Morchella

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Morel
Morchella conica 1 beentree.jpg
A black morel in Poland
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Morchellaceae
Genus: Morchella
Dill. ex Pers.  : Fr. (1794)
Type species
Morchella esculenta
(L.) Pers. : Fr. (1801)
Species

~70 worldwide (see text)

Synonyms [1]
  • Phalloboletus Adans. (1763)
  • Boletus Tourn. ex Adans. (1763)
  • Eromitra Lév. (1846)
  • MitrophoraLév. (1846)
  • Morilla Quél. (1886)
  • Morchella sect. Mitrophorae(Lév.) S.Imai (1932)

Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales (division Ascomycota). These distinctive fungi have a honeycomb appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their caps. Morels are prized by gourmet cooks, particularly in Catalan and French cuisine, but can be toxic if consumed raw or undercooked. Due to difficulties in cultivation, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas, India, and Pakistan where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance.

Contents

Typified by Morchella esculenta in 1794, the genus has been the source of considerable taxonomical controversy throughout the years, mostly with regard to the number of species involved, with some mycologists recognising as few as three species and others over thirty. Current molecular phylogenetics suggest there might be over seventy species of Morchella worldwide, most of them exhibiting high continental endemism and provincialism.

The genus is currently the focus of extensive phylogenetic, biogeographical, taxonomical and nomenclatural studies, and several new species have been described from Australia, Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Spain, and Turkey.

Description

Morels resemble a honeycomb due to the network of ridges with pits composing their caps. Morels have a convoluted head/cap, and are varied in shape and habitat. [2]

Similar species

Gyromitra esculenta, a false morel Fruhjahrslorchel.JPG
Gyromitra esculenta , a false morel

When gathering morels for the table, care must be taken to distinguish them from the poisonous "false morels", a term loosely applied to describe Gyromitra esculenta , Verpa bohemica , and other morel lookalikes. Although false morels are sometimes eaten without ill effect, they can cause severe gastrointestinal upset, loss of muscular coordination (including cardiac muscle), or even death. [3] [4] Incidents of poisoning usually occur when they are eaten in large quantities, inadequately cooked, or over several days in a row. False morels contain gyromitrin, an organic carcinogenic poison, hydrolyzed in the body into monomethylhydrazine (MMH). [5] Gyromitra esculenta in particular, has been reported to be responsible for up to 23% of mushroom fatalities each year in Poland. [6]

The key morphological features distinguishing false morels from true morels are as follows:

Taxonomy

The fruit bodies of Morchella species are highly polymorphic, varying in shape, color, and size. While in many cases they do not exhibit clear-cut distinguishing features microscopically, this has historically contributed to uncertainties in taxonomy. [9] [10] [11] [12] Discriminating between the various taxa described is further hindered by uncertainty over which of these are truly biologically distinct. Remarkably, some authors in the past had suggested that the genus contains as few as 3 to 6 species, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] while others recognised as many as 34. [18] [19] [20] Efforts to clarify the situation and re-evaluate old classical names (such as Morchella elata and others) in accordance to current phylogenetic data have been challenging, due to vague or ambiguous original descriptions and loss of holotype material. [21] [22] In 2012, the simultaneous description of several new taxa from Europe by Clowez [20] and North America by Kuo and colleagues [23] resulted in several synonymities further complicating matters, until a transatlantic study by Richard and colleagues resolved many of these issues in 2014. [21] The genus is currently undergoing extensive re-evaluation with regard to the taxonomic status of several species.

