Typhoon Rai

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At 06:00 UTC on December 9, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor a low-latitude area of convection in the Pacific Ocean at 4°36′N142°24′E / 4.6°N 142.4°E / 4.6; 142.4 , located about 350 nautical miles (650 km; 400 mi) to Palau's east-southeast. A broad circulation was identified by the agency, with flaring convection over it. The circulation had a marginal environment with low to moderate wind shear, fair outflow, and warm sea surface temperatures. [4] Despite its given environment, however, the disturbance failed to intensify and dissipated by 06:00 UTC the next day. Another new area of low pressure formed on December 10, near the location of the previous disturbance. Analysis on the system revealed a degraded and disorganized low-level circulation center. [5] [6] Position fixes by 02:30 UTC on December 11 determined that its center had shifted to the north over a developing surface trough, while convective bursts occurred around the system. [7] An advanced scatterometer pass featured below gale-force winds on its northwest quadrant. [8]

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) (the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean [9] ) first upgraded the system to a tropical depression with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph), [nb 3] at 00:00 UTC the next day, followed by the JTWC upgrading the storm's chances of developing to "high" and subsequently issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. [11] [12] [13] By 03:00 UTC on December 13, the JTWC upgraded the system to a weak tropical depression, highly based on Dvorak ratings of T1.5. [14] Nine hours later, the JMA classified the system as a tropical storm based on Dvorak ratings and named the storm Rai. [15] It was not until 15:00 UTC that day when the JTWC upgraded Rai to a tropical storm, as it began tracking northwestward. [16] Three hours later, Rai began to pass south of Ngulu State, while continuing to intensify and organize. [17] [18] By December 14 in the early morning, the system was upgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA. [19] By 09:00 UTC, the JTWC noted that the system's cloud tops became warm; however, it further organized while tracking towards the small island country of Palau. [20] The storm entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility around 11:00 UTC (19:00 PHT), and was named Odette by the PAGASA. [21] [22] Four hours later, Rai began to exhibit an eye which was first seen on microwave images. [23] The JMA further upgraded the system to a typhoon by the next day, followed by the JTWC three hours later as Rai began to take a westward motion under the influence of a subtropical ridge to its north. [24] [25] Steady intensification occurred on Rai while moving near the country, reaching high-end Category 1-equivalent typhoon intensity by 15:00 UTC. At this time, the JTWC only forecasted a landfall equivalent to a Category 2 storm. [26] [27]

Typhoon Rai at its secondary peak intensity over the South China Sea on December 18 Rai 2021-12-18 1752Z (colored).jpg
Typhoon Rai at its secondary peak intensity over the South China Sea on December 18

Rai unexpectedly underwent rapid intensification on December 15, from 120 to 280 km/h (75 to 175 mph) by December 16, while nearing landfall. At this time, a small 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) eye was seen along with strong convection. The storm began an eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) shortly after reaching peak intensity. [28] On December 16, the typhoon made landfall over Siargao Island in the province of Surigao del Norte around 1:30 PM local time (05:30 UTC) [29] and a second landfall over Dinagat Islands around 3:10 PM local time (07:10 UTC). [30] A third landfall occurred in Liloan, Southern Leyte at 3:40 PM local time (7:40 UTC). A fourth landfall occurred at Panaon Island, also at Liloan, at around 4:50 PM (8:50 UTC). [31] Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte was the fifth at 5:40 PM (09:40 UTC), followed nearly one-hour later at President Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol and approximately another hour at Bien Unido, still at Bohol. The eighth landfall occurred at Carcar, Cebu by 10:00 PM (14:00 UTC) and the ninth over La Libertad, Negros Oriental, two hours later. [32] The JMA estimated a minimum central pressure of 915 millibars (27.0 inHg) by 03:00 UTC, earlier that day, two hours before its landfall. The same situation slightly weakened the system into a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon by 09:00 UTC, and its intensity continued to degrade, six hours later while crossing Visayas. [33] [34] [35] As Rai entered Panay Gulf, its eye further weakened and its convective signature becoming disorganized as the JTWC further downgraded it to a Category 3 system six hours later. It continued to weaken while tracking towards the Sulu Sea by the next day at 03:00 UTC. [36] [37] A new eye also struggled to form as the system was nearing landfall. [38] By 07:10 UTC (15:10 PHT), the system made another and last landfall over Roxas, Palawan as it continued to lose intensity. [39] It then entered the South China Sea with more organization but its intensity remaining the same. [40] Rai then started to slightly strengthen as it turned northwestward, away from the Philippine archipelago. [41] [42] The system then left the PAR by 12:40 PHT (04:40 UTC). [43] For the first time since Typhoon Rammasun in 2014 and the third after Pamela of 1954 and the aforementioned storm, Rai unexpectedly attained Category 5-equivalent super typhoon status in the South China Sea, due to the favorable environment in that region, at 21:00 UTC on December 18, as it underwent a secondary period of rapid intensification, attaining maximum speeds of 270 km/h (165 mph). [44]

By 03:00 UTC the next day, Rai again weakened below Category 5-equivalent super typhoon intensity, while turning in a west-northwesterly direction. Its eye was cloud-filled by this time, with the storm rapidly weakening afterward. [45] The storm was still rapidly weakening as of 12:00 UTC on December 20, being forecasted to dissipate off the coast of Guangdong, China. [46] As forecasted, Rai dissipated a day later off the coast of Guangdong Province, China.

