Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant,to inform them of the criminal charges against them. In response to arraignment,in some jurisdictions,the accused is expected to enter a plea;in other jurisdictions,no plea is required. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions,but they generally include guilty,not guilty,and the peremptory pleas setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of nolo contendere and the Alford plea are allowed in some circumstances.
The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague,Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide,crimes against humanity,war crimes and the crime of aggression. The ICC is distinct from the International Court of Justice,an organ of the United Nations that hears disputes between states.
A jury trial,or trial by jury,is a legal proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact. It is distinguished from a bench trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions.
The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries across Europe and atrocities against their citizens in World War II.
Universal jurisdiction is a legal principle that allows states or international organizations to claim criminal jurisdiction over an accused person,regardless of where the alleged crime was committed and irrespective of the accused's nationality,country of residence,or any other connection to the prosecuting entity. Crimes prosecuted under universal jurisdiction are considered crimes against all,too serious to tolerate jurisdictional arbitrage. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that some international norms are erga omnes,or owed to the entire world community,as well as to the concept of jus cogens—that certain international law obligations are binding on all states.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to adjudicate people charged for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda,or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states,between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.
Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders,preventing other crimes,and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police,prosecution and defense lawyers,the courts and the prisons system.
The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany.
The legal system of Canada is pluralist:its foundations lie in the English common law system,the French civil law system,and Indigenous law systems developed by the various Indigenous Nations.
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide,war crimes,crimes against humanity,and the crime of aggression.
French law has a dual jurisdictional system comprising private law,also known as judicial law,and public law.
The High Court of New Zealand is the superior court of New Zealand. It has general jurisdiction and responsibility,under the Senior Courts Act 2016,as well as the High Court Rules 2016,for the administration of justice throughout New Zealand. There are 18 High Court locations throughout New Zealand,plus one stand-alone registry.
An examining magistrate is a judge in an inquisitorial system of law who carries out pre-trial investigations into allegations of crime and in some cases makes a recommendation for prosecution. Also known as an investigating magistrate,inquisitorial magistrate,or investigating judge,the exact role and standing of examining magistrates varies by jurisdiction. Common duties and powers of the examining magistrate include overseeing ongoing criminal investigations,issuing search warrants,authorizing wiretaps,making decisions on pretrial detention,interrogating the accused person,questioning witnesses,examining evidence,as well as compiling a dossier of evidence in preparation for trial.
Nicolas Jacques Pelletier was a French highwayman who was the first person to be executed by guillotine.
A lay judge,sometimes called a lay assessor,is a person assisting a judge in a trial. Lay judges are used in some civil law jurisdictions. Lay judges are appointed volunteers and often require some legal instruction. However,they are not permanent officers. They attend proceedings about once a month,and often receive only nominal or "costs covered" pay. Lay judges are usually used when the country does not have juries. Lay judges may be randomly selected for a single trial,or politically appointed. In the latter case they may usually not be rejected by the prosecution,the defense,or the permanent judges. Lay judges are similar to magistrates of England and Wales,but magistrates sit about twice as often.
Professor Nicola Margaret Padfield KC (hon) is a British barrister and academic. She is a former Master of Fitzwilliam College,Cambridge. and was succeeded to the position in October 2019 by Sally Morgan,Baroness Morgan of Huyton. She is Professor of Criminal and Penal Justice in the Faculty of Law,University of Cambridge. In addition to her academic work,she was a Recorder of the Crown Court from 2002 to 2014,and is a Bencher of the Middle Temple.
The Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC) is a court of Kosovo,located in The Hague (Netherlands),hosting four Specialist Chambers and the Specialist Prosecutor's Office,which may perform their activities either in the Netherlands or in Kosovo. The court is currently set up for delegating the trials of the crimes committed by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA),an ethnic-Albanian paramilitary organisation which sought the separation of Kosovo from Yugoslavia during the 1990s and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania. The alleged crimes concern the period 1998–2000,during and at the end of the Kosovo war and directed afterwards against "ethnic minorities and political opponents". The court was formally established in 2016. It is separate from other Kosovar institutions,and independent. It is composed of a Specialist Prosecutor's Office and four Specialist Chambers,with themselves comprising Judges' Chambers and a Registry.
The Judiciary of Cambodia is independent from the rest of the government of Cambodia,as specified by the Cambodian Constitution. The judiciary follows civil law tradition,the instruction being entrusted to a judge and the prosecutors contenting themselves with requesting the application of the law.
French criminal law is "the set of legal rules that govern the State's response to offenses and offenders". It is one of the branches of the juridical system of the French Republic. The field of criminal law is defined as a sector of French law,and is a combination of public and private law,insofar as it punishes private behavior on behalf of society as a whole. Its function is to define,categorize,prevent,and punish criminal offenses committed by a person,whether a natural person or a legal person. In this sense it is of a punitive nature,as opposed to civil law in France,which settles disputes between individuals,or administrative law which deals with issues between individuals and government.
In French criminal law,the investigation phase in a criminal proceeding is the procedure during which an investigating judge gathers evidence on the commission of an offense and decides whether to refer the persons charged to the trial court.