Early taxonomic history

Morchella Dill. ex Pers. : Fr. was typified by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794, [24] with Morchella esculenta designated as the type species for the genus. Among early pioneers who took an interest in the genus, were mycologists Julius Vincenz von Krombholz and Émile Boudier, who, in 1834 [25] and 1897 [18] respectively, published several species and varieties, accompanied by meticulously illustrated iconographic plates. The seminal taxon Morchella elata , whose true identity still remains unresolved, [21] [12] was described by Elias Fries in 1822, from a fir forest in Sweden. [26] Other classical, early-proposed names include Morchella deliciosa , also described by Fries in 1822, Morchella semilibera , the half-free morel, originally described by de Candolle and sanctioned by Fries in 1822, [26] Morchella vulgaris , which was recombined by Samuel Gray as a distinct species in 1821 [27] following a forma of M. esculenta previously proposed by Persoon, and Morchella angusticeps , a large-spored species described by American mycologist Charles Peck in 1887. [28] Morchella purpurascens , the purple morel, was first described by Boudier as a variety of M. elata in 1897 based on an 1834 plate by Krombholz, and was recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant. [19] [29] Morchella eximia , a globally-occurring fire-associated species was also described by Boudier in 1910. [30] The old, widely applied name Morchella conica , [31] featuring in many field guides and literature across several countries, has been shown by Richard and colleagues to be illegitimate. [21]

Classification

About 80 species of Morchella were described until the turn of the 21st century (per the Index Fungorum ), a number of which were later shown to be illegitimate or synonyms. [21] As molecular tools became widely available in the new millennium, a revived interest in the genus commenced and several new species were proposed. In 2008 Kuo described Morchella tomentosa from burned coniferous forests in western North America. [32] In 2010 Işiloğlu and colleagues described Morchella anatolica , [33] a basal species from Turkey later shown to be sister to Morchella rufobrunnea . A study by Clowez described over 20 new species in 2012, [20] while later in the same year, another study by Kuo and colleagues described 19 species from North America. [23] However, several of these newly proposed names later turned out to be synonyms. [21] An extensive taxonomical and nomenclatural revision of the genus provided by Richard and colleagues in 2014, applied names to 30 of the genealogical lineages recognized so far and clarified several synonymities. [21] Also in 2014, Elliott and colleagues described Morchella australiana from sclerophyll forests in Australia, [34] while Clowez and colleagues described Morchella fluvialis from riparian forests in Spain. [35]

In 2015, Loizides and colleagues clarified the taxonomy of Morchella tridentina , a cosmopolitan species described under many names, and recombined Morchella kakiicolor as a distinct species. [22] Later in the same year, Clowez and colleagues described Morchella palazonii from Spain, [36] while Voitk and colleagues described Morchella laurentiana from Canada and Morchella eohespera , a cosmopolitan species present in several continents. [37] In an extensive phylogenetic and morphological study from Cyprus in 2016, Loizides and colleagues added two more Mediterranean species, Morchella arbutiphila and Morchella disparilis , and resurrected Morchella dunensis as an autonomous species. [38] In the same year, Taşkın and colleagues described four of the previously unnamed phylospecies from Turkey: Morchella conifericola , Morchella feekensis , Morchella magnispora and Morchella mediteterraneensis . [39]

Section Rufobrunnea

Section Morchella

Section Distantes

Unresolved classification

Phylogeny

Early phylogenetic analyses supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with considerable phenotypic variation. [41] [42] [43] Subsequent multigenic DNA studies, however, have revealed more than a dozen genealogically distinct species in North America and at least as many in Europe. [44] [45] [46] [21] DNA studies revealed three discrete clades, or genetic groups, consisting of the "white morels" ( Morchella rufobrunnea and M. anatolica ), the "yellow morels" ( M. esculenta and others), and the "black morels" ( M. elata and others). [45] The fire-associated species Morchella tomentosa , commonly known as the "gray morel", is distinct for its fine hairs on the cap ridges and sclerotia-like underground structures, and may also deserve its own clade based on DNA evidence. [47] [32] [48] Within the yellow and black clades, there are dozens of distinct species, many endemic to individual continents or regions. [45] This species-rich view is supported by studies in Western Europe, [49] Turkey, [50] Cyprus, [38] Israel, [51] China, [52] Patagonia, [53] and the Himalayas. [54]