On March 23, 2022, as PAGASA issued their revised tropical cyclone scale, Rai (Odette) was considered as a super typhoon. [1]

Preparations

Federated States of Micronesia

Upon the system's intensification into a tropical depression, a typhoon watch was issued by the US National Weather Service in Tiyan, Guam, in Koror and Kayangel while a tropical storm warning was placed for Ngulu Atoll. The island of Yap was placed also under tropical storm watch. [47] This was further upgraded into a typhoon warning for Palau as Rai further intensifies. [48] The alerts for Ngulu and Yap were first canceled by 09:00 UTC of December 14 and six hours later, the typhoon warning were also canceled for Palau. [49] [50]

Philippines

Typhoon Rai approaching the Philippines on December 15. Rai 2021-12-15 0430Z.jpg
Typhoon Rai approaching the Philippines on December 15.

PAGASA began issuing Tropical Cyclone Advisories as early as December 12 given the forecasted track of the storm. In its first advisory, PAGASA forecasted the possibility of Signal #4 being raised over the Visayas and Mindanao regions, later lowered to Signal #3. [51] [52] The PAGASA also forecasted winds of up to 155 km/h (96 mph) prior to landfall. [53] On December 14, storm signals were raised in Caraga and Eastern Visayas as the storm entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility. [54] Starting on the night of December 13, land travel on bound to Visayas, Mindanao, the province of Masbate and Catanduanes were canceled according to an approved request of the Office of the Civil Defense in the country. The Land Transportation Office also placed the same travel restrictions in Mindanao and Luzon as a precaution. All types of vessels are also prohibited to leave the country's ports if there are any storm signals raised. Fishermen living near coastal areas were also urged by the country's coast guard to leave their homes "as soon as possible". Other Philippine provinces like Bohol and Aklan were also prepared for possible work cancelations and evacuation premises in regards to the storm. Floating cottages in General Santos, as well as fishing boats were brought to shore and safety. The vaccination operations across the possible affected areas were earlier suspended by December 20–22. [55] [56] Over 23,642 food packs for evacuees were also readied by the country's Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), over 18,665 non-edible items as well as over ₱752,250 (US$14,950) worth of standby funds. [57] The airline carrier Cebu Pacific also suspended three flights in the country. [58]

Over 12,000 individuals in barangays across Mindanao, Visayas, and further north into Southern Luzon were also urged by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) to immediately leave their homes. The whole of Bicol Region was also under red alert starting on December 14. The higher authorities there also warned its people of possible landslides and lahar flow from the Mayon Volcano. Cebu was also under a "state of preparedness" due to the storm. Furthermore, many individuals, of which the majority are going into the Bicol Region in the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX) were also stranded due to ferry suspensions. Capiz already started voluntary evacuations at this time, first focused on people living in coastal areas. [59] Liloan, Cebu also initiated forced evacuations by the afternoon of December 15. Several flights into Visayas and Mindanao from Ninoy Aquino International Airport were also delayed, rescheduled, and/or canceled, mainly from the earlier Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines and Airasia. Some face-to-face classes in the affected areas were also halted. Many billboards in Bohol were also removed and the annual Binirayan festival in Antique was canceled due to Rai. [60] The city of Surigao was already soaked by the rains of Odette by the afternoon of December 15, including the whole of Eastern Visayas. Thousands of evacuees rushed into safety shelters in the area whereas in one case, they became full. Sandbags were also placed over some houses in Tacloban City in Leyte and many individuals rushed into a grocery store in Alangalang to stock up on essential supplies. [61]

Four hours after, Rai entered the PAR, PAGASA started to hoist Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal #1 for southeastern Eastern Samar and over the Surigao provinces, including the Dinagat Islands. [62] [63] This was further extended into some provinces in the Central Visayas and further south of Mindanao, until Agusan del Sur. [64] Signal #2 were further placed for the Surigao provinces and further into some parts of Visayas as Odette further intensified into a typhoon, with Signal #1 spreading further into the remaining part of the region and Mimaropa and Southern Tagalog provinces. [65] [66] The storm's further intensification led to PAGASA raising the Signal #3 warning in some portions of Caraga and as Rai underwent rapid intensification, into eastern Visayas before Signal #4 was raised in those areas. [67] [68]

