Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission

Last updated
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission
Flag of Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC).svg
Flag of the NNSC
FoundedJuly 27, 1953 (1953-07-27)
CountriesFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland
Allegiance Korean Armistice Agreement

The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) was established by the Korean Armistice Agreement signed 27 July 1953, declaring an armistice in the Korean War. It is, with the Military Armistice Commission, part of the mechanism regulating the relations between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea).

Contents

The mission of the NNSC was to carry out inspections and investigations to ensure implementation of sub-paragraphs 13(c) and 13(d) of the Armistice, which were to prevent reinforcements being brought into Korea, either additional military personnel or new weapons, other than the piece-for-piece replacement of damaged or worn out equipment. Reports were to be made to the Military Armistice Commission. [1]

According to the Armistice, the NNSC shall be composed of four senior officers, two of whom shall be appointed by neutral nations nominated by the United Nations Command (UNC) and two of whom shall be appointed by neutral nations nominated jointly by the Korean People's Army (KPA) and the Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV). The term "neutral nations" was defined as those nations whose combat forces did not participate in the hostilities in Korea. The United Nations Command chose Switzerland and Sweden, while the Korean People's Army and Chinese People's Volunteers chose Czechoslovakia and Poland. [2]

The NNSC was supported by twenty Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, ten permanently located at ports in North and South Korea, and ten mobile teams. The Armistice did not specify the manner of operation of the teams. The Swiss and Swedish teams were of a small size, relying on their hosts to provide personnel support, vehicles, and communication equipment to report back to the Supervisory Commission. The Czechoslovak and Polish teams were much larger and fully self-sufficient, including heavy radio trucks, interpreters, cooks and mess equipment. [3]

History

Uniform patches worn by NNSC delegates from Sweden and Switzerland NNSC Uniform Patches.jpg
Uniform patches worn by NNSC delegates from Sweden and Switzerland

1953–1957

The first meeting of the NNSC took place on 1 August 1953. [3]

In 1954, there had been hostility to the NNSC inspections by the South Koreans, and doubts by the UNC, Switzerland and Sweden about the balanced application of inspections. On 31 July, after warnings from the South Korean military that action would take place if the NNSC did not withdraw from South Korea, [4] demonstrators attempted to enter the Incheon NNSC camp, but were stopped by United States guards. [3] [5] After discussion within the NNSC, and with the agreement of the Military Armistice Commission, the inspection teams' strengths were reduced by about half. [6]

In March 1955, the South Korean national assembly unanimously passed a resolution that NNSC inspection teams should be expelled from South Korea. [3] In May 1955, the U.S. decided that the NNSC should be told that its operations were seriously disadvantaging the UNC forces, and that the "UNC proposed in future to regard Article 13(d) of Armistice agreement as inoperative". [3] In August 1955, South Korean President Syngman Rhee demanded NNSC members leave South Korea, and 1,200 railway workers and 300 South Korean war veterans tried to storm the Wolmi-do Island NNSC compound, but were held back by several hundred U.S. troops using tear gas. Demonstrations against NNSC inspection teams continued through September and October. [3]

On 31 May 1956, the UNC required that the NNSC fixed inspection teams be withdrawn from South Korean ports, as the U.S. believed North Korea was being rearmed avoiding NNSC inspection. This was opposed by North Korea in the Military Armistice Commission, but was effected on 9 June 1956. Following this, NNSC inspection teams in North Korea were withdrawn in the following days. From this time onward, NNSC activities were limited to recording information offered by both sides, and staffing levels were reduced. [6]

At a meeting of the Military Armistice Commission on 21 June 1957, the U.S. informed the North Korean representatives that the UNC no longer considered itself bound by paragraph 13(d) of the armistice which prevented the introduction of new weapons into Korea, and enforcement of which was the primary mission of the NNSC. [7] [8] In January 1958, U.S. nuclear armed Honest John missiles and 280mm atomic cannons were deployed to South Korea, [9] a year later adding nuclear armed Matador cruise missiles with the range to reach China and the Soviet Union. [10] [11]

