Typhoon Durian

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Durian can be traced to a tropical disturbance that developed near Chuuk State in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 23. Initially, the system featured a broad low- to mid-level circulation and good outflow. Situated within an area of moderate wind shear, development was initially inhibited; however, following a decrease in shear on November 25, organization improved. [4] On November 25, a tropical wave – an elongated area of low air pressure moving from east to west – interacted with the system and triggered tropical cyclogenesis. Post-storm modeling determined that this wave was an essential factor in the storm's formation and had it not formed, Durian would not have become a tropical cyclone. [5] With convection wrapping into the storm's circulation, [4] the JTWC classified it as a tropical depression around 1200  UTC. [6] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) followed suit three hours later. [7] [nb 1] Situated south of a mid-level ridge, the system tracked generally west-northwest toward the Philippines. [4] The depression gradually organized and gained strength, reaching tropical storm status late on November 26. At that time, the JMA assigned it the name Durian. [7] [nb 2]

On November 27, the JTWC noted that Durian could undergo explosive intensification as it moved over the Philippine Sea two days later, similar to what took place with Typhoons Cimaron and Chebi. However, there was less confidence in this scenario due to the presence of dry air west of the cyclone. [9] On November 28, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigned the storm the local name Reming as it entered their area of responsibility. [4] At 1200 UTC that day, the JTWC upgraded Durian to a typhoon, estimating one-minute sustained winds at 120 km/h (75 mph). [6] It was not until 0300 UTC on November 29 that the JMA also upgraded the storm. [7] During the course of November 29, a westward-moving convectively-coupled Kelvin wave interacted with Durian and provided additional convergence around the typhoon. This precipitated a period of rapid intensification as the cyclone's vorticity abruptly deepened and reached to more than 10 km (6.2 mi) in altitude. [5] At 0530 UTC, intensity estimates using the Dvorak technique – a method of determining a tropical cyclone's intensity based on satellite appearance – yielded a raw value of 7.0, indicating one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). By this time, a clear 26 km (16 mi) wide eye had formed within a ring of deep convection. [10]

Durain attained its peak intensity late on November 29 just off the coast of the Philippines with winds of 195 km/h (121 mph) and a barometric pressure of 915 millibars (915  hPa ; 27.0  inHg ). [7] The JTWC estimated Durian to have been somewhat stronger with one-minute winds of 250 km/h (160 mph), making it a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson scale. [6] By the end of the rapid intensification phase, Durian turned nearly due west as a subtropical ridge built to its north. Although expected to gradually turn northwest along the southwestern periphery of the ridge, topographical effects from the Philippines were expected to limited poleward progression. [11] Weakening somewhat, Durian brushed the southern coast of the Catanduanes early on November 30. At 0200 UTC, a weather station in Virac recorded sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) and 941.4 mbar (941.4 hPa; 27.80 inHg) pressure. [4] Gusts at the station peaked at 320 km/h (200 mph) before the anemometer broke. [12] This was the highest value ever recorded in the Philippines, greatly exceeding previous record of 275 km/h (171 mph) during Typhoon Joan of 1970. [13] Shortly thereafter, Durian made landfall in northern Albay Province; winds at this time were estimated at 165 km/h (103 mph). [4]

Interaction with land induced steady weakening of the typhoon as it moved westward over the Philippines. The storm made two additional landfalls in Quezon and Marinduque after moving over Ragay Gulf and Sibuyan Sea, respectively. Passing over the Isla Verde Passage, Durian emerged into the South China Sea early on December 1 as a minimal typhoon. [7] During the storm's crossing of the Philippines, the area of deep convection surrounding the center expanded from 1.0 to 2.2  degrees to 2.2–3.0 degrees; however, unlike many other typhoons, the eye collapsed and failed to fully redevelop once clear of the islands. [14] Gradual re-intensification occurred over the subsequent days, with the storm attaining a secondary peak strength of 150 km/h (93 mph) early on December 3. Influenced by monsoonal flow, Durian soon turned southwestwards and began paralleling the Vietnamese coastline. Increasing wind shear and inflow of cooler air quickly weakened the system, with winds dropping below typhoon-force early on December 4. As Durian neared the coast of extreme southeastern Vietnam, a slight discrepancy in classification occurred between the JMA and the JTWC. [4] While the former noted a steady weakening trend, [7] the JTWC briefly re-classified Durian as a typhoon late on December 4. [6]

Ultimately, Durian made its fourth overall landfall early on December 5 over the Mekong Delta south of Ho Chi Minh City with winds of 85 km/h (53 mph). [7] Within hours of moving onshore, a combination of land interaction and poor upper-level outflow caused all deep convection to dissipate. [15] The system degraded to a tropical depression before emerging over the Gulf of Thailand. [7] The depression later made landfall over Surat Thani Province, Thailand early on December 6 before crossing into the Bay of Bengal. [6] Once over water, the circulation became increasingly well-defined and convective banding reformed along the south side of the low. Environmental conditions were marginally favorable for development; [16] however, Durian failed to reorganize further and degenerated into a remnant low late on December 7 as it moved just south of the Andaman Islands. The remnants continued generally westward across the Bay and later dissipated on December 9 off the coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. [6]

Preparations

Philippines

Typhoon Durian on November 30, making landfall over the Philippines. Durian 2006-11-30 0500Z.jpg
Typhoon Durian on November 30, making landfall over the Philippines.

