Monograph

Last updated

A monograph is generally a work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, often created by a single author or artist. Traditionally it is in written form and published as a book, but it may be an artwork, audiovisual work, or exhibition made up of visual artworks. In library cataloguing, the word has a specific and broader meaning, while in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration uses the term to mean a set of published standards.

Contents

Written works

Academic works

The English term monograph is derived from modern Latin monographia, which has its root in Greek. [1] In the English word, mono- means 'single' and -graph means 'something written'. [2]

Unlike a textbook, which surveys the state of knowledge in a field, the main purpose of a monograph is to present primary research and original scholarship. This research is presented at length, distinguishing a monograph from an article. For these reasons, publication of a monograph is commonly regarded as vital for career progression in many academic disciplines. Intended for other researchers and bought primarily by libraries, monographs are generally published as individual volumes in a short print run. [3] In Britain and the U.S., what differentiates a scholarly monograph from an academic trade title varies by publisher, though generally it is the assumption that the readership has not only specialised or sophisticated knowledge but also professional interest in the subject of the work. [4]

A written monograph is usually a specialist book on one topic, although its meaning has been broadened to include any works which are not reference works and which may be written by one or more authors, or an edited collection. [5]

Library definition

In library cataloguing, monograph has a broader meaning: a non-serial publication complete in one volume (book) or a definite number of books. [6] Thus it differs from a serial or periodical publication such as a magazine, academic journal, or newspaper. [7] In this context only, books such as novels are considered monographs.

Types of monographs

Biology

In biological taxonomy, a monograph is a comprehensive treatment of a taxon in written form. Monographs typically review all known species within a group, add any newly discovered species, and collect and synthesize available information on the ecological associations, geographic distributions, and morphological variations within the group.

The first-ever monograph of a plant taxon was Robert Morison's 1672 Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova, a treatment of the Apiaceae. [8]

Art

Book publishers use the term "artist monograph" or "art monograph" to indicate books dealing with a single artist, as opposed to broader surveys of art subjects. [9] [10] [11]

Film and multimedia

The term monograph is also used for audiovisual or film documentary-type representations of a subject, [12] often creatively expressed. [13] The term "monographic film" has also been used for short fiction or animated films. [14]

Video or film essays on a single topic are also referred to as monographs. [15] [16] [17]

IndyVinyl, by Scottish film academic Ian Garwood, is a monographic research project focused on "vinyl records in American independent cinema between 1987 and 2018". It includes an 8,000-word peer-reviewed academic book chapter; video compilations; "critical montages"; and a series of social media posts, all curated on a website. [18] Garwood has written that his project is "an attempt to produce a research output equivalent to an academic monograph, but incorporating video-based forms of criticism that have been popularised through online film culture". [19]

FDA usage

In the context of Food and Drug Administration regulation, monographs represent published standards by which the use of one or more substances is automatically authorized. For example, the following is an excerpt from the Federal Register : "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule in the form of a final monograph establishing conditions under which over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen drug products are generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded as part of FDA's ongoing review of OTC drug products." [20] Such usage has given rise to the use of the word monograph as a verb, as in "this substance has been monographed by the FDA".

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food and Drug Administration</span> United States federal agency

The United States Food and Drug Administration is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, caffeine products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Over-the-counter drug</span> Medication available without a prescription

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a requirement for a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be supplied only to consumers possessing a valid prescription. In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they contain ingredients that are safe and effective when used without a physician's care. OTC drugs are usually regulated according to their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and strengths of final products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cold medicine</span> Medication taken to relieve cold symptoms

Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually or in combination as a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. The term encompasses a broad array of drugs, including analgesics, antihistamines and decongestants, among many others. It also includes drugs which are marketed as cough suppressants or antitussives, but their effectiveness in reducing cough symptoms is unclear or minimal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prescription drug</span> Medication legally requiring a medical prescription before it can be dispensed

A prescription drug is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription. In contrast, over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in substance control is the potential scope of misuse, from drug abuse to practicing medicine without a license and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colchicine</span> Medication mainly used to treat gout