1958–1995

Map of the JSA showing NNSC buildings and location of CP# 5, the entrance to the Swedish and Swiss NNSC Camp Joint Security Area 1976 map.jpg
Map of the JSA showing NNSC buildings and location of CP# 5, the entrance to the Swedish and Swiss NNSC Camp

North Korea viewed the NNSC as existing in name only after the inspection teams were withdrawn. [12] A 1970 report on the NNSC by the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency concluded "Since the NNSC was established only to observe the enforcement of 13(c) and 13(d), it ceased, therefore, to have any function." [6]

The Historian of the NNSC described this situation as:

The Americans and South Koreans, no longer hampered by the presence of the Czechoslovacs and Poles and free to accelerate the modernization of their armament, now showed less haste to do away with a body which had ceased to inconvenience them and might even serve to restrain the propaganda against them by the North Koreans and Chinese. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission thus remains a facade, maintained only because of apprehension about the void which would occur if it were abolished. [6]

Entrance to the NNSC camp in 1976 Entrance to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission's camp.jpg
Entrance to the NNSC camp in 1976

From June 1956 to 1993, the NNSC ceased their controls but solely forwarded the war parties' reports on entering and leaving military persons to the UNCMAC. The strengths of the delegations from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Sweden and Switzerland were reduced gradually: On 9 June 1956 to 14 members each, in 1960 to nine members each, and in 1978 to six members each. Residing inside the Joint Security Area (JSA) are the offices and conference room for the NNSC.

Camps for the Swedish and Swiss members and their staffs are located in the southern half of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) adjacent to the JSA. The former Polish and Czech camps which were located nearby on the north Korean side of the Military Demarcation Line, have been taken over by the KPA and are now used for other purposes.

Following the collapse of communism leading to Czechoslovakia and Poland joining NATO, and the dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, North Korea believed the NNSC had lost its neutrality, and took the view that the NNSC had collapsed. [12] North Korea expelled the Czech component in 1993 and the Polish component in 1995. [13] [14]

Since 1995, North Korea has not recognized the existence of the NNSC. [14] [15] The Swedish and Swiss delegations continue to submit reports on South Korean troop movements to North Korea, which are ignored. [16] [15] Poland continues to attend NNSC meetings, although it is no longer able to observe troop movements in North Korea. [17]

Post-2008 status

A Swedish NNSC delegate views guided bombs on an overnight visit to USS George Washington (CVN 73) in 2012 Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - A Swedish navy Rear Adm. learns about the guided bomb.jpg
A Swedish NNSC delegate views guided bombs on an overnight visit to USS George Washington (CVN 73) in 2012

Since 2008, the main role of the NNSC is to maintain and build relations with both sides, and maintain a channel of communications between them.[ citation needed ] Five Swiss and five Swedish representatives are stationed near Panmunjom, South Korea, on duty for the NNSC. Presently, their main task is to show presence at the inner Korean border and thus demonstrate that the ceasefire is still in force. Occasionally, Polish delegates attend the meetings at Panmunjom, but through South Korea, as Poland has changed sides politically. The promotion of détente and security in the Joint Security Area (JSA) also falls within the framework of these activities and are the prerequisites for the accomplishment of these tasks. [19]

The Swedish delegation describes its current task as maintaining the validity of the truce mechanism. It describes the NNSC as currently having ongoing contact with the UNC, but no contact with North Korea. [20]

The NNSC continues to monitor troop levels in South Korea, and monitor the large U.S. and South Korean annual military exercises. Whenever North Koreans enter South Korea, NNSC members may interview them to determine whether they want to be repatriated or defect to the South. On occasion, the NNSC participates in UNC Military Armistice Commission investigations, such as into South Korea's actions during naval skirmishes. [16]

Poland continues to send representatives to commission meetings twice a year, which the NNSC regards as legitimizing its position with 75% of the original delegations intact. [21]

In 2014, the practice of opening the NNSC conference hut door onto North Korean territory to indicate a new report was available stopped, as North Korea indicated it was an "offensive gesture". [21]

The annual cost of the NNSC is about $4 million. [16] Maintenance and repair of the facilities at the NNSC Camp are the responsibility of the US Army Directorate of Public Works (DPW) for Area I, located at Camp Red Cloud.

