Lingzhi (mushroom)

Last updated

Lingzhi
Ganoderma lingzhi Wu, Cao & Dai 574883.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Ganodermataceae
Genus: Ganoderma
Species:
G. sichuanense
Binomial name
Ganoderma sichuanense
J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang (1983) [1]
Synonyms [2] [3]

Ganoderma lingzhiSheng H. Wu, Y. Cao & Y.C. Dai (2012)

Contents

Lingzhi
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Offset cap icon.svgNo cap icon.svg Cap is offset or indistinct
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svgNA cap icon.svg Stipe is bare or lacks a stipe
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is brown
Saprotrophic fungus.svgParasitic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic or parasitic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is edible, but unpalatable
Tao Yuanming holding Lingzhi by Chen Hongshou ChenhungshoGANODERMA.jpg
Tao Yuanming holding Lingzhi by Chen Hongshou

In the chronicles of Shiji (1st century CE from Sima Qian), the initial use of nearby separately related words with Chinese : and Chinese : are attested to in the poems of Emperor Wu of Han. Later, in the 1st century CE through the poetry of Ban Gu, occurred the first combination of the characters 靈芝 together into a single word, in an ode dedicated to Lingzhi. [30] [31]

Since ancient times, Taoist temples were called "the abode of mushrooms" and according to their mystical teachings, the use of woody mushrooms zhi (Ganoderma) or lingzhi "spirits mushroom", in particular making from it a concentrated decoction of hallucinogenic action, [30] gave followers the opportunity to see spirits or become spirits themselves by receiving the magical energy of the immortals xians , located on the "fields of grace" in the heavenly "mushroom fields" (zhi tian . [32]

In the philosophical work Huainanzi , it is said that the lingzhi mushroom is personification of nobility; from which shamans brewed a psychedelic drink. [33] [34]

The Shennong bencao jing (Divine Farmer's Classic of Pharmaceutics) of c.200–250 CE classifies zhi into six color categories, each of which is believed to benefit the qi , or "life force", in a different part of the body: qingzhi (青芝; 'green mushroom') for the liver, chizhi (赤芝; 'red mushroom') for the heart, huangzhi (黃芝; 'yellow mushroom') for the spleen, baizhi (白芝; 'white mushroom') for the lungs, heizhi (黑芝; 'black mushroom') for the kidneys, and zizhi (紫芝; 'purple mushroom') for the Essence.[ clarification needed ] Commentators identify the red chizhi, or danzhi (丹芝; 'cinnabar mushroom'), as the lingzhi. [35] [36]

Chi Zhi (Ganoderma rubra) is bitter and balanced. It mainly treats binding in the chest, boosts the heart qi, supplements the center, sharpens the wits, and [causes people] not to forget [i.e., improves the memory]. Protracted taking may make the body light, prevent senility, and prolong life so as to make one an immortal. Its other name is Dan Zhi (Cinnabar Ganoderma). It grows in mountains and valleys. [37]

In the Taoist treatise of Baopuzi from Ge Hong, the lingzhi is used for immortality. [38] [35] [36]

The (1596) Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica) has a Zhi () category that includes six types of zhi (calling the green, red, yellow, white, black, and purple mushrooms of the Shennong bencao jing the liuzhi (六芝; "six mushrooms") and sixteen other fungi, mushrooms, and lichens, including mu'er (木耳; "wood ear"; "cloud ear fungus", Auricularia auricula-judae ). The author Li Shizhen classified these six differently colored zhi as xiancao (仙草; "immortality herbs"), and described the effects of chizhi ("red mushroom"):

It positively affects the life-energy, or Qi of the heart, repairing the chest area and benefiting those with a knotted and tight chest. Taken over a long period of time, the agility of the body will not cease, and the years are lengthened to those of the Immortal Fairies. [39] [40]

Stuart and Smith's classic study of Chinese herbology describes the zhi.

芝 (Chih) is defined in the classics as the plant of immortality, and it is therefore always considered to be a felicitous one. It is said to absorb the earthy vapors and to leave a heavenly atmosphere. For this reason, it is called 靈芝 (Ling-chih.) It is large and of a branched form, and probably represents Clavaria or Sparassis. Its form is likened to that of coral. [41]

The Bencao Gangmu does not list lingzhi as a variety of zhi, but as an alternate name for the shi'er (石耳; "stone ear", Umbilicaria esculenta ) lichen. According to Stuart and Smith,

[The 石耳 Shih-erh is] edible, and has all of the good qualities of the 芝 (Chih), it is also being used in the treatment of gravel, and said to benefit virility. It is specially used in hemorrhage from the bowels and prolapse of the rectum. While the name of this would indicate that it was one of the Auriculariales, the fact that the name 靈芝 (Ling-chih) is also given to it might place it among the Clavariaceae. [41]

In Chinese art, the lingzhi symbolizes great health and longevity, as depicted in the imperial Forbidden City and Summer Palace. [25] It was a talisman for luck in the traditional culture of China, and the goddess of healing Guanyin is sometimes depicted holding a lingzhi mushroom. [40]

