Diehard Duterte Supporters

Last updated

Diehard Duterte Supporters (DDS) is a label popularly associated with (and also adopted by) the supporters of the 16th president of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte, [1] who they see as a necessary strongman. [2] [3] [4] The term was popularized during the 2016 presidential elections and has since been used to refer to the most "diehard" among Duterte's loyalists. [5] The term is also commonly used by his opposition to refer to people who they allege to be engaging in internet trolling and disruptive behaviour online to defend Duterte. [6]

Contents

Its initialism, DDS, was taken directly from the Davao Death Squad—an alleged vigilante group that had existed in Davao City during Duterte's term as mayor. [7]

Ideology

As their self-appellation suggests, the DDS are identified by their unwavering loyalty to Rodrigo Duterte and his daughter, Sara Duterte, rather than alignment to any particular political-economic ideology. [8] The DDS mirror Duterte's policy stances and shifts, even when such shifts contradict his self-identification as a socialist and membership in a democratic socialist party, [lower-alpha 1] PDP–Laban. [12] [18] [19] Accordingly, observers have described the DDS as a right-wing populist or even far-right phenomenon the existence of which preserves the status quo. [2] [11] [20] [21] Such an assertion has been demonstrated by the expansion in recent years of the historical and religiously informed cultural hostility toward left-wing politics in the country as the Philippines has been described as the most right-wing country in the world, [9] [22] which had been previously reserved for the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) but which had during Duterte's presidency begun to include national-democratic, social-liberal and even centrist organizations such as the Makabayan, Akbayan and Liberal parties, [23] respectively.

In common with Duterte's original support base outside Manila, [24] the DDS had been enthusiastic about the subsequently derailed transition to a federal form of government through constitutional reform. [25] Some within the DDS, disillusioned by both the social doctrines of the Catholic Church and the sanctimoniousness of the professional–managerial class (PMC), may have also stood behind left-leaning causes such as the redefinition of civil marriage, [26] which Duterte had also supported but has since backtracked on. [27] The DDS have also mirrored calls made by some core supporters for the installation of a revolutionary government with Duterte as leader. [2] [28] Such calls, however, have been motivated less by a willingness to pursue systemic transformation than by a desire for greater participation in the status quo . [2]

Behavior

The DDS are distinguished by their uninhibited use of rabid and vitriolic speech, [8] [29] which mirrors Duterte's own. [30] [31] [32] They respond to the slightest criticism of Duterte with accusations of bias, shilling, [lower-alpha 2] wokescolding, CPP membership or sympathizing with the New People's Army (NPA), notwithstanding Duterte's own tactical dealings with the National Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP) during his mayorship of Davao. [33] [34] The DDS usually engage in online bullying and harassment against all activists, as well as the Otso Diretso electoral alliance, Vice President Leni Robredo, and even fellow Dutertists suspected of disloyalty, [4] [35] [36] often by issuing threats or tagging them implicitly for punishment. [1] [8] [37] Dilawan [lower-alpha 3] and pulahan [40] are two of the slurs most frequently employed to shut down or gaslight those marked for harassment. [8] [41] [42] The DDS, despite Duterte's claims to being a socialist, [9] [19] have also participated in amplified smear campaigns directed against organizers of and contributors to COVID-19 mutual-aid efforts. [43] [44] It is for these reasons that the DDS are collectively considered even by otherwise sympathetic analysts as a successful hate group. [45]

Long before the DDS' ascent to national prominence, [46] [47] however, certain PMC actors themselves had allegedly orchestrated smear campaigns, known locally as "black propaganda", through SMS and other means against disfavored politicians and unapproved-of election candidates. [48] [49] Such derision has been described as a desire on the part of members of the PMC to "want to humiliate their adversaries by attributing to them a desperate lack of intelligence, empathy, and virtue". [50]

Organizational representation

Several organizations and social-media communities bear the DDS initialism as a way of signifying unapologetic allegiance to Duterte. [51] Some of these are the Duterte Youth, Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan (PDDS) and Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP). [52] [53] These organizations claim to represent sectors of Philippine society marginalized by those who had taken power through the first EDSA Revolution and betrayed by those behind the second. [10] [11] [12]

