Morchella dunalii

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Morchella dunalii
Morchella dunalii (26.3.17-Cyprus) 1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Morchellaceae
Genus: Morchella
Species:
M. dunalii
Binomial name
Morchella dunalii
Boud. (1887)
Synonyms
  • Morchella fallaxClowez & Luc Martin (2012)

Morchella dunalii is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). A widespread species in the Mediterranean basin, M. dunalii is so far known from the Balearic islands, the islands of Corsica and Cyprus, France, Spain and Turkey, where it appears to be abundant. It fruits very early in the season on calcareous soil, usually in association with the Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis ), Calabrian pine ( Pinus brutia ) and holm oak ( Quercus ilex ).

Contents

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Morchella dunalii was described with a watercolour plate in 1887 by French mycologist Emile Boudier, based on a collection from the Montpellier area. [1] For unknown reasons, Boudier did not include M. dunalii in his 1897 monograph [2] and the species remained very poorly known, not appearing in any of the popular literature or monographic works on the genus. The revival of the name is owed to Moreau and colleagues, who in 2011 designated a lectotype based on the original watercolour painting of this forgotten taxon, discovered in the archives of Pôle Patrimoine scientifique of the University of Montpellier. [3] Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies by Richard and colleagues in 2014 [4] matched this taxon to phylogenetic lineage Mel-25, previously detected by Taşkın and colleagues, [5] [6] and designated an epitype.

A 2016 study by Loizides and colleagues [7] provided a detailed description, as well as notes on the ecology and distribution of M. dunalii, which appears to be the most common and widespread morel in the Mediterranean region, frequently misidentified as M. conica , M. deliciosa , M. purpurascens , [8] or M. rielana. [9]

Phylogenetically, M. dunallii is the sister species of M. kakiicolor . [10] The taxon Morchella fallax, proposed by Clowez in 2012, [9] is a later synonym of this species. [4]

Description

Morchella dunalii (5.3.19-Cyprus) 1.jpg
Immature fruit bodies with uniformly pale colours.
2015-05-03 Morchella dunalii Boud 519075.jpg
Mature fruit bodies with darkening ridges.

Morphology

The fruit bodies are medium-sized to large, fleshy and have a short stipe proportionately to the cap, which is often submerged into the substrate. The cap is 4–8(–10) cm high by 2–5(–8) cm wide, broadly conical, cylindrical or ovoid, pale beige, buff, or olivaceous-buff when immature, gradually darkening to grayish-brown or olivaceous-gray. It is attached to the stipe with a broad, rounded sinus. The longitudinal primary ridges are moderately spaced to dense, thick, glabrous and partially anastomosed, at first the same colour as the pits, but gradually becoming pinkish-purple, sepia and finally black in full maturity, creating a sharp contrast with the pits which usually remain pale. There are numerous interconnecting ridges forming multiple sunken pits. The pits are distinctly rounded to somewhat elongated and more or less vertically arranged. The stipe is typically short, 2–4(–8) by 1.5–3(–4) cm, more or less cylindrical, weakly wrinkled and inflated at the base. The flesh is thick, with a strong, sweet odour. [7] [11]

The ascospores are rather small, measuring (17–)17.5–23(– 26) × (10.5–)11–15(–16) μm, broadly elliptical to elliptical, hyaline (translucent) and appearing smooth under a light microscope, but when viewed in lactophenol cotton blue or under a scanning electron microscope, they are faintly roughened. The asci (spore-bearing cells) measure 250–400 × 15–22 μm, are cylindrical to clavate, have eight spores and often an enlarged, rounded or clavate base.

Ascospores as seen under a light microscope. Morchella dunalii-ascospores1.jpg
Ascospores as seen under a light microscope.