In 2023, NNSC buildings in the Joint Security Area were upgraded, which involved the demolition of some of its original 1950s wooden huts. [22]

Neutral nation delegations history

Swiss NNSC delegation size
YearStaff numbers [23] [15]
195396
195614
19609
19786
19945

Switzerland

Swiss NNSC delegate, Maj. Gen. Jean-Jacques Joss, with USFK Commander, Gen. James D. Thurman, at a 58th armistice anniversary event 110727-A-SV709-007.jpg
Swiss NNSC delegate, Maj. Gen. Jean-Jacques Joss, with USFK Commander, Gen. James D. Thurman, at a 58th armistice anniversary event

On 1 August 1953, the first Swiss NNSC delegation, consisting of 96 members, arrived, [23] [24] expanding to about 150 within a few months to assist with monitoring, according to a Stars and Stripes report. [16] After the Inspection Team had been disbanded, the delegation was reduced to 14 members. In subsequent years, the delegation was successively reduced to the current size of five. Currently the head of delegation, chosen from the Ministry of Defence or Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is on assignment for three to five years. Four reserve military officers assist on one to two year assignments. [23]

Czechoslovakia

A more than 300-strong Czechoslovak group arrived in Panmunjom partly by train and partly by air on the turn of July and August 1953. In the first four years of existence of the NNSC, some 500–600 Czechoslovaks participated. The story of the first Czechoslovak contingent is covered in the book The Korean Peninsula after the Armistice as Seen by Czechoslovak Delegates to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission [25] which contains over 250 photographs made by members of the Czechoslovak contingent between 1953 and 1956 and four texts about the early history of the NNSC written by Seungju Hong, Jaroslav Olša Jr., Gabriel Jonsson and Alex Švamberk. Samples of photographs were published elsewhere in Korean and Czech press, e.g. in The Korea Times . [26] Introductory text from the book covering history of Czechoslovak-North Korean relations and the beginning of NNSC is available online [27]

Later, the size of Czechoslovak contingent became significantly smaller. After the peaceful split of Czechoslovakia, both new republics agreed that the Czech Republic would take over its membership in the NNSC. In April 1993, Czech members were forced to leave their camp in Panmunjeom under the threat from North Korea. Since then, the Czech Republic has not taken part in NNSC meetings.

In 2013, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of signing of the armistice, the Embassy of the Czech Republic in South Korea organized a series of events to commemorate Czechoslovak participation in the NNSC. [28]

Poland

The first shift of the Polish contingent consisted of 301 individuals and began its operations on August 1, 1953, with General Mieczysław Wągrowski as its commander [29] . Political changes in Europe in the late 80s and early 90s prompted the North Korean authorities to seek a change in the nature of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission. Pyongyang believed that Poland, due to the political changes after 1989, had lost its neutral status. Pressures began to withdraw the Polish Mission from the NNSC. In November 1994, the North Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in an official note to Poland, announced that "the legal effect of appointing Poland as a member of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission under Article 37 of the Armistice Agreement has expired." [30] Ultimately, Poland was forced to leave the NNSC camp on the North Korean side in 1995. However, Poland chose not to follow the path of the Czech Republic and remained in the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission. This decision was influenced by the provisions of the Armistice Agreement and international commitments undertaken by Warsaw – without Poland's participation, the NNSC would lose its purpose. Since 1995, the Polish Mission to NNSC operates in the demilitarized zone, with access from the South Korean side [31] .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demilitarized zone</span> Area in which agreements between military powers forbid military activities