Global context

The DDS is part of an ascendant global far right; [54] indeed, members find affinity with right-wing populist movements across the globe and their respective leaders. [13] [21] In the academic and popular discourse, parallels had been drawn between the DDS and other strongman populist movements such as Erdoğanism in Turkey, Bolsonarism in Brazil and Trumpism in the United States, [23] [45] among many others, [55] notwithstanding the uniqueness of the conditions that give rise to and, in turn, motivate each of them. [56] For instance, it has been demonstrated that popular support for Duterte has been driven to a significant extent by expatriate workers resentful of having to support themselves and their families from abroad, [54] a motivating factor only partially shared by workers in core countries. Also, Filipino culture is more susceptible to strongmen, as in the ancient Philippines, tribal leaders needed a cult-like following to maintain power. In addition, far-right beliefs are prominent in Filipino culture. [54]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ National democrats, [9] along with others who are placed to the left of social democrats and democratic socialists on the political spectrum, [2] [10] themselves refute Duterte's self-proclaimed socialist credentials given his inability, due to structural constraints, [10] [11] to concretely and seriously tackle the economic aspects of liberalism. [12] [13] Such constraints have had a similar dampening effect on the actions of other socialist leaders such as François Mitterrand and Evo Morales. [14] [15] [16] Significantly, however, and unlike his predecessors, Duterte is the first Philippine president to have had "no reservations" in openly declaring his ostensible socialism while operating within a hostile political-economic environment, [9] drawing comparisons to Bernie Sanders' renormalization of the previously taboo term socialism in US political discourse. [17]
  2. ↑ Shills are referred to as bayaran (literally "paid") in the national language which, to some extent, may also refer to prostitutes.
  3. ↑ Dilawan loosely translates as "Yellow-supporter" in the national language, in reference to the color employed by protesters in the People Power Revolution. This usage, however, is a misnomer given how Duterte's own party had participated in the protests and was indeed co-founded by none other than Corazón Aquino's husband. [38] In addition, Sara Duterte, Duterte's daughter, recounts how her father had helped sear the significance of EDSA I into her mind. [39]

Related Research Articles

Liberal elite, also referred to as the metropolitan elite or progressive elite, is a term used to describe politically liberal people whose education has traditionally opened the doors to affluence, wealth and power and who form a managerial elite. It is commonly invoked pejoratively, with the implication that the people who claim to support the rights of the working class are themselves members of the ruling classes and are therefore out of touch with the real needs of the people they say that they support and protect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Partido Demokratiko Pilipino</span> Political party in the Philippines

The Partido Demokratiko Pilipino is a populist political party in the Philippines founded in 1982. It was previously known as Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) from 1983 to 2024 as a result of a merger with Lakas ng Bayan (Laban). It was part of the country's ruling party coalition from 1986 to 1992 under the administration of Corazon Aquino and the country's ruling party from 2016 to 2022 under the administration of Rodrigo Duterte.

This is a timeline of Philippine history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Philippines and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see history of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rodrigo Duterte</span> President of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022

Rodrigo Roa Duterte, also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino, the ruling political party in the Philippines during his presidency. Duterte is the first president of the Philippines to be from Mindanao, and is the oldest person to assume office, beginning his term at age 71.

Imperial Manila is a pejorative epithet used by sectors of Filipino society and non-Manileños to express the idea that all the affairs of the Philippines, whether in politics, economy and business or culture, are decided by what goes on in the capital region, Metro Manila, without considering the needs of the rest of the country, largely because of centralized government and urbanite snobbery. Empirical research finds that Imperial Manila and its persistence over time has led to prolonged underdevelopment in Philippine provinces.