On December 15, militants of the New People's Army attacked troops evacuating residents in Surigao del Sur prior to the storm, killing three civilians. [69] On December 16, the PAGASA raised the signal in western Bohol, Dinagat Islands, and Surigao to Signal #4. 9,720 thousand were evacuated as Typhoon Rai made landfall. [70] Following Rai's impact, around 332,000 people have been evacuated from their homes in total as of December 17. [71]

Highest Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal

Typhoon Rai (Odette)
Rai 2021-12-16 0159Z.jpg
Rai at its initial peak intensity while approaching the Philippines on December 16
IBTrACS
PSWS LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO
TCWS #4None Bohol, Cebu, Siquijor, Negros Oriental, Southern Leyte Dinagat Islands, Bucas Grande Island, Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte
TCWS #3 Northern Palawan Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo, Leyte, Negros Occidental Cagayan de Oro , Misamis Oriental
TCWS #2 Mindoro, Puerto Princesa , Romblon, Masbate, Sorsogon Aklan, Biliran, Samar Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Sur
TCWS #1 Albay, Batangas, Camarines Sur, Marinduque Northern Samar,Eastern Samar Zamboanga del Norte

Vietnam

As Rai approached Vietnam after clearing the Philippines, officials held a meeting in which more than 243,254 houses across eight Vietnamese provinces were identified as "unsafe", while rice crops were harvested by farmers in preparation for the storm. [72] [73] Vietnam Airlines' flight operations were also halted due to the typhoon, while marine equipment, particularly fishing boats, were moved onto shores as a precautionary measure. [74] [75] Lý Sơn Island also prepared to evacuate over 7,800 individuals. Towing vessels were also readied in case of marine emergencies over the South China Sea. Medicine and food packs were also prepared while houses over the areas that are foreseen to be affected by Rai were secured. [76] 305,000 individuals were also readied to be evacuated from Quảng Bình to Bình Thuận. Heavy rainfall, strong winds and rough waves were also forecasted. [77]

Macau and Hong Kong

In Macau, the Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG) hoisted the typhoon warning signal number one in the early hours at 3AM on 20 December 2021 (MST). [78] In Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the number 1 tropical cyclone signal at 11:20AM (HKT) on 20 December 2021, as Typhoon Rai approached the territory. Rai is the first typhoon on record to neccistate the issuance of typhoon warning signal in the territory in mid-December, on 20 December 2021, and the second on record in December. The last time such a signal warning was issued in Hong Kong in December was in 1974 as a response to Typhoon Irma. [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] and was cancelled at 12:20PM HKT the following day.

Elsewhere

In China, Blue Typhoon warnings were issued in Hainan and Guangdong Provinces by the China Meteorological Administration. [85]

Impact

Philippines

TCWS or PSWS issued for Rai (Odette), in December 16 TCWS or PSWS issued for Rai (Odette), in december 16.png
TCWS or PSWS issued for Rai (Odette), in December 16
Costliest Philippine typhoons
RankStormSeasonDamageRef.
PHP USD
1 Yolanda (Haiyan) 2013 ₱95.5 billion$2.2 billion [86]
2 Odette (Rai) 2021 ₱51.8 billion$1.02 billion [87]
3 Pablo (Bopha) 2012 ₱43.2 billion$1.06 billion [88]
4 Glenda (Rammasun) 2014 ₱38.6 billion$771 million [89]
5 Ompong (Mangkhut) 2018 ₱33.9 billion$627 million [90]
6 Pepeng (Parma) 2009 ₱27.3 billion$581 million [91]
7 Ulysses (Vamco) 2020 ₱20.2 billion$418 million [92]
8 Rolly (Goni) 2020 ₱20 billion$369 million [93]
9
Kristine (Trami) 2024 ₱17.6 billion$357 million [94]
10 Pedring (Nesat) 2011 ₱15.6 billion$356 million [88]

Rai caused severe and widespread damage throughout the Southern Philippines, killing at least 409. [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] As of February 7, 2022, the NDRRMC has reported ₱30.3 billion (US$571 million) of infrastructure damages, along with ₱22.3 billion (US$435 million) of agricultural damage and ₱63 million (US$1.2 million) worth of damages to houses, with a combined total of ₱51.8 billion (US$1.02 billion). [87]