A demilitarized zone is an area in which treaties or agreements between states, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel. A DZ often lies along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances. A DZ may sometimes form a de facto international border, such as the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Other examples of demilitarized zones are a 9-mile wide area between Iraq and Kuwait; Antarctica ; and outer space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panmunjom</span> Place in Gyeonggi, South Korea or Place in North Hwanghae, North Korea

Panmunjom, also known as Panmunjeom, now located in Paju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea or Panmun-guyok, Kaesong, North Korea, was a village just north of the de facto border between North and South Korea, where the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement that ended the Korean War was signed. The building where the armistice was signed still stands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Division of Korea</span> The separation of North and South Korea

The division of Korea began with the 15 August 1945 official announcement of the surrender of Japan, thus ending the Pacific Theater of World War II. During the war, the Allied leaders had already been considering the question of Korea's future following Japan's eventual surrender in the war. The leaders reached an understanding that Korea would be liberated from Japan but would be placed under an international trusteeship until the Koreans would be deemed ready for self-rule. In the last days of the war, the United States proposed dividing the Korean peninsula into two occupation zones with the 38th parallel as the dividing line. The Soviets accepted their proposal and agreed to divide Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean Demilitarized Zone</span> North-South Korean border barrier

The Korean Demilitarized Zone is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula near the 38th parallel north. The demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a border barrier that divides the peninsula roughly in half. It was established to serve as a buffer zone between the countries of North Korea and South Korea under the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953, an agreement between North Korea, China, and the United Nations Command.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military Demarcation Line</span> Land border between North and South Korea

The Military Demarcation Line (MDL), sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the land border or demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea. On either side of the line is the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The MDL and DMZ were established by the Korean Armistice Agreement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the United Nations</span> Aspect of history

The history of the United Nations as an international organization has its origins in World War II beginning with the Declaration of St James's Palace. Taking up the Wilsonian mantle in 1944-1945, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt pushed as his highest postwar priority the establishment of the United Nations to replace the defunct League of Nations. Roosevelt planned that it would be controlled by the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and China. He expected this Big Four would resolve all major world problems at the powerful Security Council. However the UN was largely paralyzed by the veto of the Soviet Union when dealing with Cold War issues from 1947 to 1989. Since then its aims and activities have expanded to make it the archetypal international body in the early 21st century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Security Area</span> Part of the Korean Demilitarized Zone

The Joint Security Area is the only portion of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) where North and South Korean forces stand face-to-face. The JSA is used by the two Koreas for diplomatic engagements and, until March 1991, was also the site of military negotiations between North Korea and the United Nations Command (UNC).

The General is an office and rank in the armed forces of Switzerland. It is held by the commander-in-chief of the Army in time of war only. Under the Swiss Constitution, he must be elected by the Federal Assembly, assembled as the United Federal Assembly, specifically for the purpose of taking on the war-time responsibilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Command</span> Multinational forces supporting South Korea during and after the Korean War

United Nations Command is the multinational military force established to support the Republic of Korea during and after the Korean War. It was the first international unified command in history, and the first attempt at collective security pursuant to the Charter of the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Big Switch</span> Korean War repatriation of prisoners

Operation Big Switch was the repatriation of all remaining prisoners of the Korean War. Ceasefire talks had been going on between the North Korean, Chinese and United Nations Command (UNC) forces since 1951, with the main point of contention being the repatriation of all prisoners to their home countries, in accordance with Article 118 of the 1949 Geneva Convention. China and North Korea wanted prisoners to be compulsorily repatriated as outlined by the Geneva Convention but the UNC insisted that prisoners who wished to remain where they were be allowed to do so. After talks dragged on for two years, the Chinese and North Koreans relented on this point, and the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on 27 July 1953.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camp Bonifas</span> United Nations military post in Korea

