Durio zibethinus | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malvales |
Family: | Malvaceae |
Genus: | Durio |
Species: | D. zibethinus |
Binomial name | |
Durio zibethinus | |
Synonyms [3] | |
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.(June 2023) |
Durio zibethinus is the most common tree species in the genus Durio that are known as durian and have edible fruit also known as durian.
As with most other durian species, the edible flesh emits a distinctive odour that is strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance; others find the aroma overpowering and revolting. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia.
There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. D. zibethinus is the only species available in the international market: other species are sold in their local regions. There are hundreds of cultivars of D. zibethinus; many consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.
The wood of D. zibethinus is reddish brown. [4]
D. zibethinus flowers are visited by bats which eat the pollen and pollinate the flowers. [4] The flowers open in the afternoon and shed pollen in the evening. By the following morning, the calyx, petals, and stamens have fallen off to leave only the gynoecium of the flower. [4]
NCBI genome ID | 57226 |
---|---|
Ploidy | diploid [5] |
Genome size | 715.23 [5] |
Number of chromosomes | 56 [5] |
Year of completion | 2017 [5] |
Over the centuries, numerous durian cultivars, propagated by vegetative clones, have arisen in southeast Asia. They used to be grown with mixed results from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines. [4] Durian consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market. [6]
Most cultivars have a common name and a code number starting with "D". For example, some popular clones are Kop (D99 Thai : กบ – "frog" [kòp] ), Chanee (D123, Thai : ชะนี – gibbon [tɕʰániː] ), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 Thai : ทุเรียนเขียว – Green Durian [tʰúriːən kʰǐow] ), Kan Yao (D158, Thai : ก้านยาว – Long Stem [kâːn jaːw] ), Mon Thong (D159, Thai : หมอนทอง – Golden Pillow [mɔ̌ːn tʰɔːŋ] ), Kradum Thong (Thai : กระดุมทอง – Golden Button [kràdum tʰɔːŋ] ), and with no common name, D24 and D169. Each cultivar has a distinct taste and odour. More than 200 cultivars of D. zibethinus exist in Thailand.
Mon thong is the most commercially sought after for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet tasting flesh with relatively moderate smell emitted and smaller seeds, while Chanee is the best in terms of its resistance to infection by Phytophthora palmivora . Kan Yao is somewhat less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odorless at the same time. Among all the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Mon Thong, Kan Yao, Ruang, and Kradum. [7] There have been more than 100 registered cultivars since the 1920s in Malaysia [8] and up to 193 cultivars by 1992. [9] Many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at the annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. In Vietnam, the same process has been achieved through competitions held by the Southern Fruit Research Institute. A recently popular variety is Musang King. [10]
By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No. 1, a cultivar without the characteristic odour. [11] Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour. [11] On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Uttaradit Province, from where these cultivars were developed locally, and announced the dates for the yearly durian fair of Laplae District, and the names given to both cultivars. [12]
In addition to the pulp being edible, the seeds can be eaten after being roasted. [13]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 615 kJ (147 kcal) |
27.09 g | |
Dietary fiber | 3.8 g |
5.33 g | |
1.47 g | |
Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
Vitamin A | 44 IU |
Thiamine (B1) | 33% 0.374 mg |
Riboflavin (B2) | 17% 0.2 mg |
Niacin (B3) | 7% 1.074 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 5% 0.23 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 24% 0.316 mg |
Folate (B9) | 9% 36 μg |
Vitamin C | 24% 19.7 mg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 1% 6 mg |
Copper | 10% 0.207 mg |
Iron | 3% 0.43 mg |
Magnesium | 8% 30 mg |
Manganese | 15% 0.325 mg |
Phosphorus | 6% 39 mg |
Potassium | 9% 436 mg |
Sodium | 0% 2 mg |
Zinc | 3% 0.28 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 65g |
Cholesterol | 0mg |
| |
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central |
Kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia. The most common cultivar group of kiwifruit is oval, about the size of a large hen's egg: 5–8 centimetres in length and 4.5–5.5 cm in diameter. It has a thin, fuzzy, fibrous, tart but edible light brown skin and light green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has a soft texture with a sweet and unique flavour.