The Davao Death Squad (DDS) is a vigilante group in Davao City, Philippines. The group is alleged to have conducted summary executions of street children and individuals suspected of petty crimes and drug dealing. It has been estimated that the group is responsible for the killing or disappearance of between 1,020 and 1,040 people between 1998 and 2008. A 2009 report by the Philippine Commission on Human Rights (CHR) noted stonewalling by local police under the mayorship of Rodrigo Duterte while a leaked cable observed a lack of public outrage among Davao residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonshine Media Network International</span> Television channel in the Philippines

Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI), also known by its legal name Swara Sug Media Corporation (SSMC), is a Filipino broadcast media arm of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KJC) led by the Filipino televangelist Apollo Quiboloy. Based in Davao City and Makati, it operates a network of radio and television broadcasting stations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet in the Philippines</span>

Internet in the Philippines first became available on March 29, 1994, 10:18 a.m., with the Philippine Network Foundation (PHNet) connecting the country and its people to Sprint in the United States via a 64 kbit/s link. As of February 2023, there are 85.16 million internet users in the country, where internet penetration stood at 73.1% of the total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilbert Teodoro</span> Filipino lawyer and politician (born 1964)

Gilberto Eduardo Gerardo Cojuangco Teodoro Jr., nicknamed Gilbert or Gibo, is a Filipino lawyer, politician and business executive who is the incumbent Secretary of National Defense under the Marcos Jr. administration since 2023. He previously served in the same post from 2007 to 2009 under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. He was the nominee of Arroyo's Lakas–Kampi in the 2010 presidential election, which he lost to his second cousin, Noynoy Aquino.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Partido Lakas ng Masa</span> Democratic socialist political party in the Philippines

The Partido Lakas ng Masa is a democratic socialist political party in the Philippines. Created in 2009, it includes as its affiliate the labor group Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino and is Sanlakas' political party for purposes of contesting non-party-list elections. It is the umbrella group of various organizations such as Zone One Tondo Organization (ZOTO) and Kongreso ng Pagkakaisa ng Maralita ng Lungsod (KPML).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazil–Philippines relations</span> Bilateral relations

Brazil–Philippines relations are the bilateral relations between Brazil and the Philippines. Brazil has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines maintain an embassy in Brasilia. Both nations were conquered by the Iberian powers, namely by Spain and Portugal, in the 16th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sara Duterte</span> Vice President of the Philippines since 2022

Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio, commonly known as Inday Sara, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who is the 15th and current vice president of the Philippines. She is the third female vice president, the third vice president to come from Mindanao, and the youngest vice president in Philippine history. A daughter of 16th president Rodrigo Duterte, she previously served as the mayor of Davao City from 2016 to 2022, and from 2010 to 2013. She was also Davao City's vice mayor from 2007 to 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte</span> Views of the Philippine president on organized society

The political positions of Rodrigo Duterte, the 16th President of the Philippines, have been difficult to define coherently into what some analysts have attempted to package as "Dutertism" or "Dutertismo" due to numerous policy shifts during his presidency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte</span> Philippine presidential administration from 2016 to 2022

Rodrigo Duterte's six-year tenure as the 16th President of the Philippines began on June 30, 2016, succeeding Benigno Aquino III. He was the first president from Mindanao, the first president to have worked in all three branches of government, and the oldest to be elected. He won the election amid growing frustration with post-EDSA governance that favored elites over ordinary Filipinos. His tenure ended on June 30, 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Philippine presidential election</span> 20th presidential election in the Philippines

The 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 9, 2022, as part of the 2022 general election. This was the 17th direct presidential election and 16th vice presidential election in the Philippines since 1935, and the sixth sextennial presidential and vice presidential election since 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Philippine general election</span> National, provincial, and local elections in the country

The 2022 Philippine general election took place on May 9, 2022, for the executive and legislative branches of government at every level – national, provincial, and local – except for the barangay officials.

This is a list of candidates in the 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections.