Camp Bonifas is a United Nations Command military post located 400 m (1,300 ft) south of the southern boundary of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). It is 2,400 m (7,900 ft) south of the Military Demarcation Line, which forms the border between South Korea and North Korea. It was returned to the Republic of Korea in 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission</span> Multinational forces commission to defend the ceasefire in the Korean Conflict

The United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) was established in July 1953 at the end of the Korean War. The mission of UNCMAC is to supervise the Military Armistice Agreement between the two Korea's along the 151 mile Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). UNCMAC is headquartered in Seoul and Panmunjom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korea–Poland relations</span> Bilateral relations

Poland–North Korean relations are foreign relations between Poland and North Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean Armistice Agreement</span> 1953 end to Korean War hostilities

The Korean Armistice Agreement is an armistice that brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by United States Army Lieutenant General William Harrison Jr. and General Mark W. Clark representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korea leader Kim Il Sung and General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and Peng Dehuai representing the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and was designed to "ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved."

After the Korean War, prisoner exchange was important for both sides. The UN wanted voluntary repatriation, while People's Republic of China wanted forced repatriation. By May 1952, despite several efforts the issue was deadlocked. Several plans were put forth and the UN eventually agreed to follow then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's and Defense Minister V. K. Krishna Menon's prisoner-of-war settlement proposal which called for a Neutral Nations' Repatriation Commission (NNRC). The proposal was rejected by China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on 3 December 1952. UN Commander General Mark W. Clark then proposed an exchange of sick and wounded soldiers which was agreed to by the Communists. Thus, Operation Little Switch went underway. This was the first exchange of soldiers which began that year on 20 April.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anders Grenstad</span>

Rear Admiral Anders Lennart Grenstad is a retired Swedish Navy officer. He served in the Swedish Navy for 39 years. Grenstad's senior commands include Inspector of the Navy, commanding officer of the Naval Tactical Command/Maritime Component Command, head of the Swedish delegation to the NNSC, Deputy Chief of Joint Operations and as head of the Swedish Veterans' Unit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berndt Grundevik</span>

Major General Berndt Karl Allan Grundevik is senior retired Swedish Army officer. Grundevik served as Inspector of the Army (2007–2012), as head of the Swedish Delegation to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) in Korea (2013–2015) and as Deputy Chief of Joint Operations (2016–2017).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mats Engman</span>

Major General Mats Erik Engman is a retired officer in the Swedish Air Force. Engman has served as Deputy Director of Military Intelligence & Security, as Deputy Chief of Policy and Plans Department and as head of the Swedish delegation to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) in Korea.

Czechoslovak Military Mission in Korea (1952–1956) included a military hospital operating in the Korean War on the side of North Korea.

Patrick Gauchat is a Swiss General Officer. He is the first Swiss to lead a UN Mission.