The Bicol region, where Durian first struck, is located at the southeastern portion of the Philippine island of Luzon, and is affected by an average of 8.4 tropical cyclones per year. [17] Before Durian made its damaging landfall in the Philippines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) issued various tropical cyclone warnings and watches, including Public Storm Warning Signal #4 for Catanduanes, Albay, and both Camarines Sur and Norte provinces; this is the highest warning signal, in which winds of over 100 km/h (60 mph) were expected. [18] [19] PAGASA turned off its weather radar in Virac to prevent damage. [18] The Philippines' National Disaster Coordinating Council issued severe weather bulletins and advisories, [20] and overall, 25 provinces in the archipelago were placed on storm alert. [21] Residents in warning areas were advised of the potential for storm surge, flash flooding, and landslides. [20]

The severe threat of the typhoon prompted over 1.3 million people to evacuate their homes, many of whom stayed in the 909 storm shelters. [20] Officials advised residents in low-lying areas to seek higher grounds. [18] School classes in Sorsogon and in Northern and Eastern Samar were suspended, [20] and many buildings opened up as storm shelters. [18] In Naga City, about 1,500 citizens left for emergency shelters. 1,000 were evacuated elsewhere in the region, [22] including 120 in the capital city of Manila and more than 800 in Legazpi City. [21] The threat of the typhoon caused ferry, bus, and airline services to be canceled, [18] stranding thousands of people for several days. [19] All shipping traffic was halted in the Mimaropa region. [23] The Philippine Coast Guard grounded all vessels on open waters, stranding around 4,000 ferry passengers in Quezon province. [21] PAGASA turned off its weather radar in Virac to prevent damage. [18]

Vietnam

Typhoon Durian approaching Vietnam on December 4 Durian 2006-12-04 0310Z.jpg
Typhoon Durian approaching Vietnam on December 4

On November 30, while the typhoon was over the Philippines, the Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control and the National Committee for Search and Rescue sent telegraphs advising of the typhoon to search and rescue teams stationed along the entire coast of the country (Quảng Ninh province to Cà Mau). All provinces along the South China Sea were advised to assist an estimated 14,585 vessels in the path of the storm. [24] All craft were later banned from leaving harbors. [25] Requests were also made to neighboring countries to allow Vietnamese fishermen to take refuge in their ports. [26] Strong wind warnings were disseminated to residents between Phú Yên and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces by December 2. These areas, as well as the inland provinces of Đắk Lắk, Lâm Đồng, and Bình Phước redirected all focus on the typhoon and the potential for life-threatening flash flooding. [27] Evacuation orders for southern provinces were issued by December 3, with Deputy Prime Minister Nguyễn Sinh Hùng stating, "the evacuation must be completed by Monday morning [December 4]." [25] Threatening an area not frequented by typhoons, many residents did not heed warnings as weather conditions ahead of the storm were calm. Approximately 6,800 people in Ninh Thuận province complied with the evacuation orders; however, officials requested the assistance of the Vietnamese Army to relocate roughly 90,000 people. [28] Following an unpredicted southerly shift in the storm's track towards the Mekong Delta, Hung later urged residents and officials to prepare for the storm, such that "all provinces should prepare so that we do not have another Linda." [29]

Impact

Yap

Early in its duration, Durian produced light winds on Yap in the Caroline Islands, gusting to 56 km/h (35 mph), as well as light rainfall totaling 52 mm (2.0 in). Ahead of the storm, the National Weather Service on Guam issued a tropical storm warning for various islands in Yap State. [30]

