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The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague,Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide,crimes against humanity,war crimes and the crime of aggression. The ICC is distinct from the International Court of Justice,an organ of the United Nations that hears disputes between states.
A statute of limitations,known in civil law systems as a prescriptive period,is a law passed by a legislative body to set the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be initiated. In most jurisdictions,such periods exist for both criminal law and civil law such as contract law and property law,though often under different names and with varying details.
Universal jurisdiction is a legal principle that allows states or international organizations to claim criminal jurisdiction over an accused person,regardless of where the alleged crime was committed and irrespective of the accused's nationality,country of residence,or any other connection to the prosecuting entity. Crimes prosecuted under universal jurisdiction are considered crimes against all,too serious to tolerate jurisdictional arbitrage. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that some international norms are erga omnes,or owed to the entire world community,as well as to the concept of jus cogens—that certain international law obligations are binding on all states.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome,Italy on 17 July 1998 and it entered into force on 1 July 2002. As of February 2024,124 states are party to the statute. Among other things,it establishes court function,jurisdiction and structure.
The Guantanamo military commissions were established by President George W. Bush through a military order on November 13,2001,to try certain non-citizen terrorism suspects at the Guantanamo Bay prison. To date,there have been a total of eight convictions in the military commissions,six through plea agreements. Several of the eight convictions have been overturned in whole or in part on appeal by U.S. federal courts.
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide,war crimes,crimes against humanity,and the crime of aggression.
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The states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are those sovereign states that have ratified,or have otherwise become party to,the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court,an international court that has jurisdiction over certain international crimes,including genocide,crimes against humanity,and war crimes that are committed by nationals of states parties or within the territory of states parties. States parties are legally obligated to co-operate with the Court when it requires,such as in arresting and transferring indicted persons or providing access to evidence and witnesses. States parties are entitled to participate and vote in proceedings of the Assembly of States Parties,which is the Court's governing body. Such proceedings include the election of such officials as judges and the Prosecutor,the approval of the Court's budget,and the adoption of amendments to the Rome Statute.
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Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 10th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York between 12 and 21 December 2011. The judges elected,Anthony Carmona of Trinidad and Tobago,Miriam Defensor Santiago of the Philippines,Chile Eboe-Osuji of Nigeria,Robert Fremr of the Czech Republic,Olga Venecia Herrera Carbuccia of the Dominican Republic and Howard Morrison of the United Kingdom,took office on 11 March 2012.
Silvia Alejandra Fernández de Gurmendi is an Argentine lawyer,diplomat and judge. She was a judge at the International Criminal Court (ICC) from 18 November 2009 to 10 March 2018 and was the first woman President of the ICC from March 2015 to March 2018. In 2020 she was elected to serve as President of the Assembly of States Parties to Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court for the twentieth to twenty-second sessions (2021-2023).
An ordinary election for the first full bench of 18 judges of the International Criminal Court was held during the first resumption of the 1st session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York between 3 and 7 February 2003.
Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 13th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court held from 8 to 17 December 2014 in New York. The judges were elected for terms of nine years and took office on 11 March 2015.
A special election for one judge of the International Criminal Court was held during the resumption of the 13th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which took place in The Hague from 24 to 25 June 2015.
The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC),Fatou Bensouda,on 20 December 2019 announced an investigation into war crimes allegedly committed in Palestine by members of the Israeli military or Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups since 13 June 2014.
The International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine or the Situation in Ukraine is an ongoing investigation by the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) into "any past and present allegations of war crimes,crimes against humanity or genocide committed on any part of the territory of Ukraine by any person" during the period starting "from 21 November 2013 onwards",on an "open-ended basis",covering the Revolution of Dignity,the Russo-Ukrainian War including the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia,the war in Donbas and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The ICC prosecutor commenced these investigations on 2 March 2022,after receiving referrals for the situation in Ukraine from 39 ICC State Parties.
Rosario Salvatore Aitala is an Italian judge and prosecutor specialising in criminal law. Aitala was elected as a judge of the International Criminal Court in 2017,for a mandate from 11 March 2018 to 10 March 2027.
References
- ↑ "Damdin, Erdenebalsuren (Mongolie)" (PDF). Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
- 1 2 M. Sambuunyan (12 March 2024). "Justice Erdenebalsuren Damdin Begins Nine-Year Term as ICC Judge". Montsame . Wikidata Q130140127. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024.
- 1 2 3 Judge Erdenebalsuren Damdin, International Criminal Court, 2024, Wikidata Q130142686, archived from the original on 30 August 2024
- 1 2 3 4 ERDENEBALSUREN, Damdin (Mongolia) (PDF), International Criminal Court, 9 March 2023, Wikidata Q130140527, archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2024
- ↑ Currents (PDF), Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2013, Wikidata Q130141565, archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2024
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