File no. | ICC-01/21 |
---|---|
Date opened | July 15, 2021 |
Incident(s) | Philippine drug war |
Crimes | crimes against humanity: |
Status of suspect |
The International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines, or the situation in the Republic of the Philippines, is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into alleged crimes against humanity committed during the Philippine drug war.
The Philippines announced its intention to withdraw its membership from the Rome Statute on March 14, 2018, about a month after the ICC launched a preliminary investigation into the situation in the country. The withdrawal was finalized a year later, on March 16, 2019. Since the Philippines is no longer a state party to the Rome Statute, the investigation will only cover the period when the treaty was in force in the country – between November 1, 2011, and March 16, 2019.
The Davao Death Squad (DDS), a Davao City–based vigilante group linked to Rodrigo Duterte, is estimated to have killed at least a thousand people since the 1990s. [1] According to Human Rights Watch, the group mostly targeted alleged drug dealers, petty criminals, and street children and was involved in forced disappearances, summary executions, and drug dealing. [2] [3]
Edgar Matobato, a self-confessed former member of the DDS, testified before a Philippine Senate committee that the group was taking orders from Duterte and claimed that Duterte himself, while he was still mayor of Davao City, had killed a member of the Department of Justice with an Uzi submachine gun. [4] Arturo Lascañas, a retired police officer who initially denied being a member of the group in a Senate hearing in October 2016, retracted his statement a year later, backed up Matobato's accusations, and admitted to killing 200 people as a DDS member, claiming that they "were motivated by the reward system ... when a killing is ordered and there's a price". [5] [6] [7]
The Philippine drug war was launched by the Philippine National Police (PNP) on July 1, 2016, a day after Duterte was sworn in as president. [8] According to an estimate cited by ICC prosecutor Karim Khan, the campaign resulted in the deaths of around 12,000 to 30,000 individuals, and the killings reached their peak between 2016 and 2017. [9] [10] However, official government figures have varied throughout the drug war's course due to a lack of transparency and ambiguous terminology.
From his presidential campaign to the end of his presidency, President Duterte made multiple remarks to kill criminals and drug syndicates
given law enforcers "shoot-to-kill" orders for criminals and drug syndicates without the fear of getting prosecuted, saying that he would protect them and would go to jail for them. [11]
A day after the 2016 presidential election, presidential forerunner Duterte said, "I will be a dictator [...] but only against forces of evil – criminality, drugs and corruption in government", and vowed that if he failed to fulfill his promise to end crime, corruption, and drugs within the first six months of his term, he would step down from the presidency. [12] On July 1, the day after the inauguration of Duterte as president, the Philippine National Police (PNP) launched Project Double Barrel, marking the beginning of the Philippine drug war.
On October 13, 2016, about four months into the Philippine drug war, ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda expressed her deep concern over the reports of extrajudicial killings of alleged drug dealers and users in the Philippines, saying the ICC will be "closely following developments" in the country to assess whether to open a preliminary examination if necessary. [13] The following month, on November 17, President Duterte threatened to follow Russia's lead [lower-alpha 1] by withdrawing the Philippines from the ICC, which he called "useless" in Filipino. [14] [15]
On April 27, 2017, in the 77-page document titled "The Situation of Mass Murder in the Philippines, Jude Sabio—a Filipino lawyer representing former Davao Death Squad members—requested the ICC to charge President Duterte and 11 other officials with mass murder and crimes against humanity. [16] [17]
The Philippines signed the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on December 28, 2000, and ratified it on August 30, 2011. The treaty came into force in the country on November 1, 2011. [18] On March 14, 2018, a month after the ICC opened a preliminary investigation into the situation in the Philippines, President Duterte said in a statement that "the Philippines is withdrawing its ratification of the Rome statute effective immediately". [19] [20] However, in accordance with article 127 (1) of the treaty, the withdrawal shall only take effect "one year after the date of receipt of the notification". [21] Two days later, on March 16, the Philippines formally notified the secretary-general of the United Nations of its decision to withdraw from the Rome Statute. [22] The country officially left the ICC one year later, on March 17, 2019. [23]
The jurisdiction of the ICC investigation in the Philippines will be limited to the period when the country was a state party to the Rome Statute, between November 1, 2011, and March 16, 2019, encompassing almost three years of Duterte's presidency, during which the Philippine drug war was at its height.
On September 15, 2021, the ICC's Pre-Trial Chamber I authorized the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to open an investigation of crimes within the court's jurisdiction in the Philippines, spanning between November 1, 2011, and March 16, 2019. [24]
On March 13, 2018, the Philippines withdrew its membership from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). President Duterte justified the withdrawal by accusing the ICC and the United Nations of "crusading" against him and condemning the UN's "baseless, unprecedented and outrageous attacks" on him and his administration. [19]
In September 2021, the government of the Philippines announced that it would not cooperate with the ICC on their investigation and would bar their investigators from entering the country. [25]
The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. The ICC is distinct from the International Court of Justice, an organ of the United Nations that hears disputes between states.
Human rights in the Philippines are protected by the Constitution of the Philippines, to make sure that people in the Philippines are able to live peacefully and with dignity, safe from the abuse of any individuals or institutions, including the state.
The states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are those sovereign states that have ratified, or have otherwise become party to, the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court, an international court that has jurisdiction over certain international crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes that are committed by nationals of states parties or within the territory of states parties. States parties are legally obligated to co-operate with the Court when it requires, such as in arresting and transferring indicted persons or providing access to evidence and witnesses. States parties are entitled to participate and vote in proceedings of the Assembly of States Parties, which is the Court's governing body. Such proceedings include the election of such officials as judges and the Prosecutor, the approval of the Court's budget, and the adoption of amendments to the Rome Statute.
Rodrigo Roa Duterte, also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson of PDP–Laban, the ruling political party in the Philippines during his presidency. Duterte is the first president of the Philippines to be from Mindanao, and is the oldest person to assume office, beginning his term at age 71.
The Davao Death Squad (DDS) is a vigilante group in Davao City, Philippines. The group is alleged to have conducted summary executions of street children and individuals suspected of petty crimes and drug dealing. It has been estimated that the group is responsible for the killing or disappearance of between 1,020 and 1,040 people between 1998 and 2008. The 2009 report by the CHR noted stonewalling by local police under Duterte while a leaked cable observed a lack of public outrage among Davao residents.
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