In the Philippines, rice production is an important aspect of the country's food supply and economy. The Philippines is the 8th-largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice production. [1] The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010. [2] [ needs update ] There are an estimated 2.4 million rice farmers in the Philippines as of 2020. [3]
Rice is the most important food crop, and is a staple food in most of the country. It is especially produced in Luzon, the Western Visayas, Southern Mindanao, and Central Mindanao. [4]
In 2010, nearly 20.7 million metric tons of palay (pre-husked rice) were produced. [5] In 2010, palay accounted for 21.86% percent of gross value added in agriculture and 2.37% of GNP. [6] In 2017, the total paddy rice output met 93% of the country's annual requirement. The population consumed 11.7 million tonnes of rice. [7] Historically, the per-hectare rice yields in the Philippines have generally been low in comparison with other Asian countries. [4]
There are an estimated estimated 2.4 million rice farmers in the Philippines as of 2020. [3] The average age of rice farmers is 56 years; 82% of rice farmers are men and 18% are women. [8] Many Filipino farmers live in poverty due to a combination of factors, including economic policy, environmental, and land ownership issues. [9] [10]
The first evidence of rice found in the Philippines dates to between 2025 BC and 1432 BC. [11]
The Green Revolution, which was a period of greatly increased crop yields worldwide as a result of technology transfer initiatives, kicked off in the Philippines in 1960 during the administration of President Carlos P. Garcia, with the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). [12] IRRI's research process led to its best-known contribution to the green revolution half a decade and two presidential administrations later in 1966 - the introduction of the "miracle rice," the high-yielding semi-dwarf IR8 rice variety. [12] [13]
The proportion of "miracle" rice in total output rose from zero in 1965–66 to 81 percent in 1981–82. [4] Average productivity increased from 1.23 metric tons per hectare in 1961 to 3.59 metric tons per hectare in 2009. [1]
This green revolution was accompanied by an expanded use of chemical inputs. Among farmers surveyed in Central Luzon, the quantity of insecticide active ingredient applied per hectare increased tenfold from 1966 to 1979, from less than 0.1 kilogram per hectare to nearly 1.0 kilogram per hectare. By the mid-1990s, this figure had been cut in half. Since then, use has declined even more, and levels of insecticide use are now slightly below what they were before the Green Revolution began.[ citation needed ]
The administration of Ferdinand Marcos made the promotion of IR8 the lynchpin of its Masagana 99 program in 1973, accompanied by a farmer credit program. [12] But by 1980, the program's initial succcesses were overrun by problems arising from the credit scheme [14] and the usurpation of the program for political patronage. [15] [16] [17]
The government also undertook a major expansion of the nation's irrigation system. The area under irrigation grew from under 500,000 hectares in the mid-1960s to 1.5 million hectares in 2009, almost half of the potentially irrigable land. [5]
In the 1980s rice production encountered problems. Average annual growth for 1980-85 declined to a mere 0.9 percent, as contrasted with 4.6 percent for the preceding fifteen years. Growth of value added in the rice industry also fell in the 1980s. Tropical storms and droughts, the general economic downturn of the 1980s, and the 1983-85 economic crisis all contributed to this decline. [4]
Crop loans dried up, prices of agricultural inputs increased, and palay prices declined. Fertilizer and plant nutrient consumption dropped 15 percent. Farmers were squeezed by rising debts and declining income. Hectarage devoted to rice production, level during the latter half of the 1970s, fell an average of 2.4 percent per annum during the first half of the 1980s, with the decline primarily in marginal, nonirrigated farms. As a result, in 1985, the last full year of the Marcos regime, the country imported 538,000 tons of rice. [4]
The situation improved somewhat in the late 1980s, and smaller amounts of rice were imported. In 1990 the country experienced a severe drought. Output fell by 1.5 percent, forcing the importation of an estimated 400,000 tons of rice. [4]
As of 2018, the Philippines had a WTO-approved annual quota limiting private rice imports to protect local farmers, buying up to 805,200 tonnes of rice with a 35 percent import tariff. [7]
The government has promoted genetically modified rice, including golden rice, for production in the country. [18] The Supreme Court of the Philippines issued a Writ of Kalikasan in 2023 ordering the Department of Agriculture to stop the commercial distribution of genetically modified rice and eggplants in the country. [19]
The Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) in the Philippines, Republic Act No. 11203, implemented in 2019, transitioned rice importation from quantitative restrictions to tariffs of 35-40%. It established the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF), funded by these tariffs. By 2021, rice production (palay) in the Philippines reached 20.0 million metric tons (MMT), a 3.5% increase from 2020, despite rice imports rising to 2.9 MMT. The RTL has significantly influenced the management of inflation in the rice sector since its implementation and serves as an approach for potential reforms in the agricultural sector of the Philippines. [20]
On May 20, 2024, the House of Representatives of the Philippines approved on third reading House Bill 10381, the "Rice Tariffication Law" amendments. Wilbert T. Lee told People's Television Network "Bagong Pilipinas Ngayon," that the "NFA's role would be an "equalizer" by purchasing palay from local farmers at a higher price and selling it at a lower price to consumers." [21]
Philippine rice cultivation is both vulnerable to the effects of global climate change and a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. [22] This vulnerability to climate change threatens the country's food security. [22] A report published by the United Nations Development Programme and supported by the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources recommends the adoption of policies and programs to address the effects and causes of climate change. [23]
In 2008–2011, the International Labour Organization and Philippine government agencies set up a pilot project to strengthen socio-economic resilience to climate change for Agusan del Norte rice farmers, through financial protection schemes and the diversification of livelihoods. [24]
The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields. These changes in agriculture began in developed countries in the early 20th century and spread globally until the late 1980s. In the late 1960s, farmers began incorporating new technologies such as high-yielding varieties of cereals, particularly dwarf wheat and rice, and the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and controlled irrigation.
Henry Monroe "Hank" Beachell was an American plant breeder. His research led to the development of hybrid rice cultivars that saved millions of people around the world from starvation.
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Agriculture in the Philippines is a major sector of the economy, ranking third among the sectors in 2022 behind only Services and Industry. Its outputs include staples like rice and corn, but also export crops such as coffee, cavendish banana, pineapple and pineapple products, coconut, sugar, and mango. The sector continues to face challenges, however, due to the pressures of a growing population. As of 2022, the sector employs 24% of the Filipino workforce and it accounted for 8.9% of the total GDP.
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Uganda's favorable soil conditions and climate have contributed to the country's agricultural success. Most areas of Uganda have usually received plenty of rain. In some years, small areas of the southeast and southwest have averaged more than 150 millimeters per month. In the north, there is often a short dry season in December and January. Temperatures vary only a few degrees above or below 20 °C but are moderated by differences in altitude.
Coffee is an important agricultural product in the Philippines, and is one of the Philippines' most important export products aside from being in high demand in the country's local consumer market.
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Surajit Kumar De Datta is an Indian agronomist who is best known for his high yield variety of rice IR-8 that contributed significantly to the Green Revolution across Asia. Over the course of 27 years, he worked at the International Rice Research Institute in Philippines helping Southeast Asia get self-sufficiency in rice production. His book on rice production, Principles and Practices of Rice Production, is considered an authoritative opus in the field of rice cultivation.
IR8 is a high-yielding semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the early 1960s. It was developed by an IRRI team consisting of Jennings, Hank Beachell, Akira Tanaka, T.T. Chang, S.K. De Datta, and Robert Chandler. In November 1966, IR8 was introduced in the Philippines and India. Promoters such as the IRRI and farmer benefactors of IR8 have called it 'miracle rice', and celebrate it for fighting famine. IR8 dramatically increased the yields of Asian rice from 1 or 2 ton per hectare to 4 or 5 tons per hectare. It played a significant part in the Green Revolution.
Masagana 99 was an agricultural program of then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos to increase rice production among Filipino farmers. The program was launched in 1973 at a time the country was experiencing a rice supply shortage. By promoting high yield varieties, chemical fertilizers, and herbicides, the program initially allowed the Philippines to attain self-sufficiency in 1975–1976, and export rice to its neighboring Asian countries in 1977–1978. By 1980, however, problems with the credit scheme rendered the loans accessible only to rich landowners while leaving poor farmers in debt. The program was also noted to have become a vehicle of political patronage.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
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