Over 100,000 people were moved to higher ground as flooding occurred. [102] Strong winds and heavy rainfall also impacted Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with rough waves bashing the shores of the province, according to a news correspondent of 24 Oras . [103] The same situation was also felt across the entirety of Western Visayas. [104] As Rai impacted Liloan in Southern Leyte, an area there was described as "cut-off", indicating that there was no electricity or means of communications in the place. A GMA News reporter recalling his experience inside the storm reported that the building where his team was sustained considerable damage, comparing it to Typhoon Haiyan in terms of ferocity. Their vehicles also received damage from the storm. After the storm passed over the area, the whole municipality was reported to be isolated. [105] [106] Many provinces in Mindanao also were severely affected by the typhoon. In Cagayan de Oro, despite rushing water, rescue teams continued to save many people in their houses from the floods. A house was heavily destroyed by Odette's strong winds in Agusan del Norte while a barge of unknown origins was left stranded by the storm's waves on a shore, still in the province. [107] Storm surge also impacted the coast boulevards of Surigao del Norte while Iligan's Mandulog River overflowed. The incident was a horror to many residents there, due to the same effect Tropical Storm Washi in 2011 brought. Further south, it also caused rough waves over Cateel. [108] The Cagayan de Oro River also overflowed, causing several homes to be near-completely inundated. [109] The first fatality from the storm was reported at Iloilo, where a woman was crushed to death in her house by a bamboo tree. [110]

Satellite animation of Typhoon Rai making landfall in General Luna, Surigao del Norte in the Philippines on December 16. 2021 CIMSS 28W Rai visible infrared satellite loop.gif
Satellite animation of Typhoon Rai making landfall in General Luna, Surigao del Norte in the Philippines on December 16.

The first responders themselves are victims. So this is Typhoon Haiyan [Yolanda] again. [nb 4]

Bohol governor Arthur C. Yap, GMA News, December 17, 2021 [111]

Surigao City was deprived of electricity and communications due to downed power lines while scores of trees left many roads impassable. Many buildings in the area were also devastated and the overall impact of Rai in the area were described as "widespread". Clean water supply became a problem in the city while almost all coastal houses were destroyed by the typhoon's storm surge. The main wet market of the area was also closed, still due to the effects of the system. [112] [113] Authorities are verifying a possible second death due to Rai in the city and a third elsewhere in southern Mindanao. The mayor of Surigao City, Ernesto Matugas also estimated that 100% of the area was devastated due to Odette, also appealing for aid to the government. [114] Aid was also requested by the province of Bohol, where a chief of the area's Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (PDRRMO) described Rai as the "one of the worst ever for the province". Many areas in the island were severely inundated, including Loboc, among the worst hit. The whole province also lost power services. [115] The governor of the province, Arthur Yap estimated the damages at ₱5 billion (

Typhoon Rai's casualties in provinces of the Philippines
ProvincesDeathsRef.
Bohol 111 [95]
Cebu 96 [96]
Negros Oriental 74 [97]
Negros Occidental 45 [98]
Southern Leyte 28 [99]
Palawan 22 [100]
Surigao del Norte 18 [101]
Dinagat Islands 14 [121]
Leyte 1 [99]
Total409

Further assessments of the NDRRMC reported at least 12 killed due to the typhoon across the affected areas, while seven people were missing. A briefing with the Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte occurred on the night of December 17, where the agency noted that many provinces were also pleading for help, especially Cebu. [122] The governor of Surigao also observed that over 99 percent of individuals of Surigao were affected. Aerial operations were also conducted by the Philippine Coast Guard, where they saw the total devastation of the island. The area were also reported to have been isolated from any means of transportations except for air. The government there also estimated damages to be

At least 332,000 people were evacuated from their homes. The storm affected areas that were still rebuilding from storms late last year. [130] At least 140,000 people were severely affected, with the United Nations estimating 13 million were affected in some way. [131] [132] Military-released aerial photos showed General Luna was destroyed by the typhoon. [133] As the ravaged areas were examined, the death toll rose to 75, the majority of which were from Bohol. 12 were further reported by December 19, making the casualty toll at 87 as of that day. [134] [135] A landslide also caused the deaths of five people and left six missing, out of 11, further raising the toll to 92. [136] The Associated Press, however indicated that over 112 were killed during the storm. [137] 78 marine vessels in Cebu also experienced sea mishaps, according to the PCG, while over 4,000 houses in Southern Leyte were destroyed due to the storm-induced storm surge. [138] [139] In northern Palawan, where Rai made its last landfall before clearing the country, many houses were downed and trees obstructed several roadways. Many locations in the province, including the major city Puerto Princesa were left without electricity, water supply and communication signals. [140] 630,000 people were displaced, 438,000 were in 2,841 evacuation centers. [141] At least 41 areas were flooded, 227 municipalities experienced power outages, and 135 saw telecommunication issues. Three days after the storm, 9% were estimated to have their outages fixed, and 70% communication restored. [142] 139,000 houses were damaged, with 54,000 being totally damaged and 82,000 partially. [143]

On Pag-asa Island of the Spratly Islands, some residential houses, schools, and government facilities including the new coast guard station were severely damaged by the typhoon. [144] [145]