A plum is a fruit of some species in Prunus subg. Prunus. Dried plums are most often called prunes, though in the United States they may be just labeled as 'dried plums', especially during the 21st century.
Rambutan is a medium-sized tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae. The name also refers to the edible fruit produced by this tree. The rambutan is native to Southeast Asia. It is closely related to several other edible tropical fruits, including the lychee, longan, pulasan, and quenepa.
The jackfruit, also known as the jack tree or nangka in the Philippines, is a species of tree in the fig, mulberry, and breadfruit family (Moraceae).
Nonthaburi is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489 (1946), which came into force on 9 May 1946 (Thursday).
Bombacaceae were long recognised as a family of flowering plants or Angiospermae. The family name was based on the type genus Bombax. As is true for many botanical names, circumscription and status of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point of view, and currently the preference is to transfer most of the erstwhile family Bombacaceae to the subfamily Bombacoideae within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The rest of the family were transferred to other taxa, notably the new family Durionaceae. Irrespective of current taxonomic status, many of the species originally included in the Bombacaceae are of considerable ecological, historical, horticultural, and economic importance, such as balsa, kapok, baobab and durian.
Artocarpus integer, commonly known as chempedak or cempedak, is a species of tree in the family Moraceae, in the same genus as breadfruit and jackfruit. It is native to Southeast Asia. Cempedak is an important crop in Malaysia and is also popularly cultivated in southern Thailand and parts of Indonesia, and has the potential to be utilized in other areas. It is currently limited in range to Southeast Asia, with some trees in Australia and Hawaii.
Capsicum annuum is a species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America, the Caribbean, and northern South America. This species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capsicums. The species encompasses a wide variety of shapes and sizes of peppers, including sweet bell peppers and some chili pepper varieties such as jalapeños, New Mexico chile, and cayenne peppers, all of which are nightshades. Cultivars descended from the wild American bird pepper are still found in warmer regions of the Americas. In the past, some woody forms of this species have been called C. frutescens, but the features that were used to distinguish those forms appear in many populations of C. annuum and are not consistently recognizable features in C. frutescens species.
Durio kutejensis, commonly known as durian pulu, durian merah, nyekak, Pakan, Kuluk, or lai, is a primary rainforest substorey fruit tree from Borneo.
Diospyros kaki, the Oriental persimmon, Chinese persimmon, Japanese persimmon or kaki persimmon, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Diospyros. Although its first botanical description was not published until 1780, D. kaki is among the oldest cultivated plants, having been in use in China for more than 2000 years.
The durian is the edible fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Durio zibethinus, native to Borneo and Sumatra, is the only species available on the international market. It has over 300 named varieties in Thailand and 100 in Malaysia as of 1987. Other species are sold in their local regions.
The cave nectar bat, dawn bat, common dawn bat, common nectar bat or lesser dawn bat is a species of megabat within the genus Eonycteris. The scientific name of the species was first published by Dobson in 1871.
Musa balbisiana, also known simply as plantain, is a wild-type species of banana. It is one of the ancestors of modern cultivated bananas, along with Musa acuminata.
Musa acuminata is a species of banana native to Southern Asia, its range comprising the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Many of the modern edible dessert bananas are from this species, although some are hybrids with Musa balbisiana. First cultivated by humans around 10 kya, it is one of the early examples of domesticated plants.
Durian Burung is a small border town in Mukim Batang Tunggang Kiri, Padang Terap District, Kedah, Malaysia. Across the border is Ban Prakop of Songkhla, Thailand.
Durio graveolens, sometimes called the red-fleshed durian, orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian, is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae. It is one of six species of durian named by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari. The specific epithet graveolens is due to the odor. Although most species of Durio have a strong scent, the red-fleshed type of D. graveolens has a mild scent. It is native to Southeast Asia.
Musang King is a Malaysian cultivar of durian. Prized for its unusual combination of bitter and sweet flavors, Musang King is the most popular variety of durian in both Malaysia and Singapore, where it is known as Mao Shan Wang and commands a price premium over other varieties. It is also increasingly popular in China, where it has been dubbed the "Hermes of durian".
Durio oxleyanus is a perennial plant species of tree in the family Malvaceae. It was once placed in the family Bombacaceae.