Early ancestral reconstruction tests by O'Donnell and collaborators postulated a western North American origin of morels and the genus was estimated to have diverged from its closest genealogical relatives Verpa and Disciotis in the early Cretaceous, approximately 129 million years ago (Mya). [45] This date was later revised by Du and collaborators, placing the divergence of the genus in the late Jurassic, approximately 154 Mya. [52] However, neither of these reconstructions had included Morchella anatolica in the analyses, whose phylogenetic placement remained at the time unresolved. Following genetic testing of isotype collection of M. anatolica by Taşkın and colleagues, this species was shown to nest in the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade, together with the transcontinental M. rufobrunnea. [46] This cast doubts over the accuracy of the original reconstructions, since both species of the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade are present in the Mediterranean, while M. anatolica is altogether absent from North America. [22] [38] Updated ancestral area reconstructions by Loizides and colleagues using an expanded 79-species data set, have in 2021 refuted the previous hypothesis and designated the Mediterranean basin as the most probable place of origin of morels. [55]

Distribution and habitat

Morels can be found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas, India, and Pakistan.[ citation needed ]

Yellow morels in West Virginia, US White Morel IMG 0399.JPG
Yellow morels in West Virginia, US

Yellow morels ( Morchella esculenta and related species) are more commonly found under deciduous trees rather than conifers, while black morels ( M. elata and related species) are mostly found in coniferous forests, disturbed ground and recently burned areas. [20] [38] [56] [57] Morchella galilaea , [58] and occasionally M. rufobrunnea, [51] [59] [22] appear to fruit in the autumn or winter months rather than spring, which is the typical fruiting season for morels. In the American Pacific Northwest, they can be found from April to August. [60]

Efforts to cultivate morels at a large scale have rarely been successful and the commercial morel industry relies on the harvest of wild mushrooms. [61]

Transcontinental species

Black morel in Washington state Morchella elata 4846.JPG
Black morel in Washington state

Although many species within Morchella exhibit continental endemism and provincialism, [45] several species have been phylogenetically shown to be present in more than one continent. So far, the list of transcontinental species includes M. americana , M. eohespera , M. eximia , M. exuberans , M. galilaea , M. importuna , M. populiphila , M. pulchella , M. rufobrunnea , M. semilibera , M. sextelata , M. steppicola , and M. tridentina . [52] [21] [38] [12] The reasons behind the widespread, cosmopolitan distribution of these species, are still puzzling. Some authors have hypothesized that such transcontinental occurrences are the result of accidental anthropogenic introductions, [50] [45] but this view has been disputed by others, who suggested an old and natural distribution, at least for some of these species which appear to be linked to indigenous flora. [22] [38] [55] Long-distance spore dispersal has also been suggested as a possible dispersal mechanism for some species, especially those belonging to fire-adapted lineages. [62] It has been suggested that the widespread but disjunct distribution of some morel species, especially early diverging lineages like M. rufobrunnea and M. tridentina , may be the result of climatic refugia from the Quaternary glaciation. [55]

Ecology

The ecology of Morchella species is not well understood. Many species appear to form symbiotic or endophytic relationships with trees, [63] [64] [65] [66] while others appear to act as saprotrophs. [47] [65]

Tree species associated with Morchella vary greatly depending on the individual species, continent, or region. Trees commonly associated with morels in Europe and across the Mediterranean include Abies (fir), Pinus (pine), Populus (poplar), Ulmus (elm), Quercus (oak), Arbutus (strawberry trees), Castanea (chestnut), Alnus (alder), Olea (olive trees), Malus (apple trees), and Fraxinus (ash). [20] [38] [22] [46] [55] In western North America morels are often found in coniferous forests, including species of Pinus (pine), Abies (fir), Larix (larch), and Pseudotsuga (Douglas-fir), as well as in Populus (cottonwood) riparian forests. [61] [23] Deciduous trees commonly associated with morels in the northern hemisphere include Fraxinus (ash), Platanus (sycamore), Liriodendron (tulip tree), dead and dying elms, cottonwoods, and old apple trees (remnants of orchards). [23] Due to their springtime phenology (March–May), morels are hardly ever found in the vicinity of common poisonous mushrooms such as the death cap (Amanita phalloides), the sulphur tuft (Hypholoma fasciculare), or the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). [67] They can, however, occur alongside false morels ( Gyromitra and Verpa species) and elfin saddles ( Helvella species), which also appear in spring.