Animated enhanced infrared satellite loop of Typhoon Rai from peak intensity to making landfall in the Philippines Rai making Landfall.gif
Animated enhanced infrared satellite loop of Typhoon Rai from peak intensity to making landfall in the Philippines

Vietnam

Rai wreaked havoc across Vietnamese-held isles in the Spratly Islands. An observation tower in Southwest Cay recorded sustained winds up to 180 km/h (110 mph) and a gust of 200 km/h (120 mph) during the afternoon of December 18 before being knocked down. The storm destroyed 500 square meters (5,400 sq ft) of civilian house tiles, 27 solar batteries, 400 square meters (4,300 sq ft) of farmland, and knocked down 90% of the trees on the island; no casualties were reported there. [146] [147] Rai began to batter the Central Vietnamese coast at night, with winds in several provinces averaging 65–90 km/h (40–56 mph). Heavy rainfall was unleashed on Thừa Thiên – Huế to Khánh Hòa, with reports showing an average of 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in) of rainfall; some places recorded up to 300 mm (12 in) of rain. [148] In Nghệ An province, two crew members of a fishing vessel were reported missing in the waters off Bạch Long Vĩ Island. [77]

On December 19, one person (fisherman) was reported dead in Tuy Phong, five ships were capsized and three others were damaged off the coast of Bình Thuận. [149] Rough storm waves damaged and destroyed 90 lobster herds on Bình Hưng Island, Cam Ranh, where losses is estimated to be more than 384 billion VND ($16 million). [150] [151]

Aftermath

Surigao City is also toured by the Philippine Coast Guard, and heavy devastation was also seen. Aerial Photo of Surigao City (Coast Guard2).jpg
Surigao City is also toured by the Philippine Coast Guard, and heavy devastation was also seen.
Damage in Punta Engano, Lapu Lapu City. Visible damages to concrete structures, beached ships and downed electric lines. Budotsmedia-odeetteph-damage-puntaengano-20211220.jpg
Damage in Punta Engano, Lapu Lapu City. Visible damages to concrete structures, beached ships and downed electric lines.

Philippines

Social media coverage of the typhoon was much less than expected the day after Rai. [132] Possible effects from the newly emerged COVID-19 Omicron variant were feared to be worsened by the typhoon's effects. [152] The DSWD further elaborated that over ₱900 million ($18 million) worth of standby funds were already prepared for the people affected by Odette. [153] Food and water was sparse for those impacted by the storm. [154] The storage of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine kits were also feared to be disrupted due to power outages. [127] While there were reports of vaccine wastage due to the typhoon, the Department of Health assured that the impact of the typhoon was minimal. [155] Immediately after the storm, presidential aspirants for the 2022 elections set up relief and recovery operations for the victims of the storm, particularly in Samar and Leyte provinces. [156] [157] Major telecommunication networks in the country reported communication disruptions in Visayas and Mindanao but assured that their respective teams are trying to restore services. [158] [159] Other local government units sent aid to the areas severely affected by the typhoon. [160] [161] [162]

On December 17, the provinces of Cebu and Bohol were placed into a state of calamity due to widespread damages. [163] [164] Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte announced that he will tour Leyte, Surigao, Bohol and Cebu to check the situation there. [123] [165] Recovery funds up to ₱2 billion ($40 million) were promised by the national government for the affected areas of the storm. Duterte started to tour Surigao City, Siargao, Maasin, and Dinagat Islands on December 18. [166] [167] Aid teams were not able to enter into certain affected areas due to waterlogging, debris, and other obstacles. [168] Thousands of emergency personnel were deployed. [169] 2 people died of dehydration after Rai passed. [170] Catholic Bishops in the country declared Christmas Day and December 26 as national days of prayer and mourning for Rai's victims. [171] The government's promise for 35,000 food packs took longer than expected to arrive, and was found to not be enough for people affected. Days later in Bohol, power outages still ranged in the millions. The provinces governor, Arthur Yap, feared the situation could worsen due to a lack of a contingency fund, with supplies of necessities running dry. Looting as a potential problem also rose among affected populations. [172]

Lack of media coverage capacity

News coverage regarding the impacts of Rai was limited in the days after the typhoon struck, a fact partly attributed to the shutdown of the regional news stations of media network ABS-CBN, [173] [174] which had earlier been denied a renewal of its congressional franchise. [175] [176] With internet service knocked out and mobile phone networks brought down in the wake of the typhoon, [177] news from the typhoon-hit areas was very limited in the critical first days after the disaster. [132]

International response

After Rai hit the Philippines, the governments of Canada, China, the United Kingdom, European Union, South Korea, Singapore, Japan and the United Nations had so far announced their intention to assist the country. [178]

