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The composite index or composite indicator (abbreviated as c-score) [1] [2] is a new numerical indicator that evaluates the quality of a scientist's research publications, regardless of the scientific field in which he/she operates. [3] [4] [5]
It was initially introduced in 2016 by the Greek-American metascience researcher John Ioannidis at Stanford University and his collaborators, R. Klavans R. and K. Boyack. [6] In 2019 an improved version of it [7] was announced in the scientific journal PLOS Biology under the paper title "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators".
Based on a metaresearch study by Ioannidis et al., [8] the new c-score is calculated by an algorithm that combines all scientific research fields and ranks research from the Scopus database across all research areas, even from those with lower citation density.
Such meta-research has analyzed and recently published, ultimately identifing the top 2% of the world's most influential scientists, in a unified way across each and every scientific sub-discipline. [9] [10]
In general, the parameters that are taken into account and eventually determine the new composite-index (c-score) are the following ones:
The George Institute for Global Health, is an independent medical research institute headquartered in Australia with offices in China, India and the United Kingdom. The George Institute conducts research on non-communicable disease, including heart and kidney disease, stroke, diabetes, and injury. The institute is known for conducting large-scale clinical studies. Between 1999 and 2017, the George has consumed over A$750 million in research grant and fundraising.
Stephen Vincent Faraone is an American psychologist. He has worked mainly on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and related disorders and is considered one of the most influential psychologists in the world.
Ralph Weissleder is an American clinician scientist.
Frank T. Rothaermel is a professor in the Scheller College of Business at the Georgia Institute of Technology and an Alfred P. Sloan Industry Studies Fellow. He holds the Russell and Nancy McDonough Chair of Business.
Kenneth B. Storey is a Canadian scientist whose work draws from a variety of fields including biochemistry and molecular biology. He is a Professor of Biology, Biochemistry and Chemistry at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. Storey has a world-wide reputation for his research on biochemical adaptation - the molecular mechanisms that allow animals to adapt to and endure severe environmental stresses such as deep cold, oxygen deprivation, and desiccation.
Ishwar Kanwar Puri is an Indian-American and Canadian scientist, engineer, and academic.
Abdullah Al Mamun is a Bangladeshi physicist who is a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Daniel Simon Mills, FRCVS is an English veterinarian and biologist and the UK's first Professor of Veterinary Behavioural Medicine based at the University of Lincoln, United Kingdom. He attended St Edmund's College, Ware before studying at the University of Bristol where he received his BVSc degree and completed his Ph.D. degree in animal behaviour from De Montfort University.
V. Mohan is an Indian physician/scientist specializing in diabetology. He is the Chairman of Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, which is an IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care. He is also the Chairman of the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation in Chennai which is an ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes.
Stephen Mann, FRS, FRSC, is Professor of Chemistry, co-director of the Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, director of the Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, director of the Centre for Protolife Research, and was principal of the Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials at the University of Bristol, UK.
Antonio Bicchi is an Italian scientist interested in robotics and intelligent machines. He is professor at the University of Pisa and senior researcher at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa. He is an adjunct professor at the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering of Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona, US.
Animal Study Registry is an online registry for the preregistration of research studies involving animals. Animal Study Registry was launched in January 2019 and can be used by scientists worldwide.
Mario Agostino Rocca is an Italian experimental physicist. His main contributions are on the experimental measurement of surface phonon spectra, conventional and acoustic surface plasmon dispersion, and gas surface interaction.
Rattan Lal is a soil scientist. His work focuses on regenerative agriculture through which soil can help resolve global issues such as climate change, food security and water quality. He is considered a pioneer in soil-centric agricultural management to improve global food security and develop climate-resilient agriculture.
David S. Wishart is a Canadian researcher and a Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences and the Department of Computing Science at the University of Alberta. Wishart also holds cross appointments in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology in the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. Additionally, Wishart holds a joint appointment in metabolomics at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington. Wishart is well known for his pioneering contributions to the fields of protein NMR spectroscopy, bioinformatics, cheminformatics and metabolomics. In 2011, Wishart founded the Metabolomics Innovation Centre (TMIC), which is Canada's national metabolomics laboratory.
Giuliano Di Baldassarre is a professor of hydrology at Uppsala University and the Director of the Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Science, Sweden. He was awarded the American Geophysical Union Whiterspoon Lecture in 2020 and the European Geosciences Union Plinius Medal in 2021.
Soumyadeep Bhaumik is an Indian medical doctor and public health researcher who heads the Meta-research and Evidence Synthesis Unit in George Institute for Global Health. In 2021, Bhaumik and other scientists successfully advocated for the removal of convalescent plasma from COVID-19 treatment guidelines through an open letter to the Principal Scientific Advisor, Government of India. He is among top 2% of most cited researchers globally in field of general and internal medicine. Bhaumik is also Associate Editor, BMJ Global Health and Academic Editor in PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases.
George I. Mantanis is a Greek wood scientist and professor at the University of Thessaly, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.
Stavros Avramidis is a Greek Canadian wood scientist and professor at the University of British Columbia in Canada, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) and current president of the International Academy of Wood Science.
The science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators is a multidimensional ranking of the world’s scientists produced since 2015 by a team of researchers led by John P. A. Ioannidis at Stanford.