References

  1. ↑ Korean Armistice Agreement, paragraph 41: "The mission of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be to carry out the functions of supervision, observation, inspection, and investigation, as stipulated in Sub-paragraphs 13(c) and 13(d) and Paragraph 28 hereof, and to report the results of such supervision, observation, inspection, and investigation to the Military Armistice Commission."
  2. ↑ Natalia Matiaszczyk, Misja Polska do Komisji Nadzorczej Państw Neutralnych; https://ine.org.pl/misja-polska-do-komisji-nadzorczej-panstw-neutralnych/
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Post-Armistice Korean Service Review (Report). Department of Defence (Australia). December 2005. pp. 5–16, 5–49, 5–52, 5–54, A8-3. OCLC   225567362 . Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  4. ↑ Hwang, Soo (1999). The United States - Republic of Korea security relationship, 1953-1960: great power and small state (PDF) (Thesis). University College London. p. 152. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  5. ↑ Park Myung-Lim (Interview) (21 July 2013). "'Consensus, policy consistency integral for reunification'". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in Korea (PDF) (Report). U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. August 1970. OCLC   50820200. ACDA/WEC/FO 69-65. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  7. ↑ "KOREA: The End of 13D". TIME Magazine. 1 July 1957. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  8. ↑ Statement of U.S. Policy toward Korea. National Security Council (Report). United States Department of State – Office of the Historian. 9 August 1957. NSC 5702/2. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  9. ↑ "News in Brief: Atomic Weapons to Korea". Universal International Newsreel. 6 February 1958. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  10. ↑ Mark Selden; Alvin Y. So (2004). War and state terrorism: the United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the long twentieth century. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 77–80. ISBN   978-0-7425-2391-3.
  11. ↑ "'Detailed Report' Says US 'Ruptured' Denuclearization Process". Korean Central News Agency. 12 May 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  12. 1 2 Permanent Representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the United Nations (12 August 2008). Detailed report by the Panmunjom Mission of the Korean People's Army (PDF) (Report). United Nations Security Council. S/2008/547. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  13. ↑ "Polish Observers Leave North Korea Via Beijing". Associated Press News. 9 March 1995. Retrieved 4 May 2013. A group of six Polish military observers arrived in Beijing today after North Korea expelled them from their posts near the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone. ... Poland, along with Czechoslovakia, had represented the North's interests on an international committee overseeing the armistice. But Pyongyang no longer views the former Communist nations as allies now that they are democracies. Czechoslovakia withdrew under pressure in 1993.
  14. 1 2 Ko Swan Sik; M. C. W. Pinto; J. J. G. Syatauw (1997). Asian Yearbook of International Law 1995. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 460. ISBN   9789041103758.
  15. 1 2 3 Pearson, James (1 April 2016). "Cow bells in the DMZ: Swiss, Swedish generals uphold Korean truce their way". Reuters. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Jon Rabiroff (3 February 2010). "Uncollected paperwork a sign of DMZ battle of wills". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  17. ↑ Kim, Eun-jung (27 July 2013). "Poland promises to continue armistice monitoring mission". Yonhap. Retrieved 3 January 2015. Although Poland no longer has its delegation in the communist nation, Kupiecki said his country remains committed to fulfilling its mission to oversee the armistice. Now, Poland sends representatives to a couple of commission meetings through South Korea each year.
  18. ↑ William Pittman (29 August 2012). "George Washington Welcomes Swedish Senior Member of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission". U.S. Navy. NNS120829-02. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  19. ↑ "NNSC (Korea)". Swiss Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  20. ↑ "Korea – NNSC". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  21. 1 2 Kim Hyo-Jin (9 February 2015). "At the DMZ, Swiss and Swedish soldiers keep 'peace' watch". The Korea Times. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  22. ↑ Derr, Arius (6 April 2023). "Historic buildings razed in major renovation project at inter-Korean border". NK News. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  23. 1 2 3 "NNSC in Korea" (PDF). Swiss Armed Forces. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  24. ↑ "Man on a Korean mission". Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  25. ↑ Published by Seoul Museum of History in 2013, ISBN   978-89-915536-6-8(03660)
  26. ↑ "Images shed light on work of Czechoslovakia". Korea Times. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  27. ↑ http://www.mzv.cz/public/df/af/e8/1059793_993657_NNSC_Book_Olsa.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  28. ↑ "SEOUL – Czech activities to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the end of the Korean War". Czech Embassy Seoul. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  29. ↑ M. Burdelski, Misja polska w Komisji Nadzorczej Państw Neutralnych w Korei : geneza – struktura – funkcje, "Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość", 2008, pp. 310-314
  30. ↑ G. Jonsson, Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula: The Role of Commissions, Korea Institute for National Unification, Seoul 2009, p. 431.
  31. ↑ N. Matiaszczyk, Misja Polska do Komisji Nadzorczej Państw Neutralnych, Institute of New Europe, 2020, https://ine.org.pl/misja-polska-do-komisji-nadzorczej-panstw-neutralnych/


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.