Regional names

Lingzhi
Traditional Chinese 靈芝
Simplified Chinese 灵芝
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin língzhī
Wade–Giles ling2-chih1
IPA [lǐŋ.ʈʂɻ̩́]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization lìhngjī
Jyutping ling4zi1
IPA [lɪŋ˩.tsi˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ lêng-chi

Chinese

The Old Chinese name for lingzhi 靈芝 was first recorded during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD). In the Chinese language, língzhī (靈芝) is a compound. It comprises líng (); "spirit, spiritual; soul; miraculous; sacred; divine; mysterious; efficacious; effective)" as, for example, in the name of the Lingyan Temple in Jinan, and zhī (); "(traditional) plant of longevity; fungus; seed; branch; mushroom; excrescence"). Fabrizio Pregadio notes, "The term zhi, which has no equivalent in Western languages, refers to a variety of supermundane substances often described as plants, fungi, or 'excrescences'." [42] Zhi occurs in other Chinese plant names, such as zhīmá (芝麻; "sesame" or "seed"), and was anciently used a phonetic loan character for zhǐ (; "Angelica iris"). Chinese differentiates Ganoderma species into chìzhī (赤芝; "red mushroom") G. lingzhi, and zǐzhī (紫芝; "purple mushroom") Ganoderma sinense .

Lingzhi has several synonyms. Of these, ruìcǎo (瑞草; "auspicious plant") (ruì; "auspicious; felicitous omen" with the suffix cǎo; "plant; herb") is the oldest; the Erya dictionary (c. 3rd century BCE) defines xiú, interpreted as a miscopy of jūn (; "mushroom") as zhī (; "mushroom"), and the commentary of Guo Pu (276–324) says, "The [zhi] flowers three times in one year. It is a [ruicao] felicitous plant." [43] Other Chinese names for Ganoderma include ruìzhī (瑞芝; "auspicious mushroom"), shénzhī (神芝; "divine mushroom", with shen; "spirit; god' supernatural; divine"), mùlíngzhī (木靈芝) (with "tree; wood"), xiāncǎo (仙草; "immortality plant", with xian; "(Daoism) transcendent; immortal; wizard"), and língzhīcǎo (靈芝草) or zhīcǎo (芝草; "mushroom plant").

Since both Chinese ling and zhi have multiple meanings, lingzhi has diverse English translations. Renditions include "[zhi] possessed of soul power", [44] "Herb of Spiritual Potency" or "Mushroom of Immortality", [45] "Numinous Mushroom", [42] "divine mushroom", [46] "divine fungus", [47] "Magic Fungus", [48] and "Marvelous Fungus". [49]

English

In English, lingzhi or ling chih (sometimes spelled "ling chi", using the French EFEO Chinese transcription) is a Chinese loanword. It is also commonly referred to as "reishi", which is loaned from Japanese. [50]

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) gives the definition, "The fungus Ganoderma lucidum (actually Ganoderma lingzhi (see Ganoderma lucidum for details), believed in China to confer longevity and used as a symbol of this on Chinese ceramic ware.", [51] and identifies the etymology of the word as Chinese: líng, "divine" + zhī, "fungus". According to the OED, the earliest recorded usage of the Wade–Giles romanization ling chih is 1904, [52] and of the Pinyin lingzhi is 1980.

In addition to the transliterated loanwords, English names include "glossy ganoderma" and "shiny polyporus". [53]

Japanese

The Japanese word reishi (霊芝) is a Sino-Japanese loanword deriving from the Chinese língzhī (灵芝; 靈芝). Its modern Japanese kanji, , is the shinjitai ("new character form") of the kyūjitai ("old character form"), . Synonyms for reishi are divided between Sino-Japanese borrowings and native Japanese coinages. Sinitic loanwords include literary terms such as zuisō (瑞草, from ruìcǎo; "auspicious plant") and sensō (仙草, from xiāncǎo; "immortality plant"). The Japanese writing system uses shi or shiba () for "grass; lawn; turf", and take or kinoko () for "mushroom" (e.g., shiitake). A common native Japanese name is mannentake (万年茸; "10,000-year mushroom"). Other Japanese terms for reishi include kadodetake (門出茸; "departure mushroom"), hijiridake (聖茸; "sage mushroom"), and magoshakushi (孫杓子; "grandchild ladle").

Korean

The Korean name, yeongji (Korean : 영지; Hanja : 靈芝) is also borrowed from, so a cognate with, the Chinese word língzhī (灵芝; 靈芝). It is often called yeongjibeoseot (영지버섯; "yeongji mushroom") in Korean, with the addition of the native word beoseot (버섯) meaning "mushroom". Other common names include bullocho (불로초;不老草; "elixir grass") and jicho (지초;芝草). According to color, yeongji mushrooms can be classified as jeokji (적지;赤芝) for "red", jaji (자지;紫芝) for "purple", heukji (흑지;黑芝) for "black", cheongji (청지;靑芝) for "blue" or "green", baekji (백지;白芝) for "white", and hwangji (황지;黃芝) for "yellow". South Korea produces over 25,000 tons of mushrooms every year.

