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Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power,and the analysis of political activities,political thought,political behavior,and associated constitutions and laws.
Prejudice can be an affective feeling towards a person based on their perceived group membership. The word is often used to refer to a preconceived evaluation or classification of another person based on that person's perceived personal characteristics,such as political affiliation,sex,gender,gender identity,beliefs,values,social class,age,disability,religion,sexuality,race,ethnicity,language,nationality,culture,complexion,beauty,height,body weight,occupation,wealth,education,criminality,sport-team affiliation,music tastes or other perceived characteristics.
An independent voter,often also called an unaffiliated voter or non-affiliated voter in the United States,is a voter who does not align themselves with a political party. An independent is variously defined as a voter who votes for candidates on issues rather than on the basis of a political ideology or partisanship;a voter who does not have long-standing loyalty to,or identification with,a political party;a voter who does not usually vote for the same political party from election to election;or a voter who self-describes as an independent.
Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a personality trait measuring an individual's support for social hierarchy and the extent to which they desire their in-group be superior to out-groups. SDO is conceptualized under social dominance theory as a measure of individual differences in levels of group-based discrimination;that is,it is a measure of an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system and the domination over lower-status groups. It is a predisposition toward anti-egalitarianism within and between groups.
Rogers M. Smith is an American political scientist and author noted for his research and writing on American constitutional and political development and political thought,with a focus on issues of citizenship and racial,gender,and class inequalities. His work identifying multiple,competing traditions of national identity including “liberalism,republicanism,and ascriptive forms of Americanism”has been described as "groundbreaking." Smith is the Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania. He was the president of the American Political Science Association (APSA) for 2018–2019.
Stephen Skowronek is an American political scientist,noted for his research on American national institutions and the U.S. presidency,and for helping to stimulate the study of American political development.
In psychology and other social sciences,the contact hypothesis suggests that intergroup contact under appropriate conditions can effectively reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members. Following WWII and the desegregation of the military and other public institutions,policymakers and social scientists had turned an eye towards the policy implications of interracial contact. Of them,social psychologist Gordon Allport united early research in this vein under intergroup contact theory.
Social dominance theory (SDT) is a social psychological theory of intergroup relations that examines the caste-like features of group-based social hierarchies,and how these hierarchies remain stable and perpetuate themselves. According to the theory,group-based inequalities are maintained through three primary mechanisms:institutional discrimination,aggregated individual discrimination,and behavioral asymmetry. The theory proposes that widely shared cultural ideologies provide the moral and intellectual justification for these intergroup behaviors by serving to make privilege normal. For data collection and validation of predictions,the social dominance orientation (SDO) scale was composed to measure acceptance of and desire for group-based social hierarchy,which was assessed through two factors:support for group-based dominance and generalized opposition to equality,regardless of the ingroup's position in the power structure.
Ira I. Katznelson is an American political scientist and historian,noted for his research on the liberal state,inequality,social knowledge,and institutions,primarily focused on the United States. His work has been characterized as an "interrogation of political liberalism in the United States and Europe—asking for definition of its many forms,their origins,their strengths and weaknesses,and what kinds there can be".
Realistic conflict theory (RCT),also known as realistic group conflict theory (RGCT),is a social psychological model of intergroup conflict. The theory explains how intergroup hostility can arise as a result of conflicting goals and competition over limited resources,and it also offers an explanation for the feelings of prejudice and discrimination toward the outgroup that accompany the intergroup hostility. Groups may be in competition for a real or perceived scarcity of resources such as money,political power,military protection,or social status.
Robert Richardson Sears was an American psychologist who specialized in child psychology and the psychology of personality. He was the head of the psychology department at Stanford and later dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences there,continued the long-term I.Q. studies of Lewis Madison Terman at Stanford,and authored many pivotal papers and books on various aspects of psychology.
Ethnocultural empathy refers to the understanding of feelings of individuals that are ethnically and/or culturally different from oneself. This concept casts doubts on global empathy,which assumes that empathy is "feeling in oneself the feelings of others" regardless of the other's characteristics or context. Ethnocultural empathy,on the other hand,assumes that empathy toward others probably increases if the other is similar to oneself in terms of ethnicity,gender,age,or cultural background.
Lawrence D. Bobo is the W. E. B. Du Bois Professor of the Social Sciences and the Dean of Social Science at Harvard University. His research focuses on the intersection of social psychology,social inequality,politics,and race.
David O’Keefe Sears is an American psychologist who specializes in political psychology. He is a distinguished professor of psychology and political science at the University of California,Los Angeles where he has been teaching since 1961. He served as dean of social sciences at UCLA between 1983 and 1992. Best known for his theory of symbolic racism,Sears has published many articles and books about the political and psychological origins of race relations in America,as well as on political socialization and life cycle effects on attitudes,the role of self-interest in attitudes,and multiculturalism. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991.
Robert E. Lane was an American political scientist and political psychologist. He was the Eugene Meyer Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Yale University. Lane taught there for nearly 50 years;during that time,he twice headed the department and helped lead the shift towards behavioralism.
Tali Mendelberg is the John Work Garrett Professor in Politics at Princeton University,co-director of the Center for the Study of Democratic Politics,and director of the Program on Inequality at the Mamdouha S. Bobst Center for Peace and Justice,and winner of the American Political Science Association (APSA),2002 Woodrow Wilson Foundation Book Award for her book,The Race Card:Campaign Strategy,Implicit Messages,and the Norm of Equality.
Myron Kent Jennings is an American political scientist best known for his path-breaking work on the patterns and development of political preferences and behaviors among young Americans. He is widely held in libraries worldwide and is recognized as one of the "founding fathers" of political socialization research and theory. He is Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California,Santa Barbara and Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Michigan. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982,and served as the president of the International Society of Political Psychology in 1989–1990 and as the president of the American Political Science Association in 1997–1998.
Jack Citrin is an American political scientist. He is the director of the Institute of Governmental Studies and a professor emeritus of Political Science at the University of California,Berkeley. He is the co-author and co-editor of several books about national identity and tax resistance.
Stephanie Johnson Rowley is a developmental psychologist and academic administrator known for her work on racial identity and parental socialization of race and ethnicity. She is the dean of University of Virginia's School of Education and Human Development.
An empathy gap,sometimes referred to as an empathy bias,is a breakdown or reduction in empathy where it might otherwise be expected to occur. Empathy gaps may occur due to a failure in the process of empathizing or as a consequence of stable personality characteristics,and may reflect either a lack of ability or motivation to empathize.
References
- ↑ "Nicholas Valentino". University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ↑ "Nicholas Valentino". University of Michigan. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ↑ "Nicholas Valentino". University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ↑ "Nicholas Valentino". University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ↑ "Seeing Us in Them". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ↑ "CPS Nicholas Valentino Receives APSA Best Book Award". University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ↑ "Who are we on election day? Mass media and the salience of group identities during political campaigns". ProQuest 304413627 . Retrieved 29 August 2022– via ProQuest.
- ↑ "Polisci Tree". The Academic Family Tree. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ↑ "Nicholas Valentino". University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
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