Association with wildfire

Morchella semilibera in Indiana, US LongNek1.JPG
Morchella semilibera in Indiana, US

Certain Morchella species ( M. eximia , M. importuna , M. tomentosa and others) exhibit a pyrophilic behaviour and may grow abundantly in forests which have been recently burned by a fire. [68] [69] Moderate-intensity fires are reported to produce higher abundances of morels than low- or high-intensity fires. [48] This is caused by the soil becoming more alkaline as the result of wood ash combining with water and being absorbed into the soil which triggers the morels to fruit. Alkaline soil conditions which trigger fruiting have been observed and exploited with small-scale commercial cultivation of morels. [70] [47] [68] Where fire suppression is practiced, morels often grow in small numbers in the same spot, year after year. If these areas are overrun by wildfire they often produce a bumper crop of black morels the following spring. Commercial pickers and buyers in North America target recently burned areas for this reason. These spots may be closely guarded by mushroom pickers, as morels are widely regarded as a delicacy and often a cash crop. [61]

Cultivation

Due to the mushroom's prized fruit bodies, several attempts have been made to grow the fungus in culture. In 1901, Repin reported successfully obtaining fruit bodies in a cave in which cultures had been established in flower pots nine years previously in 1892. [71]

More recently, small-scale commercial growers have had success growing morels by using partially shaded rows of mulched wood. The rows of mulch piles are inoculated with morel mushroom spores in a solution of water and molasses which are poured over the piles of mulch and then they are allowed to grow undisturbed for several weeks. A solution of wood ashes mixed in water and diluted is subsequently poured over the rows of wood mulch which triggers fruiting of the morels. Morels are known to appear after fires and the alkalinity produced by wood ash mixed with water initiate fruit body formation for most species of morels. [70]

In 2021 it was announced that indoor cultivation of black morels had been successfully achieved after decades of research and experimentation with methods by The Danish Morel Project. The project has been able to cultivate 20 lbs of morels per square yard or around 10 kg per square metre with cost estimates expected to be similar to producing white button mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus ). Previous attempts at cultivation had managed to produce sclerotia but encountered issues in getting them to reliably fruit. One of the breakthroughs with this project was growing them in a climate controlled environment in conjunction with grass which is involved in stimulating fruiting in the morel mycelium. Cultivation in this manner has been noted to produce superior morels for culinary uses since they can be assured to be insect, slug and dirt free and therefore do not need to be washed and cleaned like foraged morels. Since washing morels can negatively impact the texture, reliable cultivation may result in more versatility with this ingredient in the kitchen as well as making the delicacy more affordable and accessible. [72] [73]

Toxicity

The consumption of Morchella species can have adverse effects. In 2023, a Montana sushi restaurant serving them was linked to 51 people who experienced gastrointestinal illness, with two reported deaths and three other hospitalizations. [74] [75] The consumption of raw morels in particular is advised against. [76] An unknown toxin [77] can be neutralized via cooking. [76] Additionally, cooked morels can reportedly cause symptoms of upset stomach when consumed with alcohol. [78]

When eating this fungus for the first time, it is advised to consume a small amount to minimize any allergic reaction. As with all fungi, morels for consumption must be clean and free of decay. Morels growing in old apple orchards previously treated with the deprecated insecticide lead arsenate may accumulate levels of toxic lead and arsenic that are unsuitable for human consumption. [79]

Uses

Morels, "almost universally associated with spring," can be found in many habitats. Morel may be more likely to fruit during a period of increasing heat following a chilly period, a preference which is credited for their abundance in areas with cold winters. [80]

Black morels ( Morchella elata ) are often found on land that has been disturbed by logging burning. [80]