Philippines

Typhoon Durian (Reming)
Durian 2006-11-29 0700Z.jpg
Durian approaching the Philippines at peak intensity on November 29
Deadliest Philippine typhoons
RankStormSeasonFatalitiesRef.
1 Yolanda (Haiyan) 2013 6,300 [31]
2 Uring (Thelma) 1991 5,101–8,000 [32]
3 Pablo (Bopha) 2012 1,901 [32]
4"Angela" 1867 1,800 [33]
5 Winnie 2004 1,593 [33]
6 "October 1897" 1897 1,500 [33] [34]
7 Nitang (Ike) 1984 1,426 [35]
8 Reming (Durian) 2006 1,399 [33] [32]
9 Frank (Fengshen) 2008 1,371 [nb 3] [36] [37]
10 Sendong (Washi) 2011 1,257 [38]
Satellite-derived rainfall totals due to Durian for the period November 24 to December 1, 2006, for the Central Philippines. Rainfall totals exceeding 200 mm (~8 inches) are shown in red and extend from the western Philippine Sea across southern sections of Luzon, Catanduanes Island, and northern Samar. Durian 2006-11-24 - 2006-12-01 TRMM.png
Satellite-derived rainfall totals due to Durian for the period November 24 to December 1, 2006, for the Central Philippines. Rainfall totals exceeding 200 mm (~8 inches) are shown in red and extend from the western Philippine Sea across southern sections of Luzon, Catanduanes Island, and northern Samar.

Typhoon Durian affected about 3.5 million people in the Philippines, [20] of whom about 120,000 were left homeless. [39] Durian damaged 588,037 houses, including 228,436 that were destroyed, many of which were made out of wood. [20] [40] Across the country, the storm wrecked 5,685 schools, estimated at US$63.5 million in damage. The Bicol Region accounted for 79% of the damaged schools, affecting around 357,400 children. [41] Damage was estimated at ₱5.45 billion (PHP, US$110 million). [20] [nb 4] As of December 27, 2006, the death toll stood at 734, with 762 missing. [20] The International Disaster Database listed 1,399 deaths in the Philippines related to Durian, [43] making it the second deadliest natural disaster in 2006 after an earthquake in Indonesia. [44]

While crossing the Philippines, Durian dropped 466 mm (18.3 in) of rainfall at Legazpi, Albay in 24 hours, [45] including an hourly total of 135 mm (5.3 in). [40] The 24 hour total was the highest in 40 years for a station in the Bicol region. [17] Heavy rainfall caused rivers and irrigation canals to exceed their banks. [40] Many creeks and small streams were flooded in the Bicol region. [17] Gusts were estimated as high as 260 km/h (160 mph). [40]

While the typhoon moved through the country, it caused complete power outages in Albay, Sorsogon, Camarines Sur, and Camarines Norte, [18] affecting tens of thousands of residents. [21] Initially, disrupted communications prevented details about the damage in the worst struck areas. [46] The worst of the storm effects were in Albay, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Mindoro, and Quezon. [47] On Catanduanes Island, Durian destroyed about half of the houses in the capital city of Virac. [23] The powerful winds of the typhoon blew away houses and uprooted trees, [22] All of the trees in Bacagay were knocked down, affecting the livelihood of half of the residents. Throughout the country, about 30,000 ha (74,000 acres) of rice fields were destroyed, [48] accounting for 65,481 metric tons of corn; 19,420 metric tons of rice were also damaged. However, the crops were already harvested, so the storm's agriculture effects were minor. [20] The storm also wrecked 1,200 fishing boats, severely affecting the local fishing industry, and killed many livestock. [48]

Mayon Volcano

Map of Legazpi within Albay province, in relation to Mayon Volcano Ph locator albay legazpi.png
Map of Legazpi within Albay province, in relation to Mayon Volcano

The eye of Durian passed near Mayon Volcano as it struck the Bicol region. In the mountainous region, a process known as orographic lift produced heavier rainfall than near the coast, with totals possibly as high as 600 mm (24 in). [40] On November 30, the rainfall became very heavy and prolonged, saturating the soil. [17] Lahars – a type of landslide originating from a volcanic ash – formed quickly along the southern and eastern rims of Mayon Volcano, which had produced a fresh layer of ash in August 2006. The lahars destroyed dykes and dams meant to contain the debris flow, [40] which were not designed to prevent major landslides. [45] Warnings were issued for potential lahars, but the rapid development of the debris flows as well as power outages meant populations did not receive adequate warning. Initially, the lahars were contained by a layer of grasslands, although the unstable nature of the volcanic soil caused the grounds to collapse. Within 21 minutes, the lahars descended Mayon Volcano, quickly covering and wrecking six communities. After the initial series of lahars, further ash flow descended to the ocean to the north of Mayon Volcano. [40] Areas around the volcano were inundated with 1.5 m (5 ft) of floodwaters. [46] Widespread flooding was also reported in Legazpi City. [21]

