Allium fistulosum

Last updated

Welsh onion
Welsh onion.jpg
Allium fistulosum at a farm
Scallion 2.png
Allium fistulosum from a store
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Genus: Allium
Subgenus: A. subg. Cepa
Species:
A. fistulosum
Binomial name
Allium fistulosum
L.
Synonyms [1]
  • Allium bouddaeDebeaux
  • Allium kashgaricumProkh.
  • Cepa fissilisGarsault
  • Cepa fistulosa(L.) Gray
  • Cepa ventricosaMoench
  • Kepa fistulosa(L.) Raf.
  • Phyllodolon fistulosum(L.) Salisb.
  • Porrum fistulosum(L.) Schur

Allium fistulosum, the Welsh onion, also commonly called bunching onion, long green onion, Japanese bunching onion, and spring onion, is a species of perennial plant, often considered to be a kind of scallion.

Contents

The species is very similar in taste and odor to the related common onion, Allium cepa, and hybrids between the two (tree onions) exist. A. fistulosum, however, does not develop bulbs, and its leaves and scapes are hollow (fistulosum means "hollow"). Larger varieties of A. fistulosum, such as the Japanese negi, resemble the leek, whilst smaller varieties resemble chives. A. fistulosum can multiply by forming perennial evergreen clumps. [2] [3] It is also grown in a bunch as an ornamental plant.

Names

The common name "Welsh onion" does not refer to Wales; indeed, the plant is neither indigenous to Wales nor particularly common in Welsh cuisine (the green Allium common to Wales is the leek, A. ampeloprasum, the national vegetable of Wales [4] [5] ). Instead, it derives from a near-obsolete botanical use of "Welsh" in the sense "foreign, non-native", as the species is native to China, though cultivated in many places and naturalized in scattered locations throughout Eurasia and North America. [1] [6]

Historically, A. fistulosum was known as the cibol. [7] In Cornwall, they are known as chibols, and in the west of Scotland as sybows. [8] [9]

Other names that may be applied to this plant include green onion, salad onion, and spring onion. These names are ambiguous, as they may also be used to refer to any young green onion stalk, whether grown from Welsh onions, common onions, or other similar members of the genus Allium (also see scallion). [10]

Culinary use

A. fistulosum is an ingredient in Asian cuisine, especially in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is particularly important in China, Japan, and Korea, hence one of the English names for this plant, Japanese bunching onion. [11]

In the West, A. fistulosum is primarily used as a scallion or salad onion, but is more widely used in other parts of the world, particularly East Asia. [12]

China

In China, it is often used in scallion pancakes, and as a garnish for a variety of dishes. It is also mixed with meat, into shumai dumplings or pearl meatballs.

Japan

The Japanese name is negi (葱), which can also refer to other plants of the genus Allium , or more specifically naganegi (長葱), meaning "long onion". Common onions were introduced to East Asia in the 19th century, but A. fistulosum remains more popular and widespread. [12] It is used in miso soup, negimaki (beef and scallion rolls), [13] among other dishes, and it is in wide use as a sliced garnish, such as on teriyaki or takoyaki .[ citation needed ]

Korea

In Korea, A. fistulosum along with A. × proliferum is called pa (, "scallion"), while common onions are called yangpa (양파, "Western scallion"). Larger varieties, looking similar to leek and sometimes referred to as "Asian leek", are called daepa (대파, "big scallion"), while the thinner early variety is called silpa (실파, "thread scallion"). A similar scallion plant, A. × wakegi (now considered a synonym of A. × proliferum), is called jjokpa (쪽파). Both daepa and silpa are usually used as a spice, herb, or garnish in Korean cuisine. The white part of daepa is often used as the flavour base for various broths and infused oil, while the green part of silpa is preferred as garnish. Dishes using daepa include pa-jangajji (pickled scallions), pa-mandu (scallion dumplings), pa-sanjeok (skewered beef and scallions), and padak (scallion chicken), which is a variety of Korean fried chicken topped with shredded raw daepa. Dishes using silpa include pa-namul (seasoned scallions), pa-jangguk (scallion beef-broth soup), and pa-ganghoe (parboiled scallion rolls) where silpa is used as a ribbon that bundles other ingredients.[ citation needed ]

Russia

A. fistulosum is used in Russia in the spring for adding green leaves to salads.[ citation needed ]

Jamaica

Known as escallion, [14] A. fistulosum is an ingredient in Jamaican cuisine, in combination with thyme, Scotch bonnet pepper, garlic, and allspice (called pimento). Recipes with escallion sometimes suggest leek as a substitute in salads. Jamaican dried spice mixtures using escallion are available commercially.[ citation needed ]