Apple CEO Tim Cook has pledged to commit itself to rebuilding communities in both Malaysia and the Philippines while also providing short term relief and recovery efforts. [187]

Retirement

Due to the extensive damage and high death toll in Visayas and Mindanao, the PAGASA announced that Odette will be stricken from the rotating list of typhoon names, and will never again be used for another typhoon name within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). On March 21, 2022, the PAGASA chose the name Opong as its replacement for the 2025 season. [188] [189]

In early 2023, the Typhoon Committee announced that the name Rai, along with two others will be removed from the naming lists. [190] In the spring of 2024, the name was replaced with Sarbul which refers to "monsoon" in the Yapese language. [191]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy  – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions. [2]
  2. ↑ A super typhoon is an unofficial category used by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) [nb 1] for a typhoon with winds of at least 240 km/h (150 mph). [3]
  3. ↑ Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds. [10]
  4. ↑ Filipino: "Yung first responders mismo, biktima kaming lahat. So this is Typhoon Haiyan [Yolanda] again."

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The 2020 Pacific typhoon season was the first of an series of four below average Pacific typhoon seasons, and became the first with below-average tropical cyclone activity since 2014, with 23 named storms, 10 of which became typhoons and only 2 became super typhoons. This low activity was a consequence of La Niña that persisted from the summer of the year. It had the sixth-latest start in the basin on record, slightly behind 1973, and was the first to start that late since 2016. The first half of the season was unusually inactive, with only four systems, two named storms and one typhoon at the end of July. Additionally, the JTWC recorded no tropical cyclone development in the month of July, the first such occurrence since reliable records began. Despite that, this season featured Super Typhoon Goni, which made the strongest landfall worldwide in terms of 1-minute wind speed. The season's first named tropical cyclone, Vongfong, developed on May 8, while the season's last named tropical cyclone, Krovanh, dissipated on December 24. However, the season's last system was an unnamed tropical depression which dissipated on December 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Bopha</span> Pacific typhoon in 2012

Typhoon Bopha, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Pablo, was the strongest tropical cyclone on record to ever affect the Philippine island of Mindanao, making landfall as a Category 5 super typhoon with winds of 175 mph (282 km/h). The twenty-fourth tropical storm, along with being the fourth and final super typhoon of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season, Bopha originated unusually close to the equator, becoming the second-most southerly Category 5 super typhoon, reaching a minimum latitude of 7.4°N on December 3, 2012, as only Typhoon Louise of 1964 came closer to the equator at this strength, at 7.3°N. After first making landfall in Palau, where it destroyed houses, disrupted communications and caused power outages, flooding and uprooted trees, Bopha made landfall late on December 3 in Mindanao. The storm caused widespread destruction on Mindanao, leaving thousands of people homeless and killing 1,901 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Rammasun</span> Pacific typhoon in 2014

Typhoon Rammasun, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Glenda, was one of the only four Category 5 super typhoons on record in the South China Sea, with the other ones being Pamela in 1954, Rai in 2021 and Yagi in 2024. Rammasun had destructive impacts across the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam in July 2014. Rammasun is a Thai word for thunder god. After Lingling and Kajiki earlier in 2014, Rammasun became the third tropical cyclone, and first typhoon to directly impact the Philippines in 2014. The ninth named storm and the third typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Rammasun formed in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, an area near the equator where the northeast and southeast trade winds come together, and slowly drifted northwest. Having passed through the islands of Micronesia, the system turned west and quickly moved under the influence of a subtropical ridge (STR). Rammasun posed a significant threat to the Philippine island of Luzon, as it was expected to reach typhoon intensity before making landfall there. Though initially forecast to make landfall in Cagayan Valley, the storm followed a more westerly path and was later forecast to make landfall in Rapu-Rapu, Albay in Bicol Region and then pass through Bataan and Zambales before brushing past Metro Manila.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Hagupit (2014)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2014

Typhoon Hagupit known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Ruby, was the second most intense tropical cyclone in 2014. Hagupit particularly impacted the Philippines in early December while gradually weakening, killing 18 people and causing $114 million of damage in the country. Prior to making landfall, Hagupit was considered the worst threat to the Philippines in 2014, but it was significantly smaller than 2013's Typhoon Haiyan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Jangmi (2014)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2014

Tropical Storm Jangmi, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Seniang, was a weak but destructive tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines during late December 2014. It produced heavy rainfall which caused serious flooding. Flooding in Philippines caused 66 deaths and at least $28.3 million damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season in the Philippines</span>

The effects of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season in the Philippines were considered some of the worst in decades. Throughout the year, a series of typhoons impacted the country, with the worst impacts coming from Typhoon Haiyan, especially in death toll, during November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Melor</span> Pacific typhoon in 2015