North of Legazpi, the ash flow covered or damaged portions of the Pan-Philippine Highway. [40] In the small barangay – small town – of Maipon, nearby streams coalesced into a valley filled with muddy waters. The landslide arrived quickly and washed away or destroyed houses in the path. Several people died while attempting to cross to higher grounds. Similar conditions affected nearby Daraga, where 149 people died. Around that city, the landslide reached 2 m (6.6 ft) deep and 307 m (1,007 ft) wide, enough to cover 3 story buildings, while floods enlarged the nearby Yawa River by 600%. [17] About 13,000 families had to leave their homes due to the landslides. [49] Many roads and bridges were wrecked around the volcano, which halted transportation and impacted relief work. [50]

In Albay province alone, there were 604 deaths and 1,465 people who sustained injuries. Damage in the province totaled $71 million (USD). [51] The storm also damaged 702 of the 704 schools in the province. [52]

Vietnam

Durian brought maximum 10-mins sustained winds up to 110 km/h and gusted to 150 km/h to the southern Vietnamese coastline. Strong winds capsized several boats offshore Vietnam, killing two with one missing. [53] In Bình Thuận Province alone, 820 boats sank, [54] and throughout the country 896 fishing boats sank. [55]

Heavy rainfall from the typhoon destroyed 22 schools and 1,120 houses in Bình Thuận Province. Strong winds from Durian blew off the roofs of about 500 houses in Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province. [54] Throughout the nation, the passage of the typhoon destroyed 34,000 homes, with an additional 166,000 damaged. Typhoon Durian killed 85 in the country and injured 1,379 others. Total damages were 7.234 trillion VND (US$450 million). [56]

Aftermath

Philippines

Typhoon Durian Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) image. It shows the well-defined eye of the storm and the clouds surrounding it. Durian 2006-11-29 2250Z.jpg
Typhoon Durian Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) image. It shows the well-defined eye of the storm and the clouds surrounding it.

On December 3, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared a state of national calamity, due to the successive impacts of typhoons Xangsane, Cimaron, and Durian. [20] Arroyo ordered the immediate release of 1 billion Philippine pesos ($20.7 million, 2006 USD) for relief in areas affected by typhoons Durian, Xangsane, and Cimaron. [57] This relief fund was increased to 3.6 billion pesos ($74.8 million, 2006 USD) on December 6, including an additional 150 million pesos ($3.1 million) for power grid repair. [58] The government used over ₱500 million (PHP) from their Countryside Development Fund. [59] Soon after Durian exited the country, workers began restoring power lines and clearing debris and trees from roads, [23] which was required before relief agencies reached the hardest hit areas. [19] As of December 1, 3,316 families had fled their homes to storm shelters. [60] Immediately after the storm's landfall, reports of deaths or injuries had not yet reached the media centres. [22] As officials made contact with the hardest hit areas, the death toll quickly rose to 190 by December 1, [19] and to 720 by two weeks later. [61]

On December 17, the Philippine government issued a $46 million appeal to the United Nations for financial assistance coping with Durian. [20] This was after the country already depleted its yearly emergency funding for disasters. [62] In response, various United Nations' departments provided about $2.6 million in emergency funding, and by late December 2006, 14 countries had provided donations to the Philippines. [20] By the end of January, only 7.1% of the appeal was raised. [41] By the end of April 2007, four Asian countries – China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore – donated ₱54 million (US$2.2 million) worth of emergency supplies, such as clothing, medicine, and food. [63] [64] Various companies and local organizations donated to the relief effort, such as medicine, food, water, transport supplies, clothes, and money. [65] Individuals and corporations donated ₱68 million (US$1.4 million) in cash and supplies. [63] The international response came shortly after the calamity status was declared. On December 3, Canada released $1 million (US$860,000) for local relief through its embassy in Manila and through the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. [57] [66] UNICEF donated 4,000 packages containing food, mattresses, and blankets, and UNOCHA donated $1– 2 million (USD) for relief supplies. [66] Spain donated $250,000 (USD) and sent medical teams, medicines, food, and supplies to affected areas. [67] The United States donated $250,000 plus supplies through the USAID program, and the Filipino community on Saipan contributed cash, food, and supplies. [66] Australia released $1 million (US$792,000) through its AusAID program. [66] Indonesia sent two C-130 Hercules aircraft to Legazpi City, carrying a total of 25 tons of food, medicine, and clothing valued at 1.17 billion Indonesian rupiah (US$129,000). [67] Japan pledged tents, blankets, generators, and water management equipment through the Japan International Cooperation Agency. [67] Malaysia donated 20 tons of food and medicines, and Singapore sent two batches of supplies valued at $50,000 (USD) through Singapore Airlines. [66] The Republic of Korea pledged $100,000 (USD) cash, while the People's Republic of China pledged $200,000 (USD). [67] Israel donated $7,500 (USD), mostly in medicines and medical supplies. [67]