Thai

The Thai word het lin chue (เห็ดหลินจือ) is a compound of the native word het (เห็ด) meaning "mushroom" and the loanword lin chue (หลินจือ) from the Chinese língzhī (灵芝; 靈芝).

Vietnamese

The Vietnamese language word linh chi is a loanword from Chinese. It is often used with nấm, the Vietnamese word for "mushroom", thus nấm linh chi is the equivalent of "lingzhi mushroom".

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporales</span> Order of fungi

The Polyporales are an order of about 1800 species of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The order includes some polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics. Many species within the order are saprotrophic, most of them wood-rotters. Some genera, such as Ganoderma and Fomes, contain species that attack living tissues and then continue to degrade the wood of their dead hosts. Those of economic importance include several important pathogens of trees and a few species that cause damage by rotting structural timber. Some of the Polyporales are commercially cultivated and marketed for use as food items or in traditional Chinese medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypore</span> Group of fungi

Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside. They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi or shelf fungi, and they characteristically produce woody, shelf- or bracket-shaped or occasionally circular fruiting bodies that are called conks.

<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as the reishi, varnished conk, or ling chih, is a red-colored species of Ganoderma with a limited distribution in Europe and parts of China, where it grows on decaying hardwood trees. Wild populations have been found in the United States in California and Utah but were likely introduced anthropogenically and naturalized.

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<i>Ganoderma applanatum</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma applanatum is a bracket fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.

<i>Ganoderma</i> Genus of mushroom

Ganoderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae that includes about 80 species, many from tropical regions. They have a high genetic diversity and are used in traditional Asian medicines. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double-walled basidiospore. They may be called shelf mushrooms or bracket fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganoderic acid</span> Chemical compound

Ganoderic acids are a class of closely related triterpenoids found in Ganoderma mushrooms. For thousands of years, the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma fungi have been used in traditional medicines in East Asia. Consequently, there have been efforts to identify the chemical constituents that may be responsible for the putative pharmacological effects. The two most well described ganoderic acids out of the many that have been identified and characterized are ganoderic acids A and B. Some ganoderic acids have been found to possess biological activities including hepatoprotection, anti-tumor effects, and 5-alpha reductase inhibition.

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<i>Ganoderma multipileum</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma multipileum, commonly known as lingzhi or chizhi, is a species of polypore mushroom.

<i>Ganoderma curtisii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Ganoderma sessile</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma sessile is a species of polypore fungus in the Ganodermataceae family. There is taxonomic uncertainty with this fungus since its circumscription in 1902.

For over two millennia, texts in Chinese herbology and traditional Chinese medicine have recorded medicinal plants that are also hallucinogens and psychedelics. Some are familiar psychoactive plants in Western herbal medicine, but several Chinese plants have not been noted as hallucinogens in modern works. Chinese herbals are an important resource for the history of botany, for instance, Zhang Hua's c. 290 Bowuzhi is the earliest record of the psilocybin mushroom xiàojùn 笑菌.

<i>Taiwanofungus</i> Genus of fungi

Taiwanofungus is a fungal genus of unknown familial placement in the order Polyporales. The genus contains two species: the type, Taiwanofungus camphoratus, and T. salmoneus. Taiwanofungus was circumscribed by Taiwanese mycologists in 2004. T. camphoratus is a medicinal fungus that is found in Taiwan, where it grows on the endemic tree species Cinnamomum kanehirae. It was first described in 1990 by Mu Zang and Ching-Hua Su as a species of Ganoderma. T. salmoneus, originally placed in Antrodia, was validly added to the genus in 2012.

<i>Zhi</i> (excrescences) Several substances believed to confer immortality in Taoism

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Scytalidium ganodermophthorum is an anthroconidial ascomycete fungus in the Scytalidium genus. It is also known by its teleomorph name Xylogone ganodermophthora. It is the cause of yellow rot in lingzhi mushrooms and it is used in spalting as a pigmenting fungi.

Huang Ling-chih (1928-2016) was a Taiwanese writer and sculptor born in Tainan, Taiwan. Huang Ling-chih wrote in Japanese, and his works spanned a wide range of genres, including haiku, short poems, poetry, fiction, essays, and criticism. In 1951, he began submitting his works to the literary section of the Japanese-language newspaper Military and Civilian Reports (軍民導報), where he met other modern poets. He went on to join Taiwanese haiku societies. In 1970, Huang Ling-chih founded the Taipei Haiku Association and served as its president, publishing an annual anthology called Taipei Haiku Collection (臺北俳句集).

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Regional names
Historical name
Traditional Chinese 靈芝
Literal meaningspirit mushroom
Middle Chinese /leŋ.t͡ɕɨ/
Zhengzhang /*reːŋ.tjɯ/