Typhoon Melor, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nona, was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines in December 2015. The twenty-seventh named storm and the eighteenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Melor killed 51 people and caused ₱7.04 billion in damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Damrey (2017)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2017

Typhoon Damrey, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Ramil, was a strong tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines and Vietnam during early November 2017. Damrey first originated as a tropical depression over the Philippine archipelago of Visayas on October 31. Emerging into the South China Sea a few days later, the system strengthened into the second deadliest and twenty-third named storm of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season. Rapidly intensifying, Damrey became the season's tenth typhoon on November 3, reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2 on the same day. Damrey made landfall over Khánh Hoà, Vietnam on November 4 and began to rapidly weaken, fully dissipating on November 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Tembin</span> Pacific typhoon in 2017

Typhoon Tembin, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Vinta, was the deadliest tropical cyclone to strike Mindanao since Typhoon Bopha in 2012. Following and impacting the Philippines less than a few days after the deadly Tropical Storm Kai-tak, Tembin, which means Libra in Japanese, the twenty-seventh named storm and the eleventh typhoon of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season. It was first classified as a weak tropical depression on December 16. The system gradually intensified and consolidated into a tropical storm on December 20. Tembin made landfall in Mindanao late the next day. On December 23, Tembin followed a path towards the South China Sea and intensified into a typhoon early the following day. Quick intensification ensued and Tembin reached its peak intensity as a low-end Category 2 typhoon as assessed by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center on December 24. Unfavorable conditions enhanced by the winter monsoon caused Tembin to rapidly weaken shortly afterwards, before it ultimately dissipated on December 26 while just south of Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Kai-tak</span> Western Pacific tropical storm in 2017

Tropical Storm Kai-tak, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Urduja, was a late-season tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines during December 2017. The twenty-sixth named storm of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season, Kai-tak started as a tropical depression near Palau on December 11. Slowly intensifying, the system became a tropical storm on December 14. Due to its slow motion, Kai-tak made landfall in Samar on December 16 and traversed the Philippine Islands. Kai-tak later moved in a west-southwestward direction until it dissipated on December 23 near Malaysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 2021 Pacific typhoon season was the second consecutive season to have below average tropical cyclone activity, with twenty-two named storms, and was the least active since 2011. Nine became typhoons, and five of those intensified into super typhoons. This low activity was caused by a strong La Niña that had persisted from the previous year. The season's first named storm, Dujuan, developed on February 16, while the last named storm, Rai, dissipated on December 21. The season's first typhoon, Surigae, reached typhoon status on April 16. It became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day, also becoming the strongest tropical cyclone in 2021. Surigae was also the most powerful tropical cyclone on record in the Northern Hemisphere for the month of April. Typhoons In-fa and Rai are responsible for more than half of the total damage this season, adding up to a combined total of $2.02 billion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 2022 Pacific typhoon season was the third consecutive season to have below average tropical cyclone activity, with twenty-five named storms forming. Of the tropical storms, ten became typhoons, and three would intensify into super typhoons. The season saw near-average activity by named storm count, although many of the storms were weak and short-lived, particularly towards the end of the season. This low activity was caused by an unusually strong La Niña that had persisted from 2020. The season's first named storm, Malakas, developed on April 6, while the last named storm, Pakhar, dissipated on December 12. The season's first typhoon, Malakas, reached typhoon status on April 12. The season ran throughout 2022, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. Tropical storms Megi and Nalgae were responsible for more than half of the casualties, while typhoons Hinnamnor and Nanmadol both caused $1 billion in damages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Vongfong (2020)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2020

Typhoon Vongfong, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ambo, was a strong tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines in May 2020. Beginning as a tropical depression on May 10 east of Mindanao, Vongfong was the first storm of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season. It gradually organized as it took a slow northward course, strengthening into a tropical storm on May 12 and curving west thereafter. The next day, Vongfong entered a period of rapid intensification, becoming a typhoon and attaining 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 150 km/h (93 mph). The storm made landfall at this intensity near San Policarpo, Eastern Samar, at 04:15 UTC on May 14. The system tracked across Visayas and Luzon, making a total of seven landfalls. Persistent land interaction weakened Vongfong, leading to its degeneration into a tropical depression over the Luzon Strait on May 17.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dujuan (2021)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2021

Tropical Storm Dujuan, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Auring, was a tropical storm which caused heavy rain in the Philippines and Palau, leading to minor damage. Dujuan was the second depression and first named storm of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season. Dujuan started as a tropical depression in the Philippine Sea which slowly tracked northwestward towards the Philippines. Its strength fluctuated from February 19 to 21 due to an unfavorable environment near the storm at the time. The system was declared a tropical storm prior to its landfall in Batag Island, Laoang, Northern Samar on February 22.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Surigae</span> Pacific typhoon in 2021