The Jamaican name is probably a variant of scallion, the term used loosely for the spring onion and various other plants in the genus Allium.[ citation needed ]

Nutrition

Welsh onions, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 142 kJ (34 kcal)
6.5 g
Sugars 2.18 g
Dietary fiber 2.4 g
Fat
0.4 g
1.9 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV
Thiamine (B1)
4%
0.05 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
7%
0.09 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.4 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3%
0.169 mg
Vitamin B6
4%
0.072 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
16 μg
Vitamin C
30%
27 mg
Vitamin E
3%
0.51 mg
Vitamin K
161%
193.4 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV
Calcium
4%
52 mg
Iron
7%
1.22 mg
Magnesium
5%
23 mg
Manganese
6%
0.137 mg
Phosphorus
4%
49 mg
Potassium
7%
212 mg
Sodium
1%
17 mg
Zinc
5%
0.52 mg

Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [15] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chives</span> Edible species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Chives, scientific name Allium schoenoprasum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae that produces edible leaves and flowers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shallot</span> Variety of small onion

The shallot is a cultivar group of the onion. Until 2010, the shallot was classified as a separate species, Allium ascalonicum. The taxon was synonymized with Allium cepa in 2010, as the difference was too small to justify a separate species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onion</span> Bulbous vegetable grown for food

An onion, also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. The shallot is a botanical variety of the onion which was classified as a separate species until 2011. The onion's close relatives include garlic, scallion, leek, and chives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daikon</span> Subspecies of plant

Daikon or mooli, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus, is a mild-flavored winter radish usually characterized by fast-growing leaves and a long, white, napiform root. Originally native to continental East Asia, daikon is harvested and consumed throughout the region, as well as in South Asia, and is available internationally. In some locations, daikon is planted for its ability to break up compacted soils and recover nutrients and is not harvested.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scallion</span> Edible vegetable of various species in the genus Allium

Scallions are edible vegetables of various species in the genus Allium. Scallions generally have a milder taste than most onions. Their close relatives include garlic, shallots, leeks, chives, and Chinese onions. The leaves are eaten both raw and cooked.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fried rice</span> Asian rice dish

Fried rice is a dish of cooked rice that has been stir-fried in a wok or a frying pan and is usually mixed with other ingredients such as eggs, vegetables, seafood, or meat. It is often eaten by itself or as an accompaniment to another dish. Fried rice is a popular component of East Asian, Southeast Asian and certain South Asian cuisines, as well as a staple national dish of Indonesia. As a homemade dish, fried rice is typically made with ingredients left over from other dishes, leading to countless variations. Fried rice first developed during the Sui dynasty in China.

<i>Allium tuberosum</i> Species of onion native to southwestern parts of the Chinese province of Shanxi

Allium tuberosum is a species of plant native to the Chinese province of Shanxi, and cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in Asia and around the world. It has a number of uses in Asian cuisine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tree onion</span> Species of flowering plant

The tree onion is a perennial plant similar to the common onion (A. cepa), but with a cluster of bulblets where a normal onion would have flowers. Tree onions are also known as topsetting onions, walking onions, or Egyptian onions. Genomic evidence has conclusively shown that they are a diploid hybrid of the shallot and the Welsh onion (A. fistulosum). However, some sources may still treat the tree onion as A. cepa var. proliferum or A. cepa Proliferum Group.

Romanian cuisine is a diverse blend of different dishes from several traditions with which it has come into contact, but it also maintains its own character. It has been influenced mainly by Turkish but also a series of European cuisines in particular from the Balkan Peninsula and Hungarian cuisine as well as culinary elements stemming from the cuisines of Central Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colcannon</span> Irish potato dish

Colcannon is a traditional Irish dish of mashed potatoes with cabbage. It is a popular dish on Saint Patrick's Day and on the feast day of St. Brigid.