Nutrition

Morel mushrooms, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 129 kJ (31 kcal)
5.1 g
Sugars 0.6 g
Dietary fiber 2.8 g
Fat
0.57 g
3.12 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
6%
0.069 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
16%
0.205 mg
Niacin (B3)
14%
2.252 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
9%
0.44 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.136 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
9 μg
Vitamin D
26%
5.1 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
43 mg
Iron
68%
12.18 mg
Magnesium
5%
19 mg
Manganese
26%
0.587 mg
Phosphorus
16%
194 mg
Potassium
14%
411 mg
Zinc
18%
2.03 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water90 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [81] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [82]

Raw morel mushrooms are 90% water, 5% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and 1% fat. A 100 gram reference amount supplies 31 calories, and is a rich source of iron (94% of the Daily Value, DV), manganese, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin D (34% DV, if having been exposed to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light). Raw morels contain moderate levels of several B vitamins (table).

Gastronomical value and culinary uses

They have been called "prized delicacies...they are so esteemed in Europe that people used to set fire to their own forests in hopes of eliciting a bountiful morel crop the next spring!" [80]

Morels are a feature of many cuisines, including Provençal. [83] Their flavor is prized by chefs worldwide, with recipes and preparation methods designed to highlight and preserve it. [84] As with most edible fungi, they are best when collected or bought fresh. They are sometimes added to meat and poultry dishes and soups, and can be used as pasta fillings. [85] As morels are known to contain thermolabile toxins, they must always be cooked before eating.

Morels can be preserved in several ways: They can be 'flash frozen' by simply running under cold water or putting them in a bucket to soak for a few minutes, then spread on a baking tray and placed into a freezer. After freezing, they keep very well with the frozen glaze for a long time in airtight containers. However, when thawed they can sometimes turn slightly mushy, so they are best frozen after steaming or frying. Due to their natural porosity, morels may contain trace amounts of soil which cannot be easily washed out. Any visible soil should be removed with a brush, after cutting the body in half lengthwise, if needed. Mushroom hunters sometimes recommend soaking morels in a bowl of salt water briefly prior to cooking, although many chefs would disagree. [86]

Drying is a popular and effective method for long-term storage, and morels are widely available commercially in this form. Any insect larvae which might be present in the fruit bodies usually drop out during the drying process. [87] Dried morels can then be reconstituted by soaking for 10–20 minutes in warm water or milk, and the soaking liquid can be used as stock. [88]

The flavor of morels is not just appreciated by humans; in Yellowstone National Park, black morels are also known to be consumed by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). [89]

Morel hunting is a common springtime activity. Mushroom collectors may carry a mesh collecting bag, so the spores can scatter as one carries the harvest. [86]

Every spring, hundreds of morel enthusiasts gather in Boyne City, Michigan for the National Morel Mushroom Festival, a century-old event. [90] As one observer stated, "if there is a modern, North American reenactment of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales this is it." [8] Other festivals and hunting competitions in North America include the Illinois State Morel Mushroom Hunting Championship, the Ottawa Midwest Morel Fest and the Mesick Michigan Mushroom Festival. [91]

Vernacular names

Morchella species have been called by many local names; some of the more colorful include dryland fish, because when sliced lengthwise then breaded and fried, their outline resembles the shape of a fish; [92] hickory chickens, as they are known in many parts of Kentucky; and merkels or miracles, based on folklore, of how a mountain family was saved from starvation by eating morels. In parts of West Virginia, they are known as molly moochers, muggins, or muggles. Due to the partial structural and textural similarity to some species of Porifera (sponges), other common names for any true morel are sponge mushroom and waffle mushroom. In the Appalachian woodlands, morels have also been called haystacks, or snakeheads. [86] The Finnish vernacular name huhtasieni, refers to huhta, area cleared for agriculture by the slash and burn method. [93]

The scientific name of the genus Morchella itself, is thought to have derived from morchel, [94] an old German word close to "Möhre", carrot or beet, due to similarity in shape.