Colchicine is a medication used to prevent and treat gout, to treat familial Mediterranean fever and Behçet's disease, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction. The American College of Rheumatology recommends colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids in the treatment of gout. Other uses for colchicine include the management of pericarditis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naproxen</span> Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain

Naproxen, sold under the brand name Aleve among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain, menstrual cramps, and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout and fever. It is taken orally. It is available in immediate and delayed release formulations. Onset of effects is within an hour and lasts for up to twelve hours. Naproxen is also available in salt form, naproxen sodium, which has better solubility when taken orally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guaifenesin</span> Expectorant medication

Guaifenesin, also known as glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant medication taken by mouth and marketed as an aid to eliminate sputum from the respiratory tract. Chemically, it is an ether of guaiacol and glycerine. It may be used in combination with other medications. A 2014 study found that guaifenesin has no effect on sputum production or clearance in upper respiratory infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ranitidine</span> Medication that decreases stomach acid

Ranitidine, previously sold under the brand name Zantac among others, is a medication used to decrease stomach acid production. It was commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. It can be given by mouth, injection into a muscle, or injection into a vein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenylephrine</span> Decongestant medication

Phenylephrine, sold under the brand names Neosynephrine and Sudafed PE among others, is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion, to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids. It can be taken by mouth, as a nasal spray, given by injection into a vein or muscle, applied to the skin, or as a rectal suppository.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lansoprazole</span> Stomach acid suppressing medication

Lansoprazole, sold under the brand name Prevacid among others, is a medication which reduces stomach acid. It is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), used to treat peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Its effectiveness is similar to that of other PPIs. It is taken by mouth. Onset is over a few hours and effects last up to a couple of days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jack Sargeant (writer)</span> British writer (born 1968)

Jack Sargeant is a British writer specialising in cult film, underground film, and independent film, as well as subcultures, true crime, and other aspects of the unusual. In addition he is a film programmer, curator, academic and photographer. He has appeared in underground films and performances. He currently lives in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Levocetirizine</span> Antihistamine drug

Levocetirizine, sold under the brand name Xyzal, among others, is a second-generation antihistamine used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and long-term hives of unclear cause. It is less sedating than older antihistamines. It is taken by mouth.

Sominex is the trademarked name for several over the counter sleep aids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cetylpyridinium chloride</span> Chemical compound

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a cationic quaternary ammonium compound used in some types of mouthwashes, toothpastes, lozenges, throat sprays, breath sprays, and nasal sprays. It is an antiseptic that kills bacteria and other microorganisms. It has been shown to be effective in preventing dental plaque and reducing gingivitis. It has also been used as an ingredient in certain pesticides. As of the time of this update, one study suggests cetylpyridinium chloride does not cause brown tooth stains, although particular questions regarding usage habits in patient context are best addressed by a dental office as opposed to legal marketing. There are brands containing CPC as an active ingredient that may bear the warning label "In some cases, antimicrobial rinses may cause surface staining to teeth," following a failed class-action lawsuit brought by customers whose teeth were stained.

Clinical research is a branch of medical research that involves people and aims to determine the effectiveness (efficacy) and safety of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for improving human health. These research procedures are designed for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis or understanding of disease symptoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orally disintegrating tablet</span> Pill that dissolves on contact with saliva

An orally disintegrating tablet or orally dissolving tablet (ODT) is a drug dosage form available for a limited range of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. ODTs differ from traditional tablets in that they are designed to be dissolved on the tongue rather than swallowed whole. The ODT serves as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphagia or for where compliance is a known issue and therefore an easier dosage form to take ensures that medication is taken. Common among all age groups, dysphagia is observed in about 35% of the general population, as well as up to 60% of the elderly institutionalized population and 18-22% of all patients in long-term care facilities ODTs may have a faster onset of effect than tablets or capsules, and have the convenience of a tablet that can be taken without water. During the last decade, ODTs have become available in a variety of therapeutic markets, both OTC and by prescription.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clofedanol</span> Chemical compound