The paraphyses measure 135–200 × 13–20 μm, are cylindrical to clavate or sometimes moniliform, have 2–3(–4) septa and variously shaped and frequently enlarged tips sometimes up to 30–40 μm. The acroparaphyses (cells on the sterile ridges) measure 65–145 × 18–30(–40) μm, are clavate, capitate, subcapitate or pear-shaped, fasciculate and have 2–3 septa. The stipe surface is composed of variously sized catenulate elements, with scattered clavate to subcapitate terminal elements measuring 55–110 × 5–25 μm. [7] [12] [11]

Similar species

Edibility

Like all morel species, Morchella dunalii is edible and choice, provided it is thoroughly cooked. [8]

Ecology and distribution

Morchella dunalii is widespread in the Mediterranean basin but absent elsewhere. So far, its presence has been phylogenetically verified in the Balearic islands, [11] Corsica, [4] Cyprus, [7] France, [4] Spain [4] and Turkey. [5] It is one of the first morels to appear early in the season, fruiting solitary or in small groups in late winter or early spring with a strong preference for calcareous soils. Although its trophic status is not yet known with certainty, it is strongly suspected to be a biotroph and regularly fruiting under specific trees and shrubs. Most frequently associated tree species include the Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis ), the Calabrian pine ( Pinus brutia ), and holm oaks ( Quercus ilex ). [7] [13] [11]

Related Research Articles

<i>Morchella</i> Genus of fungi

Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales. These distinctive fungi have a honeycomb appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their caps. Morels are prized by gourmet cooks, particularly in Catalan and French cuisine, but can be toxic if consumed raw. Due to difficulties in cultivation, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas, India, and Pakistan where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance.

<i>Morchella elata</i> Species of fungus

Morchella elata is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is one of many related species commonly known as black morels, and until 2012 the name M. elata was broadly applied to black morels throughout the globe. Like most members of the genus, M. elata is a popular edible fungus and is sought by many mushroom hunters.

<i>Morchella rufobrunnea</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Morchellaceae

Morchella rufobrunnea, commonly known as the blushing morel, is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. A choice edible species, the fungus was described as new to science in 1998 by mycologists Gastón Guzmán and Fidel Tapia from collections made in Veracruz, Mexico. Its distribution was later revealed to be far more widespread after several DNA studies suggested that it is also present in the West Coast of the United States, Israel, Australia, Cyprus, Malta and Switzerland.

<i>Morchella tridentina</i> Species of fungus

Morchella tridentina is a cosmopolitan species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Commonly referred to as the mountain blond or western blond morel in North America, it produces conical, grey to buff fruit bodies that are rufescent and grow up to 20 cm (7.9 in) tall and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide. This early-diverging species is distinct within the /Elata clade due to its pale colours and has been described by many names in the past, including M. frustrata, M. quercus-ilicis, M. elatoides, M. elatoides var. elegans and M. conica var. pseudoeximia, all of which were shown to be synonyms. A widely distributed relict of the last Ice Age, M. tridentina is so far known from Argentina, Armenia, Chile, Cyprus, France, India, Israel, North America, Spain and Turkey.

<i>Morchella americana</i> Species of fungus

Morchella americana is a North American species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae.

<i>Morchella snyderi</i> Species of fungus

Morchella snyderi is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2012, it occurs in the montane forests of western North America, including California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington. It produces fruit bodies up to 14 cm (5.5 in) tall with ridged and pitted conical caps, and stipes that become pitted in maturity. The color of the morel is yellow to tan when young, but the cap ridges become brown to black in maturity or when dried.

<i>Morchella importuna</i> Species of fungus

Morchella importuna is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae described from North America in 2012. It occurs in gardens, woodchip beds, and other urban settings of northern California and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada. The fungus has also been reported from Turkey, Spain, France, Switzerland, Canada and China, although it is unknown whether this is a result of accidental introductions. It is considered a choice edible mushroom. The fruit bodies develop a distinctive ladder-like pattern of pits and ridges on the surface of their conical caps.

Morchella capitata is a later synonym of Morchella exuberans. Originally identified as phylogenetic species Mel-9, it was described as new to science in 2012 by Kuo and colleagues. In 2014 however, Richard and colleagues clarified the taxonomic status of this species, retaining the name Morchella exuberans of Clowez (2012) over M. capitata.