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Morchella elata</i> Species of fungus

Morchella elata is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is one of many related species commonly known as black morels, and until 2012 the name M. elata was broadly applied to black morels throughout the globe. Like most members of the genus, M. elata is a popular edible fungus and is sought by many mushroom hunters.

<i>Morchella conica</i> Species of fungus

Morchella conica is an old binomial name previously applied to species of fungi in the family Morchellaceae. It is one of three scientific names that had been commonly used to describe black morels, the others being M. angusticeps and M. elata. It was first introduced by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1818, as a superfluous name for the old taxon Morchella continua. According to Richard and colleagues, Fries’ sanctioning applies only at the subgeneric level and the name is illegitimate.

<i>Morchella tomentosa</i> Species of fungus

Morchella tomentosa, commonly called the gray, fuzzy foot, or black foot morel, is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. M. tomentosa is a fire-associated species described from western North America, formally described as new to science in 2008.

<i>Morchella rufobrunnea</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Morchellaceae

Morchella rufobrunnea, commonly known as the blushing morel, is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. A choice edible species, the fungus was described as new to science in 1998 by mycologists Gastón Guzmán and Fidel Tapia from collections made in Veracruz, Mexico. Its distribution was later revealed to be far more widespread after several DNA studies suggested that it is also present in the West Coast of the United States, Israel, Australia, Cyprus, Malta and Switzerland.

<i>Morchella tridentina</i> Species of fungus

Morchella tridentina is a cosmopolitan species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Commonly referred to as the mountain blond or western blond morel in North America, it produces conical, grey to buff fruit bodies that are rufescent and grow up to 20 cm (7.9 in) tall and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide. This early-diverging species is distinct within the /Elata clade due to its pale colours and has been described by many names in the past, including M. frustrata, M. quercus-ilicis, M. elatoides, M. elatoides var. elegans and M. conica var. pseudoeximia, all of which were shown to be synonyms. A widely distributed relict of the last Ice Age, M. tridentina is so far known from Argentina, Armenia, Chile, Cyprus, France, India, Israel, North America, Spain and Turkey.

<i>Morchella americana</i> Species of fungus

Morchella americana is a North American species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae.

<i>Morchella importuna</i> Species of fungus

Morchella importuna is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae described from North America in 2012. It occurs in gardens, woodchip beds, and other urban settings of northern California and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada. The fungus has also been reported from Turkey, Spain, France, Switzerland, Canada and China, although it is unknown whether this is a result of accidental introductions. It is considered a choice edible mushroom. The fruit bodies develop a distinctive ladder-like pattern of pits and ridges on the surface of their conical caps.

Morchella capitata is a later synonym of Morchella exuberans. Originally identified as phylogenetic species Mel-9, it was described as new to science in 2012 by Kuo and colleagues. In 2014 however, Richard and colleagues clarified the taxonomic status of this species, retaining the name Morchella exuberans of Clowez (2012) over M. capitata.

<i>Morchella anatolica</i> Species of fungus

Morchella anatolica is a rare species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010 from southwest Anatolia, Turkey, where it grows on moss-covered stream beds in pine forests. An ancient climatic relict, M. anatolica is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and has also been documented in Spain, Cyprus and Greece, where it is sometimes encountered with trees of the Oleaceae family. Together with its sister-species Morchella rufobrunnea, they are the earliest diverging lineages in genus Morchella, forming a distinct clade that is basal in global morel phylogenies. Because of its phylogenetic position, M. anatolica has been crucial in inferring the historical biogeography of the genus, which is estimated to have emerged somewhere in the Mediterranean region in the late Jurassic.

<i>Morchella arbutiphila</i> Species of fungus

Morchella arbutiphila is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota), described from the island of Cyprus in 2016. The species is notable for its elongated stipe, which is often longer than the cap's length, its ascospores which are larger than most other species of Morchella, and its highly specific ecological preferences. It is known only from igneous substrates of the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus and from a single collection in the Aegean region of Turkey.

