2023 International Criminal Court judges election

Last updated September 14, 2024

Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 22nd session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court held from 4 to 14 December 2023 in New York.^[1] The judges were elected for terms of nine years and took office on 11 March 2024.

Background

The judges elected at this session replaced six judges who had been elected in 2014 for full nine-year terms. The newly elected judges will serve for nine years until 2033.

The election was governed by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Its article 36(8)(a) states that "[t]he States Parties shall, in the selection of judges, take into account the need, within the membership of the Court, for:

(i) The representation of the principal legal systems of the world;
(ii) Equitable geographical representation; and
(iii) A fair representation of female and male judges."

Furthermore, article 36(3)(b) and 36(5) provide for two lists:

List A contains those judges that "[h]ave established competence in criminal law and procedure, and the necessary relevant experience, whether as judge, prosecutor, advocate or in other similar capacity, in criminal proceedings";
List B contains those who "[h]ave established competence in relevant areas of international law such as international humanitarian law and the law of human rights, and extensive experience in a professional legal capacity which is of relevance to the judicial work of the Court".

Each candidate has to belong to exactly one list. A minimum of nine judges elected from list A and five judges elected from list B is to be maintained on the court.

Further rules of election were adopted by a resolution of the Assembly of States Parties in 2004.^[2]

Judges remaining in office

The following judges were scheduled to remain in office beyond 2024:^[3]

Judge	Nationality	List A or B		Regional criteria					Gender
Judge	Nationality	List A	List B	African	Asian	E. European	GRULAG	WEOG	Female	Male
Reine Alapini-Gansou	Benin		X	X					X
Solomy Balungi Bossa	Uganda	X		X					X
Miatta Maria Samba	Sierra Leone	X		X					X
Tomoko Akane	Japan	X			X				X
Gocha Lordkipanidze	Georgia		X			X				X
Althea Violet Alexis-Windsor	Trinidad and Tobago	X					X		X
María del Socorro Flores Liera	Mexico		X				X		X
Luz del Carmen Ibáñez Carranza	Peru	X					X		X
Sergio Gerardo Ugalde Godínez	Costa Rica		X				X			X
Rosario Salvatore Aitala	Italy	X						X		X
Joanna Korner	United Kingdom	X						X	X
Kimberly Prost	Canada	X						X	X

		8	4	3	1	1	4	3	9	3

Nomination process

The nomination period of judges for the 2023 election lasted from 2 January to 26 March 2023.^[1] It was extended three times (the maximal number of extensions), to 9 April,^[4] to 23 April^[5] and finally to 7 May,^[6] because the required number of four Asian candidates had not been nominated. The final extension also did not result in this requirement being fulfilled. The following persons were nominated:^[7]

Candidate	Nationality	List A or B		Regional criteria					Gender
Candidate	Nationality	List A	List B	African	Asian	E. European	GRULAG	WEOG	Female	Male
Haykel Ben Mahfoudh	Tunisia		X	X						X
Erdenebalsuren Damdin	Mongolia	X			X					X
Adélaïde Dembélé	Burkina Faso	X		X					X
Nicolas Guillou	France	X						X		X
Beti Hohler	Slovenia	X				X			X
Ute Hohoff [ de ]	Germany	X						X	X
Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska	North Macedonia	X				X			X
Iulia Antoanella Motoc	Romania		X			X			X
Clarence Nelson	Samoa	X			X					X
Keebong Paek	South Korea	X			X					X
Andres Parmas [ et ]	Estonia	X				X				X
Andriamanankadrianana Rajaona	Madagascar	X		X						X
Pavel Zeman [ cs ]	Czech Republic	X				X				X

		11	2	3	3	5	0	2	5	8

Minimum voting requirements

Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that articles 36(5) and 36(8)(a) cited above were fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements applied initially:^[8]

Criterion	Number of judges required	Number of judges remaining in office	Ex ante voting requirement	Number of candidates	Adjusted voting requirement	Adjusted voting requirement equals ex ante?
Lists A or B
List A	9	8	1	11	1	Yes
List B	5	4	1	2	1	Yes
Regional criteria
African	3	3	0	3	0	Yes
Asian	3	1	2	3	2	Yes
Eastern European	3	1	2	5	2	Yes
Latin American and Caribbean	3	4	0	0	0	Yes
Western European and other	3	3	0	2	0	Yes
Gender criteria
Female	6	9	0	5	0	Yes
Male	6	3	3	8	3	Yes

Regarding the List A or B requirement, one vote had to be cast for a List A candidate and one for a List B candidate.