<i>Allium ampeloprasum</i> Species of plant in family Amaryllidaceae

Allium ampeloprasum is a member of the onion genus Allium. The wild plant is commonly known as wild leek or broadleaf wild leek. Its native range is southern Europe to southwestern Asia and North Africa, but it is cultivated in many other places and has become naturalized in many countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callaloo</span> Caribbean vegetable dish

Callaloo is a plant used in popular dishes in many Caribbean countries, while for other Caribbean countries, a stew made with the plant is called callaloo. Cuisines, including the plant callaloo or dishes called callaloo, vary throughout the Caribbean. In countries such as Trinidad and Tobago or Grenada, the dish itself is called callaloo and uses taro leaves or Xanthosoma leaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraqi cuisine</span> Culinary traditions of Iraq

Iraqi cuisine is a Middle Eastern cuisine that has its origins in the ancient Near East culture of the fertile crescent. Tablets found in ancient ruins in Iraq show recipes prepared in the temples during religious festivals—the first cookbooks in the world. Ancient Iraq's cultural sophistication extended to the culinary arts.

<i>Allium chinense</i> Species of Allium

Allium chinense is an edible species of Allium, native to China, and cultivated in many other countries. Its close relatives include the onion, scallion, leek, chive, and garlic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean barbecue</span> Regional style of food preparation

Korean barbecue is a popular method in Korean cuisine of grilling meat, typically beef, pork or chicken. Such dishes are often prepared on gas or charcoal grills built into the dining table itself, though some restaurants provide customers with portable stoves for diners to use at their tables. Alternatively, a chef uses a centrally displayed grill to prepare dishes that are made to order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onion cake</span> Cake made with onion

Onion cake is a savory or sweet cake prepared using onion as a primary ingredient. Various onion cakes are consumed in Canada, China, Germany, Korea, Switzerland, Wales and other countries. Several types and varieties of onion cakes exist, including laobing, pajeon, the scallion pancake, Edmonton-style green onion cake, teisen nionod and zwiebelkuchen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puchero</span> Spanish and South American stew

Puchero is a type of stew originally from Spain, prepared in Yucatán, Mexico, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Perú, south of Brazil, the Philippines, and Spain, specifically the autonomous communities of Andalusia and the Canary Islands. The Spanish word "puchero" originally meant an earthenware pot, before being extended to mean any vessel, and then the dish cooked in it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leek</span> Vegetable in the onion family

A leek is a vegetable, a cultivar of Allium ampeloprasum, the broadleaf wild leek. The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a stem or stalk. The genus Allium also contains the onion, garlic, shallot, scallion, chives, and Chinese onion. Three closely related vegetables, elephant garlic, kurrat and Persian leek or tareh, are also cultivars of A. ampeloprasum, although different in their culinary uses.

<i>Ganghoe</i> Korean fish and vegetable dish

Ganghoe (Korean: 강회) is a variety of hoe dish of rolled and tied ribbons made with blanched vegetables such as minari and silpa. Sometimes, the vegetables are bundled into ribbons, while other times, they are tied around layered ingredients such as pyeonyuk, egg garnish, and chili threads or blanched seafood. Vegetarian versions are a part of Korean temple cuisine. Ganghoe is usually dipped in chojang, the mixture made of gochujang and vinegar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sakurab</span> Edible vegetable

Sakurab is either a relative of the scallion or a white variant of the wild leek. There have been journals discussing its growth patterns and potential usage as an ingredient in a healthy beverage with evidence to support either view. It is a traditional food seasoning in the Philippines, used in the traditional cuisines in the islands of Mindanao and the Visayas where it is commonly known as sibujing.

References

  1. 1 2 "Allium fistulosum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013.
  2. "Floridata Profile". floridata.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  3. Thompson, Sylvia (1995). The Kitchen Garden . Bantam Books. ISBN   9780553081381.
  4. "The leek, national emblem of Wales". BBC Wales. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  5. "Welsh Leeks secures protection". wales.gov. 29 November 2022. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  6. "Welsh, adj. and n." . Welsh, adj. & n. Meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2023. Def. 3. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  7. Ward, A: The Encyclopedia of Food and Beverage Archived 12 February 2010 at Archive-It , New York, 1911. Retrieved 5 January 2007.
  8. "sybow, n." . Sybow, n. Meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  9. "chibol, n." . Chibol, n. Meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2023. Def. 1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  10. "chibol, n." . Chibol, n. Meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2023. Def. 2. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  11. "Allium fistulosum". Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  12. 1 2 Fritsch, R.M.; N. Friesen (2002). "Chapter 1: Evolution, Domestication, and Taxonomy". In H.D. Rabinowitch and L. Currah (ed.). Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. p. 18. ISBN   0-85199-510-1.
  13. "Recipe – Chicken Negimaki". The New York Times. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  14. "Major Pests of Escallion (Allium fistulosum) in Jamaica" (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Jamaica. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  15. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  16. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.