<i>Morchella disparilis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella disparilis is an Ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2016, M. disparilis appears to be confined to the Mediterranean basin and is so far known from Cyprus, Greece and Spain. Its most striking feature is the exceptionally deep sinus, intermediate in depth between half-free morels of the Morchella semilibera clade and typical Distantes species.

<i>Morchella fluvialis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella fluvialis is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2014 by Clowez and colleagues, following collections from riparian forests in Spain under Alnus glutinosa, Ulmus minor and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, although previous collections from Turkey under Pinus nigra have also been reported. This species, which corresponds to phylogenetic lineage Mes-18, is very close to Morchella esculenta, from which it differs in its elongated cap with oblong pits and predominantly longitudinal ridges, pronounced rufescence, as well as its Mediterranean hygrophilic distribution along rivers and streams.

Morchella kakiicolor is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was originally proposed as a form of Morchella quercus-ilicis in a 2012 study by Philippe Clowez, but was later re-combined as an autonomous species by Loizides and colleagues, based on molecular phylogenetic data. In the same study, M. quercus-ilicis f. quercus-ilicis was shown by the authors to be a later synonym of the old taxon Morchella tridentina, and not phylogenetically related to M. kakiicolor.

<i>Morchella eximia</i> Species of fungus

Morchella eximia is a globally-occurring fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota), first described by Émile Boudier in 1910. In an elaborate phylogenetic and nomenclatural revision of the genus in 2014, Richard and colleagues showed that the taxa Morchella anthracophila, Morchella carbonaria, and Morchella septimelata, proposed in 2012 by Clowez and Kuo et al. respectively, are all later synonyms of this old taxon.

<i>Morchella dunensis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella dunensis, the morel of the dunes, is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was first described as a form of Morchella esculenta by Castañera and colleagues in 1996, but was later recombined as a distinct species by Clowez. In a 2014 study by Richard and colleagues, the authors concluded that the taxon was conspecific to Morchella vulgaris, due to its close phylogenetic proximity to the latter. However, following increased molecular sampling and the testing of an isoparatype collection by Loizides and colleagues in 2016, it was revealed that M. dunensis is indeed very closely related to, but phylogenetically distinct from M. vulgaris. This study also showed that the taxon Morchella andalusiae is phylogenetically identical and therefore a later synonym of M. dunensis.

<i>Morchella dunalii</i> Species of fungus

Morchella dunalii is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). A widespread species in the Mediterranean basin, M. dunalii is so far known from the Balearic islands, the islands of Corsica and Cyprus, France, Spain and Turkey, where it appears to be abundant. It fruits very early in the season on calcareous soil, usually in association with the Aleppo pine, Calabrian pine and holm oak.

<i>Morchella vulgaris</i> Species of fungus

Morchella vulgaris is a widespread fungus of the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was originally described in 1801 as a form of the common yellow morel by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, but was later recombined as a distinct species by Samuel Gray.

<i>Morchella purpurascens</i> Species of fungus

Morchella purpurascens, the purple morel, is an ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was first described as a variety of Morchella elata by Emile Boudier in 1897, based on a plate previously illustrated by Julius Vincenz von Krombholz. It was then recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant, and validated the following year by Jacquetant and Bon. As with many other morel species, its taxonomical status remained for a long time a subject of debate, until an extensive phylogenetic and nomenclatural study in 2014 by Richard and colleagues confirmed this species' autonomy and matched it to phylogenetic lineage Mel-20.

<i>Morchella exuberans</i> Species of fungus

Morchella exuberans is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez and corresponds to phylogenetic lineage Mel-9. Morchella capitata, described by Kuo and colleagues later in the same year, is a synonym of this taxon.

Morchella casteneae is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez and appears to be confined to the Iberian Peninsula. A subsequent phylogenetic and nomenclatural study by Richard and colleagues has confirmed M. castaneae as a distinct species and showed the taxa Morchella brunneorosea and Morchella brunneorosea var. sordida to be synonymous.

References

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