References

  1. 1 2 Contreras, A. P. (2020-02-01). "Labels and political tagging". The Manila Times . Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Bello y Flores, Walden (2018-01-01). "Filipinas: ¿Un "gobierno revolucionario" de Duterte?". Sin permiso. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  3. ↑ "War on Sensemaking II, Daniel Schmachtenberger - RebelWisdom". 2023-11-22. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  4. 1 2 "Facebook woes". The Manila Times. 3 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  5. ↑ Abillar, Adel (2020-09-01). "Before we pray for the President". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  6. ↑ Heydarian, Richard (2020-12-15). "Dutertismo: Five types of supporters". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2020-12-17. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  7. ↑ Robillos, Alyosha. "Duterte: There is no Davao Death Squad". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Contreras, Antonio (2021-01-19). "The deadly outcome of free hate speech". The Manila Times. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Palatino, R. (2017, May 2). Is the Philippines' Duterte really a leftist? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/is-the-philippines-duterte-really-a-leftist/ Archived 2021-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
  10. 1 2 3 "Why Duterte has to be ousted, and why even that won't be enough to defend ourselves". Rappler. 26 August 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 Chua, Ethan (2020-08-29). "The End of Liberal Democracy in the Philippines". Lausan Collective. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  12. 1 2 3 Magsalin, S. (2020, March 31). Towards an anarchism in the Philippine archipelago . Southeast Asian Anarchist Library. https://sea.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/simoun-magsalin-towards-an-anarchism-in-the-philippine-archipelago-en Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  13. 1 2 Fraser, N. (2017, January 2). The end of progressive neoliberalism. Dissent . https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/progressive-neoliberalism-reactionary-populism-nancy-fraser Archived 2021-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Kaup, B. Z. (2010). A neoliberal nationalization? The constraints on natural-gas-led development in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives, 37(3). https://www.doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X10366534
  15. ↑ Broder, D. (2019). The state we need. Jacobin , 32, 28.
  16. ↑ Birch, J. (2021, February 13). The rise and fall of French socialism. Jacobin . https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/02/french-socialism-francois-mitterrand Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Engler, M. (2017). Naming our desire: How do we talk about socialism in America? Dissent . https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/talking-about-socialism-america-michael-harrington-dsa Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Cinco, Maricar (April 18, 2016). "Duterte: I'm a socialist, not a communist; last card". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  19. 1 2 "Duterte and PDP–Laban as "Leftist"". CNN Philippines . 2021-07-07. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  20. ↑ Docena, Herbert; Hetland, Gabriel (2016-06-30). "Why Duterte Is Unlikely to Pursue Socialism". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  21. 1 2 Bello y Flores, Walden (2021-05-21). "Walden Bello on Rodrigo Duterte and Fascism". Rappler . Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  22. ↑ Lalu, G. P. (2021, January 19). UP students poke fun at DND's claims campuses are communist recruitment centers. Philippine Daily Inquirer . https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1385865/up-students-poke-fun-at-dnds-claims-that-campuses-are-communist-recruitment-grounds Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
  23. 1 2 "Trump and the diehard Duterte supporters". The Manila Times. 24 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  24. ↑ Lorenzana, L. M. C. (2021, February 10). Duterte's time running out—monumental failures. Manila Times . https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/02/10/opinion/columnists/dutertes-time-running-out-monumental-failures/838741/ Archived 2021-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "Reviving the federalist dream – The Manila Times". www.manilatimes.net. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  26. ↑ Tan, Rebecca. "In the fight for gay marriage in the Philippines, Duterte could be an unlikely ally". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  27. ↑ Reginio, M. K. (n.d.). Group says Duterte's LGBT promises "empty". Kodao Productions. https://kodao.org/group-says-dutertes-lgbt-promises-empty/ Archived 2021-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Pascual, Rev Fr Antonio Cecilio T. (2020-09-03). "What 'revgov' implies | Rev. Fr. Antonio Cecilio T. Pascual". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  29. ↑ "State-sponsored hate: The rise of the pro-Duterte bloggers". Rappler. 