The Red Cross, which responded to the repeated storms of 2006, launched an appeal that raised $9.67 million for the Philippines. In March 2009, the agency completed the missions responding to the 2006 storms and transferred the remaining funds to help repair from Typhoon Fengshen in 2008. [68] The International Organization for Migration developed the Humanitarian Response Monitoring System in response to problems in the management of the aftermath of Durian, [69] and also provided 12,750 metric tons of building supplies, medicine, and water in the storm's immediate aftermath. [70] OXFAM built 242 latrines and 99 bath houses to ensure proper hygiene. [52] The Tzu Chi Foundation set up a temporary medical camp in Tabaco to provide free health care to storm victims. [71] The International Labour Organization built a livelihood center in February 2008 to help provide jobs to storm victims. [44] The World Bank, in conjunction with the Philippines' National Power Corporation, funded a $21.6 million project to repair the damaged power lines in the typhoons' aftermath. The agencies also upgraded 118 electrical towers by 2008 to stabilize power supply during typhoons. As a result, there were minimal power outages during the passage of Tropical Storm Higos (Pablo) in 2008. [72]

Beginning in January 2007, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization distributed about 150 packs of vegetable seeds and farm tools to displaced residents in three Bicol provinces, as part of the sustainable recovery program planned by the Philippine government for storm victims. [73] [48] By a year after the typhoon, farmers had regrown their rice and vegetables, utilizing a rebuilt irrigation system. The World Food Programme supplied fishermen with materials to rebuild damaged boats, allowing them to resume catching fish by May 2007. [48] The agency also provided monthly food rations to displaced residents in Albay, [74] totaling 294 tons of rice to about 6,000 families; [75] however, the food distribution programs ended in December 2007, causing food shortages in the first few months of 2008 among those still displaced. [49] UNICEF distributed 1,750 water purification tablets, along with jerrycans and water containers, to ensure access to clean water. [52]

A cross stood in memory of the people who died from the mudslides in Albay after Durian Typhoon reming by rodman sharinggan-d34e0py.jpg
A cross stood in memory of the people who died from the mudslides in Albay after Durian

After the successive impacts of Xangsane and Durian caused widespread power outages, the Bicol region lost about $250 million in economic output. [72] The unemployment rate in the Bicol region rose to about 30%, and many who retained their jobs earned less than before the storm. [44] In the aftermath of Durian, all relief activities were coordinated through the Philippines' departments of Health and Social Welfare and Development. A fleet of over 200 vehicles transported relief supplies – food, construction materials, clothing, and medicine – to the Bicol region on December 12. The Philippine Air Force airlifted supplies and medical teams to Bicol and offshore Catanduanes, with the National Disaster Coordinating Council supplying 17,350 sacks of rice to those areas. The Departments of Social Welfare and Development and the Department of Health sent teams to help victims cope with stress and consoled the families of the deceased, aided by psychiatrists. The Department of Health also distributed tents and sleeping bags, provided vaccines to people in evacuation camps, and ensured proper burial of storm casualties. There was a minor outbreak of diarrhea in the evacuation camps that affected 142 people in Legazpi, and other evacuees were also ailed by the cold, coughing, and fever. Local governments in Albay worked to ensure areas retained clean water by using disinfectants and temporary latrines. [20] The Philippine government provided ₱119 million (US$2.4 million) toward rebuilding the damaged schools in Albay, only 23% of the required cost to repair all of the schools. [52]

The government assessed that about 35% of those who lost their houses had the resources to rebuild without assistance; this meant that 144,692 houses had to be rebuilt. [41] Many of the storm victims left homeless resided in tent camps, schools, and temporary shelters, until more permanent buildings were built. [49] [52] The Red Cross housed about 60,000 people across ten provinces in temporary shelters. [76] The Philippine government planned to quickly build more permanent homes, although there were difficulties in securing land and materials for the new housing. By March 2007, government and international agencies only provided 6.9% of the necessary homes, forcing people to stay in shelters longer than expected. [52] By a year after the storm, over 10,000 families still stayed in transit camps in Albay and Camarines Sur. [70] Various organizations helped the homeless secure housing. The government of Italy funded a ₱26 million (US$525,000) project to rebuild 180 houses in Albay. The Italian government also helped build new livelihood centers to provide jobs, provided new boats, and donated about 80,000 coconut seeds to replant trees. [77] In the eight months after Durian struck, the Philippine National Red Cross, in conjunction with the International Red Cross, delivered building supplies to about 12,000 families to repair their homes or build new ones. The organizations encouraged residents to rebuild houses away from vulnerable areas. [78] The International Organization for Migration, in conjunction with the United States Agency for International Development, built 907 homes and new community centers. [79] The Philippine government released ₱76 million ($1.5 million) in funds to build 1,089 houses. [80] UNICEF provided emergency funding to rebuild 50 daycare centers that were damaged by the typhoon. [81] Habitat for Humanity helped repair about 1,200 homes, [82] build about 2,000 new houses, and rebuilt four schools in Sorsogon. [83]

