Allium tricoccum

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Contents

Ramp
Wild Leeks6.jpeg
Leaves (May 5)
Allium tricoccum - Ramps (cropped).jpg
Flowers and flower buds (June 30)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Genus: Allium
Subgenus: A. subg. Anguinum
Species:
A. tricoccum
Binomial name
Allium tricoccum
Ait. 1789 not Blanco 1837 [1]
Synonyms [1]
Synonymy
  • Aglitheis tricoccum(Aiton) Raf.
  • Allium pictumMoldenke
  • Allium tricoccum f. pictumMoldenke
  • Allium triflorumRaf.
  • Ophioscorodon tricoccon(Aiton) Wallr.
  • Validallium tricoccum(Aiton) Small
  • Allium burdickii(Hanes) A.G.Jones

Allium tricoccum (commonly known as ramp, ramps, ramson, wild leek, wood leek, or wild garlic) [2] [3] is a bulbous perennial flowering plant in the amaryllis family Amaryllidaceae. It is a North American species of wild onion or garlic widespread across eastern Canada and the eastern United States. [1] Many of the common English names for this plant are also used for other Allium species, particularly the similar Allium ursinum , which is native to Europe and Asia. An edible plant, Allium tricoccum is used in a variety of North American and indigenous cuisines, and has also been used by Native Americans in traditional medicine. A French rendering (chicagou) of a Native American name for this plant is the namesake of the American city of Chicago.

Description

Allium tricoccum with open inflorescence bud (June 6) Allium tricoccum Vermont USA 2021-06-06.jpg
Allium tricoccum with open inflorescence bud (June 6)

Allium tricoccum is a perennial growing from an ovoid-conical shaped bulb that is 2–6 cm (1–2 in) long. [4] Plants typically produce a cluster of 2–6 bulbs that give rise to broad, [5] flat, smooth, light green leaves, that are 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long including the narrow petioles, [4] often with deep purple or burgundy tints on the lower stems. The bulbs are white and surrounded by brownish to grayish sheathing. Each cluster of bulbs gives rise to one flowering stem. [5] The flowers are arranged into an umbel that has an erect scape that is typically 10–40 cm (4–16 in) long. [6] The inflorescence has two ovate bracts that enclose the flowers before they open and fall away at anthesis. [4] The flowering stem is persistent after fruiting. The flowering most commonly occurs after the leaves have died back, unlike the similar Allium ursinum , in which leaves and flowers can be seen at the same time. Ramps grow in close groups strongly rooted just beneath the surface of the soil. [7] Flowering occurs in June or July into August. The flowers have white, cream or yellowish tepals which are 4–7 mm (1814 in) long. [5] The stamens are about as tall as the tepals and the filaments of the stamens have widened bases and are inserted on the corolla. After flowering and fertilization green fruits are produced that are three-lobed and open by way of three valves. [4] The seeds are round, black, and shiny. [5] [8]

Taxonomy

Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum with wide leaves and red pigment Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum.png
Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum with wide leaves and red pigment
Allium tricoccum var. burdickii with narrow leaves and no pigment Allium burdickii.png
Allium tricoccum var. burdickii with narrow leaves and no pigment

Allium tricoccum was first named as such in 1789 by the Scottish botanist William Aiton, in Hortus Kewensis , a catalog of plants cultivated in London's Kew botanic garden. The species had been introduced to Britain in 1770. The specific epithet tricoccum refers to the possession of three seeds. [9]

Varieties

As of November 2018, Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts two varieties: [10]

This treatment is followed by other sources, [14] [5] [15] although the two taxa are frequently treated as two species, Allium tricoccum and Allium burdickii. [11] [12] [13] [16] [17] A. tricoccum var. burdickii was first described by Clarence Robert Hanes in 1953; the epithet burdickii is in honor of Justin Herbert Burdick (1851–1939), a Midwestern physician and manufacturer who pointed out differences between what were then regarded as different "races" in letters to Asa Gray. [18] [12] The variety was raised to a full species by Almut Gitter Jones in 1979. [19]

The two varieties are distinguished by several features. [5] [11] A. tricoccum var. tricoccum is generally larger than A. tricoccum var. burdickii: the bulbs are larger, the leaves are usually 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) wide rather than 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) wide and the umbels typically have 30–50 flowers rather than 12–18. Additionally, the leaf stalks (petioles) and leaf sheaths are usually red or purplish in var. tricoccum and white in var. burdickii. The leaves of var. burdickii also have less distinct stalks than those of var. tricoccum. [5] [11] [12]

Habitat

Ramps growing on the forest floor in the Catskills region of New York state Ramps-on-forest-floor.jpg
Ramps growing on the forest floor in the Catskills region of New York state

Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum is found in woods with rich soils with moist ground in depressions, and along streamside bluffs, and on colluvial slopes. [20] Allium tricoccum var. burdickii is found growing in dry soils of upland woods. [21]

Conservation

In Canada, ramps are considered rare delicacies. Since the growth of ramps is not as widespread there as in Appalachia and because of human activity, ramps are a threatened species in Quebec. Allium tricoccum is a protected species under Quebec legislation. A person may have ramps in his or her possession outside the plant's natural environment, or may harvest it for the purposes of personal consumption in an annual quantity not exceeding 50 bulbs or 50 plants, provided those activities do not take place in a park within the jurisdiction of the National Parks Act. The protected status also prohibits any commercial transactions of ramps; this prevents restaurants from serving ramps as is done in the United States. Failure to comply with these laws is punishable by a fine. [22] However, the law does not always stop poachers, who find a ready market across the border in Ontario (especially in the Ottawa area), where ramps may be legally harvested and sold. [23]

Ramps are considered a species of "special concern" for conservation in Maine, Rhode Island, and commercially exploited in Tennessee. [24]

Common name

According to West Virginia University botanist Earl L. Core, the widespread use in southern Appalachia of the term "ramps" (as opposed to "wild leek" which is used in some other parts of the United States) derives from Old English:

The name ramps (usually plural) is one of the many dialectical variants of the English word ramson, a common name of the European bear leek ( Allium ursinum ), a broad-leaved species of garlic much cultivated and eaten in salads, a plant related to our American species. The Anglo-Saxon ancestor of ramson was hramsa, and ramson was the Old English plural, the –n being retained as in oxen, children, etc. The word is cognate with rams, in German, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, and with the Greek kromuon, garlic [...]. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1904) lists as variants rame, ramp, ramps, rams, ramsden, ramsey, ramsh, ramsies, ramsy, rommy, and roms, mostly from northern England and Scotland. [3]

Culinary uses and festivals

Bunch of ramps RampBunch.png
Bunch of ramps
Advertisement at Mason-Dixon Ramp Fest in Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, in 2010. Deep Fried Ramps sign Mason Dixon Ramp Fest.JPG
Advertisement at Mason-Dixon Ramp Fest in Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, in 2010.

Allium tricoccum is popular in the cuisines of the rural uplands of its native region. Both the white lower leaf stalks and the broad green leaves are edible. It is regarded as an early spring vegetable with a strong garlic-like odor and a pronounced onion flavor. [25] Ramps also have a growing popularity in restaurants throughout North America. [26] [27] [28]

The plant's flavor, a combination of onions and strong garlic, [29] [30] [31] is adaptable to numerous cooking styles. In central Appalachia, ramps are most commonly fried with potatoes in bacon fat or scrambled with eggs and served with bacon, pinto beans and cornbread. Ramps can also be pickled or used in soups and other foods in place of onions and garlic. [32]

History and folklore

Chicago received its name from a dense growth of ramps near Lake Michigan in Illinois Country observed in the 17th century. The Chicago River was referred to by the plant's indigenous name, according to explorer Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, and by his comrade, the naturalist and diarist Henri Joutel. [25] The plant, called shikaakwa (chicagou) in the Miami-Illinois language spoken by the local indigenous people, was once thought to be Allium cernuum , the nodding wild onion, but research in the early 1990s showed the correct plant was the ramp. [25] [41] [42] [43]

The ramp has strong associations with the folklore of the central Appalachian Mountains. Fascination and humor have fixated on the plant's extreme pungency. Jim Comstock, editor and co-owner of the Richwood News Leader, introduced ramp juice into the printer's ink of one issue as a practical joke, [44] invoking the ire of the U.S. Postmaster General. [45]

The inhabitants of Appalachia have long celebrated spring with the arrival of the ramp, believing it to be a tonic capable of warding off many winter ailments. Indeed, ramp's vitamin and mineral content did bolster the health of people who went without many green vegetables during the winter. [46]

Native American ethnobotany

Ramps at Whitefish Island, Batchewana First Nation Wild leeks (Whitefish I) 1.JPG
Ramps at Whitefish Island, Batchewana First Nation

Cuisine

The Menominee, [47] Cherokee, [48] [49] [50] Iroquois, [51] Potawatomi [52] and Ojibwa [52] all consume the plant in their traditional cuisines.

Medicinal use

The Cherokee eat the plant as a spring tonic, for colds and for croup. They also use the warm juice for earaches. [49] The Ojibwa use a decoction as a quick-acting emetic. [53] The Iroquois use a decoction of the root to treat worms in children, and as a spring tonic to "clean you out". [54] Some Native Americans used juice from the crushed bulbs to treat insect stings. [55]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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Further reading