Regarding the regional criteria, four votes had to be cast for certain regional groups: two for Asian candidates and two for Eastern European candidates.

Regarding the gender criteria, three votes had to be cast for male candidates.

The minimum voting requirements are updated after each ballot to account for the judges already elected. The regional and gender requirements are dropped either if they can no longer be (jointly) fulfilled, or if after four ballots not all seats are filled. The List A or B requirement remains active until a sufficient number of judges has been elected from each list.

Ballots

The ballot results were as follows:^[9]

Candidate	Nationality	4 December 2023		5 December 2023						6 December 2023
Candidate	Nationality	1st ballot	2nd ballot	3rd ballot	4th ballot	5th ballot	6th ballot	7th ballot	8th ballot	9th ballot	10th ballot	11th ballot
Valid votes cast		114	117	116	121	123	123	120	123	119	122	122
Two-thirds majority		76	78	78	81	82	82	80	82	80	82	82
Erdenebalsuren Damdin	Mongolia	81	elected
Iulia Antoanella Motoc	Romania	71	78	elected
Nicolas Guillou	France	65	70	67	71	79	84	elected
Beti Hohler	Slovenia	56	62	61	60	67	71	71	82	elected
Haykel Ben Mahfoudh	Tunisia	57	62	51	58	67	68	69	76	74	86	elected
Keebong Paek	South Korea	75	65	69	79	77	81	75	77	75	81	83
Andres Parmas [ et ]	Estonia	57	59	51	53	53	55	50	52	46	55	39
Clarence Nelson	Samoa	73	58	54	52	43	43	32	34	30	5	withdrawn
Andriamanankadrianana Rajaona	Madagascar	34	30	35	32	37	32	31	32	withdrawn
Ute Hohoff [ de ]	Germany	32	30	26	22	19	19	16	withdrawn
Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska	North Macedonia	39	32	26	25	17	16	withdrawn
Pavel Zeman [ cs ]	Czech Republic	25	24	15	17	12	withdrawn
Adélaïde Dembélé	Burkina Faso	14	8	5	7	withdrawn

The minimum voting requirements are imposed on the ballots cast, not on the results. Thus, there is no guarantee that a corresponding number of judges is elected. However, in this election this was the case:

Criterion	Initial minimal voting requirement	Corresponding number of judges elected?
List A	1	Yes, after 1st ballot
List B	1	Yes, after 2nd ballot
Asian	2	Yes, after 11th ballot
Eastern European	2	Yes, after 8th ballot
Male	3	Yes, after 10th ballot

Note that the minimum voting requirements according to region and gender were dropped after the 4th ballot and were thus no longer being imposed when a second Asian, second Eastern European and third male judge were elected in the 11th, 8th and 10th ballot, respectively.

Related Research Articles

The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. The ICC is distinct from the International Court of Justice, an organ of the United Nations that hears disputes between states.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome, Italy on 17 July 1998 and it entered into force on 1 July 2002. As of February 2024, 124 states are party to the statute. Among other things, it establishes court function, jurisdiction and structure.

The states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are those sovereign states that have ratified, or have otherwise become party to, the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court, an international court that has jurisdiction over certain international crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes that are committed by nationals of states parties or within the territory of states parties. States parties are legally obligated to co-operate with the Court when it requires, such as in arresting and transferring indicted persons or providing access to evidence and witnesses. States parties are entitled to participate and vote in proceedings of the Assembly of States Parties, which is the Court's governing body. Such proceedings include the election of such officials as judges and the Prosecutor, the approval of the Court's budget, and the adoption of amendments to the Rome Statute.

The eighteen judges of the International Criminal Court (ICC) are elected for nine-year terms by the member-countries of the court. Candidates must be nationals of those countries and they must "possess the qualifications required in their respective States for appointment to the highest judicial offices".

Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court must be proposed, adopted, and ratified in accordance with articles 121 and 122 of the Statute. Any state party to the Statute can propose an amendment. The proposed amendment can be adopted by a two-thirds majority vote in either a meeting of the Assembly of States Parties or a review conference called by the Assembly. An amendment comes into force for all states parties one year after it is ratified by seven-eighths of the states parties. However, any amendment to articles 5, 6, 7, or 8 of the Statute only enters into force for states parties that have ratified the amendment. A state party which ratifies an amendment to articles 5, 6, 7, or 8 is subject to that amendment one year after ratifying it, regardless of how many other states parties have also ratified it. For an article 5, 6, 7, or 8 amendment, the Statute itself is amended after the amendment comes into force for the first state party to ratify it. Amendments of a purely institutional nature enter into force six months after they are approved by a two-thirds majority vote in either a meeting of the Assembly of States Parties or a review conference.

Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 10th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York between 12 and 21 December 2011. The judges elected, Anthony Carmona of Trinidad and Tobago, Miriam Defensor Santiago of the Philippines, Chile Eboe-Osuji of Nigeria, Robert Fremr of the Czech Republic, Olga Venecia Herrera Carbuccia of the Dominican Republic and Howard Morrison of the United Kingdom, took office on 11 March 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi</span> Argentine lawyer, diplomat and judge

Silvia Alejandra Fernández de Gurmendi is an Argentine lawyer, diplomat and judge. She was a judge at the International Criminal Court (ICC) from 18 November 2009 to 10 March 2018 and was the first woman President of the ICC from March 2015 to March 2018. In 2020 she was elected to serve as President of the Assembly of States Parties to Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court for the twentieth to twenty-second sessions (2021-2023).

A special election for two judges of the International Criminal Court was held during the 8th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in The Hague on 18 November 2009.

An ordinary election for six judges of the International Criminal Court was held during the resumption of the 7th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York on 19 and 20 January 2009.

A special election for three judges of the International Criminal Court was held during the 6th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York on 30 November and 3 December 2007.

An ordinary election for six judges of the International Criminal Court was held during the resumption of the 4th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York on 26 January 2006.

An ordinary election for the first full bench of 18 judges of the International Criminal Court was held during the first resumption of the 1st session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York between 3 and 7 February 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthony Carmona</span> President of Trinidad and Tobago from 2013 to 2018

Anthony Thomas Aquinas Carmona is a Trinidadian politician who was the fifth President of Trinidad and Tobago from 2013 to 2018. Previously, he was a High Court Judge at the Supreme Court of Trinidad and Tobago, and he served as a Judge of the International Criminal Court from 2012 to 2013.

Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 13th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court held from 8 to 17 December 2014 in New York. The judges were elected for terms of nine years and took office on 11 March 2015.

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A special election for one judge of the International Criminal Court was held during the resumption of the 13th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which took place in The Hague from 24 to 25 June 2015.

Bertram Schmitt is a German jurist. He was a judge at the Bundesgerichtshof and has been a judge of the International Criminal Court since 2015.

Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 16th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court held from 4 to 14 December 2017 in New York. The judges were elected for terms of nine years and took office on 11 March 2018.

Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 19th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court held from 7 to 17 December 2020 in New York. The judges were elected for terms of nine years and took office on 11 March 2021.

References

1 2 "ICC-ASP/22/SP/01" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 19 December 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
↑ "Resolution ICC-ASP/3/Res.6" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 10 September 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
↑ "Annex II – Composition of the Judges" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 19 December 2022. p. 15. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
↑ "ICC-ASP/22/SP/12" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . Retrieved July 28, 2024.
↑ "ICC-ASP/22/SP/29" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . Retrieved July 28, 2024.
↑ "ICC-ASP/22/SP/33" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . Retrieved July 28, 2024.
↑ "2023 Nominations - Election of six judges". Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . March 23, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
↑ "Annex II – Tables of minimum voting requirements" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 19 December 2022. p. 15. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
↑ "2023 - Election of six judges - Results". Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . December 6, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

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[note_verbale-1] 1 2 "ICC-ASP/22/SP/01" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 19 December 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[resolution-2] "Resolution ICC-ASP/3/Res.6" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 10 September 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.

[3] "Annex II – Composition of the Judges" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 19 December 2022. p. 15. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[4] "ICC-ASP/22/SP/12" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[5] "ICC-ASP/22/SP/29" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[6] "ICC-ASP/22/SP/33" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[7] "2023 Nominations - Election of six judges". Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . March 23, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[8] "Annex II – Tables of minimum voting requirements" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . 19 December 2022. p. 15. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[9] "2023 - Election of six judges - Results". Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . December 6, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

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