Around Mayon Volcano, officials enacted search and rescue missions for victims affected by landslides. [20] Workers quickly excavated lahar-filled valleys, bridges, and river beds to rebuild dykes. Farmers quickly regrew damaged crops, while schools and homes were cleaned and rebuilt. Stronger concrete dykes were built around populated communities. [40] The government developed relocation plans for three landslide-prone areas in Albay. [20] In 2011, the Regional Development Council approved a budget to construct additional dams along the Mayon Volcano to prevent the deadly floods and landslides that occurred during Durian. [84] Dams were scheduled to be constructed around the volcano after a 1981 study, but these were delayed due to budget constraints. [17]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, which had recently been affected by Typhoon Xangsane, the national government released 150 billion Vietnamese đồng ($9 million, 2006 USD) in food and supplies to families in affected areas. [85] The United States donated $100,000 (USD), and its Oxfam organisation donated $200,000 (USD) to the most affected provinces. [85] The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement launched an emergency appeal for $2.47 million (USD) to support the efforts of the Vietnam Red Cross, which distributed over 2,000 packets of supplies and over 2 tonnes of rice, medicine, and clothes. [86]

Retirement

The 39th session of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific/World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee met in Manila, Philippines from December 4–9, soon after the onslaught of the floods from Durian. The committee's regional director stated in their report, "I wish to extend WMO’s sincere condolences and sympathy to your Government and to the Philippine people who were adversely affected by the past typhoons." During the session, the committee retired the name Durian, [87] replacing it with Mangkhut in 2008; [88] which was later retired after its usage in 2018. [89]

PAGASA also retired the local name "Reming" in 2006 and replaced it with "Ruby", [90] which was also later retired following its usage in 2014. [91]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean. [8]
  2. ↑ The name Durian (Thai: ทุเรียน) was submitted to the World Meteorological Organization by Thailand and is the name of a local favorite fruit, Durio Zibethinus . [4]
  3. ↑ The death and missing columns includes deaths caused by Typhoon Fengshen (Frank), in the MV Princess of the Stars disaster.
  4. ↑ The total was originally reported in Philippine pesos. Total converted via the Oanda Corporation website. [42]

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Typhoon Chanchu, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Caloy, was the most intense typhoon in the South China Sea in the month of May according to the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The first named storm of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season, Chanchu formed on May 8 in the vicinity of the Federated States of Micronesia and progressed westward. It gradually intensified into a tropical storm and later severe tropical storm before moving through the Philippines. On May 13, Chanchu entered the South China Sea and became a typhoon, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Warm waters and favorable outflow allowed the storm to quickly intensify to peak maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (109 mph) on May 15. Around that time, the typhoon turned sharply to the north toward southeastern China. Chanchu weakened as it curved to the northeast, making landfall near Shantou, Guangdong on May 17 as a severe tropical storm. The government of China considered Chanchu the earliest typhoon to make landfall in the province. On the next day, the storm emerged into the East China Sea, becoming extratropical on May 19 before dissipating west of Kyushu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Joan</span> Pacific typhoon in 1970

Typhoon Joan, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Sening, was the first of two super typhoons to strike the Philippines within a week in October 1970, the second being Super Typhoon Kate. Typhoon Joan is the fourth strongest typhoon ever to affect the Philippines, just after typhoons Haiyan in 2013, Meranti in 2016, and Goni in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Xangsane</span> Pacific typhoon in 2006

Typhoon Xangsane, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Milenyo, was a typhoon that affected the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific typhoon season. The name Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Utor (2006)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2006

Typhoon Utor, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Seniang, swept through the central Philippines in December 2006, exacerbating the damage left behind by previous Philippine typhoon strikes that year. Residual moisture from the tropical cyclone indirectly contributed to extensive flooding in Malaysia. Utor originated from an area of disturbed weather that organized into a tropical depression on December 7 west-southwest of Yap. The cyclone steadily progressed westward while gradually intensifying, reaching tropical storm intensity late on December 7. On December 9 and the ensuing two days, Utor crossed the central Philippines and reached typhoon strength before weakening somewhat upon entry into the South China Sea. Reintensification ensued afterwards, and Utor reached its peak intensity on December 13 with maximum sustained winds of 155 km/h (100 mph) shortly after regaining typhoon strength. However, wind shear and dry air began to take its toll on Utor thereafter, quickly weakening the storm until its dissipation on December 15.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Mitag (2007)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2007