<i>Morchella sextelata</i> Species of fungus

Morchella sextelata is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2012, it is found in North America. It has also been found in China, although it is not known if this is a result of an accidental introduction or natural dispersion. The fruit bodies have a roughly conical cap up to 7.5 cm (3 in) tall and 5 cm (2 in) wide, with a surface of mostly vertically arranged pits. The cap is initially yellowish to brownish, but it darkens to become almost black in maturity. The stipe is white and hollow, measuring 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) high by 1–2.2 cm (0.4–0.9 in) wide.

<i>Morchella punctipes</i> Species of fungus

Morchella punctipes is a species of morel fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is native to North America, found widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. It is edible when cooked.

<i>Morchella anatolica</i> Species of fungus

Morchella anatolica is a rare species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010 from southwest Anatolia, Turkey, where it grows on moss-covered stream beds in pine forests. An ancient climatic relict, M. anatolica is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and has also been documented in Spain, Cyprus and Greece, where it is sometimes encountered with trees of the Oleaceae family. Together with its sister-species Morchella rufobrunnea, they are the earliest diverging lineages in genus Morchella, forming a distinct clade that is basal in global morel phylogenies. Because of its phylogenetic position, M. anatolica has been crucial in inferring the historical biogeography of the genus, which is estimated to have emerged somewhere in the Mediterranean region in the late Jurassic.

<i>Morchella arbutiphila</i> Species of fungus

Morchella arbutiphila is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota), described from the island of Cyprus in 2016. The species is notable for its elongated stipe, which is often longer than the cap's length, its ascospores which are larger than most other species of Morchella, and its highly specific ecological preferences. It is known only from igneous substrates of the Troodos mountains in Cyprus and from a single collection in the Aegean region of Turkey.

<i>Morchella disparilis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella disparilis is an Ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2016, M. disparilis appears to be confined to the Mediterranean basin and is so far known from Cyprus, Greece and Spain. Its most striking feature is the exceptionally deep sinus, intermediate in depth between half-free morels of the Morchella semilibera clade and typical Distantes species.

Morchella kakiicolor is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was originally proposed as a form of Morchella quercus-ilicis in a 2012 study by Philippe Clowez, but was later re-combined as an autonomous species by Loizides and colleagues, based on molecular phylogenetic data. In the same study, M. quercus-ilicis f. quercus-ilicis was shown by the authors to be a later synonym of the old taxon Morchella tridentina, and not phylogenetically related to M. kakiicolor.

<i>Morchella eximia</i> Species of fungus

Morchella eximia is a globally-occurring fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota), first described by Émile Boudier in 1910. In an elaborate phylogenetic and nomenclatural revision of the genus in 2014, Richard and colleagues showed that the taxa Morchella anthracophila, Morchella carbonaria, and Morchella septimelata, proposed in 2012 by Clowez and Kuo et al. respectively, are all later synonyms of this old taxon.

<i>Morchella dunensis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella dunensis, the morel of the dunes, is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was first described as a form of Morchella esculenta by Castañera and colleagues in 1996, but was later recombined as a distinct species by Clowez. In a 2014 study by Richard and colleagues, the authors concluded that the taxon was conspecific to Morchella vulgaris, due to its close phylogenetic proximity to the latter. However, following increased molecular sampling and the testing of an isoparatype collection by Loizides and colleagues in 2016, it was revealed that M. dunensis is indeed very closely related to, but phylogenetically distinct from M. vulgaris. This study also showed that the taxon Morchella andalusiae is phylogenetically identical and therefore a later synonym of M. dunensis.

<i>Morchella purpurascens</i> Species of fungus

Morchella purpurascens, the purple morel, is an ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was first described as a variety of Morchella elata by Emile Boudier in 1897, based on a plate previously illustrated by Julius Vincenz von Krombholz. It was then recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant, and validated the following year by Jacquetant and Bon. As with many other morel species, its taxonomical status remained for a long time a subject of debate, until an extensive phylogenetic and nomenclatural study in 2014 by Richard and colleagues confirmed this species' autonomy and matched it to phylogenetic lineage Mel-20.