18 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  30. ↑ Hegina, A. J. (2016, April 18). Analyst: PH should fear "loose cannon" Duterte. Philippine Daily Inquirer . https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/780101/analyst-ph-should-fear-loose-cannon-duterte Archived 2021-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ Swaine, Michael [@Dalzell60] (2021-05-03). "Your job is to defend your nation's interests by using diplomacy, not the language of a school boy. This is embarrassing for you and your country" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  32. ↑ Escalona, K. A. (2018, July 19). Duterte's war on tongues. New Mandala. https://www.newmandala.org/dutertes-war-tongues/ Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Manlupig, Karlos (2015-11-09). "Duterte Cheers Rebels: 'Mabuhay ang NPA'". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  34. ↑ Sison y Canlás, José María (2018-07-28). "The Fate of the People's War". Jacobin (Interview). Interviewed by Denis Rogatyuk. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  35. ↑ Márquez, Consuelo (2019-04-23). "Pangilinan on Sharon Cuneta's Support for Duterte: Families Are Divided, We Are No Exception". Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  36. ↑ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (2020-10-23). "Parlade asks: Is Mayor Isko welcoming 'terrorist' CPP-NPA in Manila?". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  37. ↑ "Philippines Troll Patrol: The woman taking on trolls on their own turf". BBC News. 2020-09-25. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  38. ↑ Cruz, E. S. (2017, August 16). Story of LABAN. Philippine Star . http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/08/16/1729898/story-laban Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ Nawal, A., & Alconaba, N. (2017, February 25). Sara Duterte fires back: My father understood spirit of Edsa. Philippine Daily Inquirer . https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/875179/sara-duterte-fires-back-my-father-understood-spirit-of-edsa Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ Pamalakaya. (2020, May 31). Anti-terrorism bill intends the people to be a "flock of sheep" —groups. https://angpamalakaya.org/2020/05/31/anti-terrorism-bill-intends-the-people-to-be-a-flock-of-sheep-groups/ Archived 2021-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Reysio-Cruz, Cathy Cañares Yamsuan, Matthew (2020-02-23). "'It's time for young people to find their own yellow ribbon'". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-10-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ↑ Heydarian, Richard (2018-09-04). "Neither DDS nor 'dilaw'". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  43. ↑ Terraloza, V. E. (2021, April 20). PNP 'profiling' of community pantry organizers slammed. Manila Bulletin . https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/20/pnp-profiling-of-community-pantry-organizers-slammed/ Archived 2021-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ Del Mundo, R. (2021, April 21). Mutual aid, community pantries bring out the best in Filipinos and the worst in Duterte's inhumane regime . Philippine Revolution Web Central. https://cpp.ph/statements/mutual-aid-community-pantries-bring-out-the-best-in-filipinos-and-the-worst-in-dutertes-inhumane-regime/ Archived 2021-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
  45. 1 2 Contreras y P., Antonio (2021-02-04). "The Other Threat to National Security Is Not Coming from the Left". Manila Times . Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  46. ↑ Clapano, J. R. (2012, July 14). Groups spearheading black propaganda to smear Binay's image. Philippine Star . https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/07/14/827669/groups-spearheading-black-propaganda-smear-binays-image Archived 2021-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ Cabañes, J. V. A., & Cornelio, J. S. (2017). The rise of trolls in the Philippines (and what we can do about it) Archived 2021-07-14 at the Wayback Machine . In N. Curato (Ed.), A Duterte reader: Critical essays on the early presidency of Rodrigo Duterte (pp. 233–252). Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  48. ↑ Herrera, C. F. (2016, March 18). Drilón, AMLC, Inquirer tagged in "conspiracy". Manila Standard . https://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/202003/drilon-amlc-inquirer-tagged-in-conspiracy-.html Archived 2019-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ Magno, A. (2015, October 26). Smear. Philippine Star . https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/10/26/1515264/smear Archived 2021-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ↑ Liu, C. (2021). Virtue hoarders: The Case against the Professional Managerial Class. University of Minnesota.
  51. ↑ "Terrorism respects no one, overseas Filipino groups say". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  52. ↑ "Federal party wants Duterte as chairman". The Manila Times. 18 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  53. ↑ Dalan, Avito. "Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan with Its Pres.Greco B. Belgica". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  54. 1 2 3 Bello y Flores, Walden (2019-09-30). "The Global Rise of the Far Right". Rosa Luxemburg Foundation . Archived from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  55. ↑ Bello y Flores, Walden (2019-10-04). The Global Rise of the Far Right. University of Portsmouth. Event occurs at 47:37. Archived from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  56. ↑ Coronel, Ethan James (2020). "Is the DDS (Diehard Duterte Supporters) the Filipino Equivalent of America's Alt-Right?".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.