Clofedanol (INN) or chlophedianol (BAN), sold under the brand name Ninjacof among others, is a centrally acting cough suppressant used in the treatment of dry cough. Clofedanol has local anesthetic, antispasmodic, and antihistamine properties, and may have anticholinergic effects at high doses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twist of Fate (Olivia Newton-John song)</span> 1983 single by Olivia Newton-John

"Twist of Fate" is a song recorded by British-Australian singer Olivia Newton-John for the soundtrack to the 1983 film Two of a Kind. Written by Peter Beckett and Steve Kipner, and produced by David Foster, the song was released as the first single from the album on 21 October 1983, and reached number four in Australia and Canada. It reached its peak position of number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 1984, becoming her last top 10 single on the chart, and she would only crack the top 40 two more times for the rest of her career. Billboard magazine ranked "Twist of Fate" as the 42nd most popular single of 1984.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mometasone/formoterol</span> Combination drug

Mometasone/formoterol, sold under the brand name Dulera among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used in the long-term treatment of asthma. It contains mometasone a steroid and formoterol a long-acting beta agonist. It is only recommended in those for whom an inhaled steroid is not sufficient. It is used by inhalation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenofovir alafenamide</span> Chemical compound

Tenofovir alafenamide, sold under the brand name Vemlidy, is an antiviral medication used against hepatitis B and HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults with compensated liver disease and is given in combination with other medications for the prevention and treatment of HIV. It is taken by mouth.

References

  1. ↑ The explanation of 'monograph' and 'monogram' in Oxford Advanced Leaners' Dictionary (8th Ed.)
  2. ↑ "The explanation of "monograph" in Online Etymology Dictionary" . Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  3. ↑ Williams, Peter; Stevenson, Iain; Nicholas, David; Watkinson, Anthony; Rowlands, Ian (2009). "The role and future of the monograph in arts and humanities research". ASLIB Proceedings . 61: 67–82. doi:10.1108/00012530910932294.
  4. ↑ Thompson, John B. (2005). Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States . Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN   978-0745634784 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ↑ Campbell, Robert; Pentz, Ed; Borthwick, Ian (2012). Academic and Professional Publishing. Elsevier. ISBN   978-1-78063-309-1. '[M]onograph' has become a generic term for a book that is not of a reference type, is of primary material and which may be multi-authored, single-authored, or an edited collection.
  6. ↑ Swendsrud, Kristen, ed. (2024). "Books and Other Monographs: Definitions". The CSE Manual (9th ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN   9780226683942 . Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  7. ↑ Harrod, Leonard Montague (2005). Prytherch, Raymond John (ed.). Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management (10th ed.). Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p. 462. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020 – via Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science. For the purpose of library cataloging, any nonserial publication, complete in one volume or intended to be completed in a finite number of parts issued at regular or irregular intervals, containing a single work or collection of works. Monographs are sometimes published in monographic series and subseries. Compare with book.
  8. ↑ Vines, Sydney Howard (1913). "Robert Morison (1620–1683) and John Ray (1627–1705)". In Oliver, Francis Wall (ed.). Makers of British Botany. Cambridge University Press. p. 22 – via Wikisource.
  9. ↑ "Artist Monographs Archives". Thames & Hudson Australia & New Zealand. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  10. ↑ "Artist monographs". MCA Store Museum of Contemporary Art . 29 May 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  11. ↑ Nigro, Perry (6 July 2017). "Research Guides: *Art History: Art Monographs". Research Guides at Northwestern University. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  12. ↑ "MONOGRAPH: the new film format for firms". ISPLORA. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  13. ↑ "Cinema – Monographs". Les presses du réel. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  14. ↑ "Animation". Monographic Films (in Spanish). 20 May 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  15. ↑ "Monographs 2023". Asian Film Archive. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  16. ↑ "Monograph: Paul Rogers". PBS Short Film Festival . 15 July 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  17. ↑ "Monograph: Lo Harris". WETA. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  18. ↑ "From 'video essay' to 'video monograph'?: Indy Vinyl as academic book". NECSUS. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  19. ↑ "Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema: 1987 to 2018". Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  20. ↑ "DOCID:fr21my99-6", Federal Register, Rules and Regulations, vol. 64, no. 98, pp. 27666–27693, 21 May 1999, archived from the original (TXT) on 1 February 2017
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.