Typhoon Surigae, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Bising, was the strongest Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone to form before the month of May, one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record and the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2021. The second named storm, first typhoon and first super typhoon of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Surigae originated from a low-pressure area south of the Micronesian island of Woleai that organized into a tropical depression on April 12. At 18:00 UTC that day, it strengthened to a tropical storm and was named Surigae by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The formation of an eye and increasing winds prompted the JMA to upgrade the system to a severe tropical storm on April 13. The storm continued to gradually strengthen, and late on April 15, Surigae became a typhoon. Very favorable environmental conditions then allowed Surigae to begin a bout of rapid intensification; Surigae became a super typhoon the next day, and by April 17, the storm reached its peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (196 mph), and a minimum pressure of 895 hPa (26.4 inHg). This made it the strongest pre-May typhoon on record. Afterward, the storm's weakening outflow and an eyewall replacement cycle caused Surigae to gradually weaken as its track shifted north-northwestward in the Philippine Sea. Following the eyewall replacement cycle, Surigae became an annular tropical cyclone on April 19, and restrengthened slightly. On April 22, the storm began to rapidly weaken as it accelerated northwestward into unfavorable environmental conditions, transitioning into a subtropical storm the next day. The subtropical system subsequently underwent extratropical transition, which it completed by April 24. Afterward, Surigae's extratropical remnant accelerated northeastward. On April 27, Surigae's remnant explosively intensified into a bomb cyclone near the Aleutian Islands, attaining hurricane-force winds. Afterward, the system gradually weakened as it turned eastward, slowing down in the process, before crossing the International Date Line on April 30 and fully dissipating on May 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Conson</span> Pacific severe tropical storm in 2021

Severe Tropical Storm Conson, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Jolina, was a strong tropical cyclone that impacted the central Philippines and Vietnam during the 2021 Pacific typhoon season. Being the thirteenth named storm of the said event, Conson originated as a low-pressure area first monitored approximately 500 km (310 mi) west of Guam. It formed as a tropical depression over the Pacific Ocean on September 5, 2021. As it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) named the storm Jolina. Over the next day, it intensified into a tropical storm and was named Conson by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). As the storm neared Samar Island, it intensified into a severe tropical storm, and later into a typhoon according to the PAGASA prior to its first landfall in Eastern Samar. The storm retained its strength as it crossed Visayas and later Calabarzon before weakening over Manila Bay prior to its final landfall in Bataan. It subsequently emerged into the South China Sea where it struggled to reintensify further. It then weakened into a tropical depression just offshore of Vietnam before moving ashore near Da Nang. It then rapidly weakened before dissipating on September 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Megi</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2022

Tropical Storm Megi, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Agaton, was a weak but deadly tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines in April 2022. It was the third tropical depression, and the second tropical storm of the 2022 Pacific typhoon season. Megi originated from an area of convection in the Philippine Sea where it slowly tracked northwestward into Leyte Gulf, where it remained almost stationary, slowly tracking to the east. Megi made two landfalls, one in Calicoan Island in Guiuan, and another in Basey, Samar. It continued to track southwestward and reentered the Philippine Sea before dissipating.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Nalgae</span> Pacific severe tropical storm in 2022

Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Paeng, was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that wreaked havoc across the Philippines and later impacted Hong Kong and Macau. Nalgae, meaning wing in Korean, the twenty-second named storm of the 2022 Pacific typhoon season, Nalgae originated from an invest located east of the Philippines on October 26. The disturbance, initially designated as 93W, was eventually upgraded the following day to a tropical depression by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and re-designated as 26W. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) however, had already considered the disturbance as a tropical depression a day prior to JTWC's; the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also followed the JMA's lead and gave it the name Paeng. That same day, it was upgraded again by the JMA to tropical storm status, thus gaining the name Nalgae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Ewiniar (2024)</span> Pacific typhoon

Typhoon Ewiniar, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Aghon, was a fairly strong tropical cyclone that impacted parts of the Philippines, particularly Luzon, in May 2024. The first named storm and typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Ewiniar emerged from an area of atmospheric convection 441 km (274 mi) southeast of Palau. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) labeled the system as a low-pressure area on May 21. It intensified on May 23 and became a tropical depression, giving it the name Aghon by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration after entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility, marking it as the fifth-latest start of a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began; the depression intensified into a tropical storm, assigning it the name Ewiniar. The cyclone made nine landfalls in the Philippines. Afterward, it began to move over the warm tropical waters of Lamon Bay, where the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and the JMA upgraded Ewiniar into a minimal typhoon. Beginning to weaken for the final time on May 30, the storm passed directly over the island of Minamidaitōjima and began an extratropical transition. It was last noted by the JMA early on June 2, near the International Dateline, and absorbed into another extratropical cyclone just south of Prince William Sound on June 6.

References

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