Morchella exuberans is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez and corresponds to phylogenetic lineage Mel-9. Morchella capitata, described by Kuo and colleagues later in the same year, is a synonym of this taxon.

Morchella casteneae is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez and appears to be confined to the Iberian peninsula. A subsequent phylogenetic and nomenclatural study by Richard and colleagues has confirmed M. castaneae as a distinct species and showed the taxa Morchella brunneorosea and Morchella brunneorosea var. sordida to be synonymous.

<i>Morchella sceptriformis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella sceptriformis is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez, and corresponds to phylogenetic lineage Mes-3. Morchella virginiana, described later in the same year by Kuo and colleagues, is conspecific to this taxon.

References

  1. ↑ Boudier E. (1887). "Notice sur les discomycètes figurés dans les dessins inédits de Dunal conservés à la Faculté de Montpellier". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 3: 88–96, pl. 8.
  2. ↑ Boudier E. (1897). "Révision analytique des morilles de France". Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France. 13: 130–150.
  3. ↑ Moreau P-A, Hériveau P, Bourgade V, Bellanger J-M, Courtecuisse R, Fons F, Rapior S (2011). "Redécouverte et typification des champignons de la région de Montpellier illustrés par Michel-Félix Dunal et Alire Raffeneau-Delile". Cryptogamie, Mycologie (in French). 32 (3): 255–276. doi:10.7872/crym.v32.iss3.2011.255. S2CID   85671801.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Richard F, Bellanger JM, Clowez P, Hansen K, O'Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R, Moreau PA (2015). "True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy". Mycologia. 107 (2): 359–382. doi: 10.3852/14-166 . PMID   25550303.
  5. 1 2 Taşkın H; Büyükalacaa S; Doğan HH; Rehnerc SA; O'Donnell K (Aug 2010). "A multigene molecular phylogenetic assessment of true morels (Morchella) in Turkey". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 47 (8): 672–682. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.05.004. PMID   20580850.
  6. ↑ Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Hansen K, O'Donnell K (2012). "Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of true morels (Morchella) reveals high levels of endemics in Turkey relative to other regions of Europe". Mycologia. 104 (2): 446–461. doi:10.3852/11-180. PMID   22123659. S2CID   207685509.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Loizides M, Bellanger J-M, Lowez P, Richard F, Moreau P-A (2016). "Combined phylogenetic and morphological studies of true morels (Pezizales, Ascomycota) in Cyprus reveal significant diversity, including Morchella arbutiphila and M. disparilis spp. nov". Mycological Progress. 15 (4): 39. Bibcode:2016MycPr..15...39L. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1180-1. S2CID   15163613.
  8. 1 2 Loizides M, Kyriakou T, Tziakouris A (2011). Edible & Toxic Fungi of Cyprus (in Greek and English). Published by the authors. pp. 122–23. ISBN   978-9963-7380-0-7.
  9. 1 2 Clowez P. (2012). "Les morilles. Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre Morchella". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 126 (3–4): 199–376 (see p. 238).
  10. ↑ Loizides M, Alvarado P, Clowez P, Moreau P-A, de la Osa LR, Palazon A (2015). "Morchella tridentina, M. rufobrunnea, and M. kakiicolor: a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels, with nomenclatural updates in section Distantes". Mycological Progress. 14 (3): 13. Bibcode:2015MycPr..14...13L. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1030-6. S2CID   16132175. Archived from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Marcos Martinez J, Mir G, Marques G (2021). "El género Morchella Dill. ex Pers. en Illes Balears". Micobotánica-Jaén. XVI (1): 1–39.
  12. ↑ Clowez P, Moreau PA (2018). "Les spores de morilles en microscopie optique". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 37: 23–38.
  13. ↑ Loizides, M. (2017). "Morels: the story so far". Field Mycology. 18 (2): 42–53. doi: 10.1016/j.fldmyc.2017.04.004 .
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