Typhoon Mitag, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Mina, was a strong typhoon that caused deadly flooding in the Philippines in November 2007. As the twenty-fourth named storm and the fourteenth typhoon of the 2007 Pacific typhoon season, it originated from an area of atmospheric convection south-southwest of Guam. The area of convection was in a favorable environment for development, so it organized and a low-level circulation was found inside the disturbance. Not too long after, the JMA classified it as a tropical depression. On November 20, rainbands developed along the periphery of the depression as it moved into an area of good divergence. The JMA soon upgraded the depression to a tropical storm, designating it as Mitag. A few hours later, the JTWC issued their first advisory on Mitag, and so did PAGASA, naming it Mina. The storm strengthened significantly early on November 21 and became a further intensified. Later that day, the JTWC upgraded Mitag to a typhoon, and the JMA also upgraded it late that evening. As Mitag remained stationary for a day as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon, it changed its trajectory. Nonetheless, PAGASA announced that there is still a possibility of the typhoon to once again change its course. The storm turned northwest and made landfall late on November 25. It tracked Luzon and was downgraded to a severe tropical storm before emerging back over water on November 26. It turned back to the east before reaching Taiwan, and became extratropical on November 27.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Depression Winnie</span> Pacific tropical depression in 2004

Tropical Depression Winnie was a weak and short lived yet catastrophic tropical cyclone that killed nearly 1,600 people after triggering widespread flooding in the Philippines. It was the second deadliest tropical cyclone of 2004 worldwide, only surpassed by Hurricane Jeanne. A depression, which formed east of Samar, brought heavy rain to areas where it passed through, and affecting many areas, owing to Winnie’s large cloudiness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Washi</span> Pacific severe tropical storm in 2011

Severe Tropical Storm Washi, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Sendong, was a late-season tropical cyclone that caused around 1,200 to 2,500 deaths and catastrophic damage in the Philippines in late 2011. Washi made landfall over Mindanao, a major region in the Philippines, on December 16. Washi weakened slightly after passing Mindanao, but regained strength in the Sulu Sea, and made landfall again over Palawan on December 17.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Cimaron (2006)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2006

Typhoon Cimaron, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Paeng, was the most intense tropical cyclone to strike the Philippine island of Luzon since Typhoon Zeb in 1998. Originating from a tropical depression on October 25, Cimaron developed within an environment strongly favoring tropical cyclogenesis east of the Philippines. On October 28, the system underwent rapid intensification, culminating in attaining its peak strength with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). Estimates from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ranked the system as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), though this is argued to have underrepresented the typhoon's strength. The system moved ashore near Casiguran, Aurora in northern Luzon at peak strength. Crossing the island, Cimaron emerged over the South China Sea where conditions allowed for temporary reorganization. After becoming nearly stationary on November 1, the typhoon executed a tight anti-cyclonic loop and rapidly weakened. The storm degenerated into a tropical depression on November 4, before dissipating three days later off the coast of Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Nanmadol (2004)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2004

Typhoon Nanmadol, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Yoyong, was the last of four consecutive tropical cyclones to strike the Philippines in 2004. A quickly moving system, Nanmadol brought heavy rainfall and strong winds over the same regions impacted by the previous storms, exacerbating flood conditions in Luzon and surrounding regions. Together Nanmadol and these systems accounted for around 1,000 deaths in the Philippines. The typhoon later became the first December tropical cyclone to strike Taiwan since record keeping began, bringing along with it heavy rain, which also affected nearby regions of eastern China. As an extratropical storm, Nanmadol brought gusty winds and rain to Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Fung-wong (2014)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2014

Tropical Storm Fung-wong, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Mario, was a relatively weak tropical cyclone which affected the northern Philippines, Taiwan and the Eastern China. The sixteenth named storm of the 2014 typhoon season, Fung-wong caused severe flooding in Luzon, especially Metro Manila.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Kammuri</span> Pacific typhoon in 2019

Typhoon Kammuri, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Tisoy, was a powerful typhoon which impacted the Philippines in early December 2019. Kammuri, which means crown or Corona Borealis in Japanese, the twenty-eighth named storm and sixteenth typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, Kammuri developed from a tropical wave situated a couple hundred kilometers south of the Mariana Islands. From November 25 to 27, the system tracked westward at a steady pace and rate of intensification, first making minor impacts in Guam. On November 28, the system intensified into a typhoon as environmental conditions became marginally conducive for significant development. From November 29 to December 1, Kammuri was unable to strengthen to previous estimates due to its near stationary movement as a result of weak steering currents, upwelling itself consequently. On December 2, the system tracked westward at a much faster speed of 19 km/h (12 mph) and rapidly intensified over warm Philippine Sea waters, before making landfall in the Bicol Region of the Philippines at peak intensity as a category 4-equivalent typhoon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Vongfong (2020)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2020

