.; Bennis, M.; Debbah, M. (2017). "Wireless Communication Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Optimal Transport Theory for Hover Time Optimization". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 16 (12): 8052–8066. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2756644 .
- ↑ Kalantari, E.; Shakir, M. Z.; Yanikomeroglu, H.; Yongacoglu, A. (2017). "Backhaul-aware robust 3D drone placement in 5G+ wireless networks". Proc. IEEE ICC. Paris, France. arXiv: 1702.08395 .
- ↑ Bor-Yaliniz, I.; Yanikomeroglu, H. (2016). "The new frontier in RAN heterogeneity: Multi-tier drone cells". IEEE Communications. 54 (11): 48–55. arXiv: 1604.00381 . doi:10.1109/MCOM.2016.1600178CM.
- ↑ Ahmadi, H.; Katzis, K.; Shakir, M. Z. (2017). "A novel airborne self-organising architecture for 5G+ networks". Proc. IEEE VTC-Fall. Toronto, Canada. arXiv: 1707.04669 .
- ↑ Austin, R (2010). Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAVs Design, Development and Deployment. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England. ASIN 0470058196.