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The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields. These changes in agriculture began in developed countries in the early 20th century and spread globally until the late 1980s. In the late 1960s, farmers began incorporating new technologies such as high-yielding varieties of cereals, particularly dwarf wheat and rice, and the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and controlled irrigation.
Norman Ernest Borlaug was an American agronomist who led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production termed the Green Revolution. Borlaug was awarded multiple honors for his work, including the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, one of only seven people to have received all three awards.
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international agricultural research and training organization with its headquarters in Los Baños, Laguna, in the Philippines, and offices in seventeen countries. IRRI is known for its work in developing rice varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in the 1960s which preempted the famine in Asia.
Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan was an Indian agronomist, agricultural scientist, geneticist, administrator and humanitarian. Swaminathan was a global leader of the green revolution. He has been called the main architect of the green revolution in India for his leadership and role in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.
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Intensive crop farming is a modern industrialized form of crop farming. Intensive crop farming's methods include innovation in agricultural machinery, farming methods, genetic engineering technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, patent protection of genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations.
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In the Philippines, rice production is an important aspect of the country's food supply and economy. The Philippines is the 8th-largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice production. The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010. There are an estimated 2.4 million rice farmers in the Philippines as of 2020.
Gurdev Singh Khush is an Agronomist and Geneticist who, along with mentor Henry Beachell, received the 1996 World Food Prize for his achievements in enlarging and improving the global supply of rice during a time of exponential population growth.
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Norman Uphoff is an American social scientist now involved with agroecology serving as a Professor of Government and International Agriculture at Cornell University. He is the acting director of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs and former director of the Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture, and Development (CIIFAD) 1990–2005.
In North Korea, the cultivation of potatoes is an important aspect to the livelihood of the country's population. The crop was introduced into the country in the early 1800s. Since the famine of the 1990s, a potato revolution has taken place. Over ten years, the area of potato cultivation in North Korea quadrupled to 200,000 hectares and per capita consumption increased from 16 to 60 kilograms per year.
Surajit Kumar De Datta is an Indian agronomist who is best known for his high yield variety of rice IR-8 that contributed significantly to the Green Revolution across Asia. Over the course of 27 years, he worked at the International Rice Research Institute in Philippines helping Southeast Asia get self-sufficiency in rice production. His book on rice production, Principles and Practices of Rice Production, is considered an authoritative opus in the field of rice cultivation.
Dilbagh Singh Athwal was an Indian-American geneticist, plant breeder and agriculturist, known to have conducted pioneering research in plant breeding. He was a professor and the Head of the Department of Plant Breeding at Punjab Agricultural University and an associate of Norman Borlaug, a renowned biologist and Nobel Laureate, with whom he has collaborated for the introduction of high-yielding dwarf varieties of wheat.
Masagana 99 was an agricultural program of then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos to increase rice production among Filipino farmers. The program was launched in 1973 at a time the country was experiencing a rice supply shortage. By promoting high yield varieties, chemical fertilizers, and herbicides, the program initially allowed the Philippines to attain self-sufficiency in 1975–1976, and export rice to its neighboring Asian countries in 1977–1978. By 1980, however, problems with the credit scheme rendered the loans accessible only to rich landowners while leaving poor farmers in debt. The program was also noted to have become a vehicle of political patronage.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "IR8: Rice that Changed the World". IRRI.org. International Rice Research Institute. November 2016. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
- 1 2 Rowlatt, Justin (2016-12-01). "IR8: The miracle rice which saved millions of lives". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
- ↑ Ganzel, Bill (2007). "The Development of "Miracle Rice" Varieties". www.livinghistoryfarm.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- 1 2 Beyond IR8: IRRI's second decade. International Rice Research Institute. April 1980.
- 1 2 Farmer, B. H. (1977). "1. Technology and Change in Rice-growing Areas". Green Revolution? Technology and Change in Rice-growing Areas of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. pp. 1–6. ISBN 0-89158-709-8.
- ↑ World Food Prize Foundation 1996 Laureate: Beachell and Khush worldfoodprize.org
- ↑ "RT_Supplement-IR8.pdf" (PDF).
- ↑ "Os01g0883800". RiceWiki. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
- ↑ Nagano H, Onishi K, Ogasawara M, Horiuchi Y, Sano Y (October 2005). "Genealogy of the 'Green Revolution' gene in rice". Genes & Genetic Systems. 80 (5): 351–356. doi: 10.1266/ggs.80.351 . PMID 16394586.
- ↑ "Genetic Diversity in Rice". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Corporate Document Repository. Proceedings of the 20th Session of the International Rice Commission. Agriculture and Consumer Protection. 23–26 July 2002.
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