Typhoon Vongfong, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ambo, was a strong tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines in May 2020. Beginning as a tropical depression on May 10 east of Mindanao, Vongfong was the first storm of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season. It gradually organized as it took a slow northward course, strengthening into a tropical storm on May 12 and curving west thereafter. The next day, Vongfong entered a period of rapid intensification, becoming a typhoon and attaining 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 150 km/h (93 mph). The storm made landfall at this intensity near San Policarpo, Eastern Samar, at 04:15 UTC on May 14. The system tracked across Visayas and Luzon, making a total of seven landfalls. Persistent land interaction weakened Vongfong, leading to its degeneration into a tropical depression over the Luzon Strait on May 17.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Molave</span> Pacific typhoon in 2020

Typhoon Molave, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Quinta, was a strong tropical cyclone that caused widespread damage in the Philippines and Indochina in late October 2020, and became the strongest to strike the South Central Coast of Vietnam since Damrey in 2017. The eighteenth named storm and eighth typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Molave originated from a tropical depression that formed on October 23 east of Palau. At 15:00 UTC the next day, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Molave as it drifted generally northwestward. Molave soon became a typhoon on October 25 as it turned west, shortly before making five landfalls in central Philippines. After striking the Philippines, Molave entered the South China Sea and began to re-intensify. Molave attained its peak intensity on October 27 before weakening again as it approached Vietnam. The typhoon struck Vietnam on October 28, before rapidly weakening as it headed further into Indochina. Molave later dissipated on October 30, over Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Goni</span> Pacific typhoon in 2020

Typhoon Goni, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Rolly, was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that made landfall as a Category 5 equivalent super typhoon on Catanduanes in the Philippines, and in Vietnam as a tropical storm. It is the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record by 1-minute maximum sustained winds. The name "Goni" means swan in Korean. The nineteenth named storm, ninth typhoon, and second super typhoon of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season, Goni originated as a tropical depression south portion of Guam on October 26. It was then named as Tropical Storm Goni on October 27. On the next day, Goni explosively intensified over the Philippine Sea, becoming a Category 5–equivalent super typhoon on October 30. Goni maintained Category 5 strength for over a day, before making landfall on Catanduanes at peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph), and 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph), with a minimum central pressure of 905 hPa. It was the most intense tropical cyclone observed worldwide in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Trix</span> Pacific typhoon in 1952

Typhoon Trix was a devastating and deadly tropical cyclone of the 1952 Pacific typhoon season that severely impacted the Philippines and also affected the coast of Indochina, particularly Vietnam. As the eighteenth storm and twelfth typhoon of the season, Trix formed on October 15 as a tropical depression over Micronesia, being first tracked by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Trix slowly strengthened as it moved westwards, before it rapidly intensified as it neared the Philippines. Slight weakening took place before the system passed over the country before restrengthening in the South China Sea. There, Trix degraded again for the second time and moved over Vietnam as a tropical storm before dissipating over Thailand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Nalgae</span> Pacific severe tropical storm in 2022

Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Paeng, was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that wreaked havoc across the Philippines and later impacted Hong Kong and Macau. Nalgae, meaning wing in Korean, the twenty-second named storm of the 2022 Pacific typhoon season, Nalgae originated from an invest located east of the Philippines on October 26. The disturbance, initially designated as 93W, was eventually upgraded the following day to a tropical depression by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and re-designated as 26W. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) however, had already considered the disturbance as a tropical depression a day prior to JTWC's; the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also followed the JMA's lead and gave it the name Paeng. That same day, it was upgraded again by the JMA to tropical storm status, thus gaining the name Nalgae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Trami (2024)</span> Pacific severe tropical storm

Severe Tropical Storm Trami, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Kristine, was a very large, devastating, and deadly tropical cyclone that wreaked havoc across the Philippines and later impacted Vietnam, Thailand, and China in October 2024. It was also the first tropical cyclone in a series to impact the Philippines in late 2024, before Typhoons Kong-rey, Yinxing, Toraji, Usagi, and Man-yi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Man-yi (2024)</span> Pacific typhoon

Typhoon Man-yi, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Pepito, was a powerful and long-tracked tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines in early November 2024. Closely following Tropical Storm Trami and Typhoons Kong-rey, Yinxing, Toraji and Usagi, Man-yi became the sixth consecutive tropical system to affect the country in less than a month. It was also part of the four tropical cyclones to simultaneously exist in the Western Pacific during the month of November, the first occurrence since records began in 1951; the other three were Yinxing, Toraji, and Usagi.

References

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