List of academic publishers by preprint policy

Last updated

This is a list of publishers of academic journals by their submission policies regarding the use of preprints prior to publication (example list).

Contents

Publishers' policies on self-archiving (including of preprint versions) can also be found at SHERPA/RoMEO.

Policies by publisher

Submission of preprints is accepted by all open access journals. Over the last decade, they have been joined by most subscription journals, however publisher policies are often vague or ill-defined. [1]

In general, most publishers that permit preprints require that:

Publishers may place additional restrictions (e.g. specifying non-commercial servers or preferred licenses). Most publishers have a unified policy across all of their journals, however some journals list exceptions in their own policies.

PublisherRestrictionsSource
LocationVersionLicense
American Association for the Advancement of Science Not-for-profit servers (e.g. arXiv, bioRxiv, chemRxiv, medRxiv)UnrestrictedUnrestricted [2]
American Association for Cancer Research UnrestrictedMust not post revised manuscript (after peer review or editorial comment)Unrestricted [3]
American Association for Physics in Medicine Non-commercial servers (e.g. arXiv, Open Science Framework, Zenodo)UnrestrictedUnrestricted [4]
American Chemical Society UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [5]
Association for Computing Machinery Non-commercial servers (e.g. arXiv, Open Science Framework, Zenodo)UnrestrictedUnrestricted [6]
American Geophysical Union UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [7]
American Heart Association UnrestrictedVersions of a manuscript that have been altered as a result of the peer review process may not be depositedUnrestricted [8]
American Institute of Physics (AIP Publishing)UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [9]
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [10]
American Physical Society UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [11]
American Physiological Society UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [12]
American Phytopathological Society UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [13]
American Psychiatric Association Publishing UnrestrictedSubmitted manuscript must add meaningful new information above that already in the preprintUnrestricted [14]
American Society of Agronomy UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Not-for-profit servers (e.g. arXiv, bioRxiv, chemRxiv, medRxiv)UnrestrictedMust assign publisher copyright or pay Article Processing Charge for hybrid OA publication. [15] [16]
American Society for Cell Biology UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [17]
American Society for Clinical Investigation UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [18]
American Society of Clinical Oncology UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [19]
American Society for Microbiology UnrestrictedUnrestrictedMust assign publisher copyright or pay Article Processing Charge for hybrid OA publication. [20]
American Society of Plant Biologists UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [21]
American Statistical Association UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted
American Thoracic Society UnrestrictedVersions of a manuscript that have been altered as a result of the peer review process may not be depositedUnrestricted [22]
Beilstein-Institut Non-commercial servers (e.g. arXiv, Open Science Framework, Zenodo) or the author's university repositoryUnrestrictedUnrestricted [23]
British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints.Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints.Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints. [24]
British Medical Journal Company Not-for-profit servers (e.g. arXiv, bioRxiv, chemRxiv, medRxiv)UnrestrictedUnrestricted [25] [26]
Canadian Science Publishing UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [27]
Cambridge University Press UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [28]
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [29]
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Publishing UnrestrictedPre-publication version onlyUnrestricted [30]
The Company of Biologists UnrestrictedVersions of a manuscript that have altered as a result of the peer review process may not be depositedUnrestricted [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]
Crop Science Society of America UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted
De Gruyter UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [36]
eLife Sciences Publications Ltd UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [37] [38]
Elsevier Unrestricted, except:

Biophysical Journal also includes that: preprint posting is only permitted to a private website, arXiv, bioRxiv, chemRxiv, or GitHub. [39]

Unrestricted, except:

Cell Press journals also include: Versions of a manuscript that have altered as a result of the peer review process may not be deposited. [40]

Unrestricted [41]
Emerald Group Publishing UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [42]
European Molecular Biology Organization Press UnrestrictedNo updated versions may be posted to preprint servers after initial submission to the journal.Unrestricted [43]
European Respiratory Society UnrestrictedVersions of a manuscript that have been altered as a result of the peer review process may not be depositedUnrestricted [44]
Faculty of 1000 UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [45]
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology UnrestrictedUnrestrictedIf posted under any open access license, must pay Article Processing Charge for hybrid OA publication. [46]
Frontiers Media UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [47]
Genetics Society of America UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [48] [49]
Institute of Physics Publishing Publishing UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [50]
IOS Press UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [51]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [52]
IUCr Journals UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [53]
Japan Society for Cell Biology UnrestrictedVersions of a manuscript that have been altered as a result of the peer review process may not be depositedUnrestricted [54]
The JAMA Network UnrestrictedSubmitted manuscript must add meaningful new information above that already in the preprintUnrestricted [55]
JMIR Publications UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [56]
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Inc.Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints.Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints.Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints. [57]
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [58]
Massachusetts Medical Society nonprofit preprint serverUnrestrictedUnrestricted [59] [60]
Microbiology Society UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [61]
MyJove Corp. Not-for-profit servers (e.g. arXiv, bioRxiv, chemRxiv, medRxiv)UnrestrictedWhen posting the preprint, authors should choose a CC BY-NC-ND license [62]
National Academy of Sciences UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [63] [64] [65]
Optica UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [66]
Oxford University Press Unrestricted, except:

Nucleic Acids Research specifically prohibits Nature Precedings or PLOS Currents [67] (though both are no longer operative since 2018).

UnrestrictedUnrestricted, except:

American Society for Nutrition journals require that if posted under any open access license, author must pay Article Processing Charge for hybrid OA publication. [68]

[69]
PeerJ UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [70]
Public Library of Science UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [71]
Rockefeller University Press UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [72]
Royal Society Publishing UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [73]
SAGE Publishing Unrestricted, except:

The following journals opt out of SAGE's publication policies:

Acta Radiologica does not accept preprint submissions. [74]

Sports Health does not accept preprint submissions. [75]

Political Insight 'may accept' preprint submissions. [76]

California Management Review , [77] Index on Censorship , [78] Recherche et Applications en Marketing [79] and Pain News , [80] do not include a statement on either prior publication or preprints.

UnrestrictedUnrestricted [81]
Society for Judgment and Decision Making UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [82]
Society for Neuroscience UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [83]
Soil Science Society of America UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted
SPIE UnrestrictedPre-publication version onlyUnrestricted [84]
Springer Nature UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90]
Taylor & Francis UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [91]
University of Chicago Press Non-commercial servers (e.g. arXiv, Open Science Framework, Zenodo)

Except:

The American Naturalist also prohibits repositories with publications attached (e.g. PeerJ ) [92]

UnrestrictedLicense must be CC BY-NC. If CC BY, must pay Article Processing Charge for hybrid OA publication. [93]
WikiJournal User Group UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [94]
Wiley Unrestricted, except:

Journal of Orthopaedic Research does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints. [95] [96]

Unrestricted, except:

Journal of Orthopaedic Research does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints. [97] [98]

Unrestricted, except:

Journal of Orthopaedic Research does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints. [99] [100]

[101] [102]
Wolters Kluwer Unrestricted, except:

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints.

Unrestricted, except:

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints.

Unrestricted, except:

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research Does not accept clinical research articles that have been shared as preprints.

 [103]
World Scientific UnrestrictedUnrestrictedUnrestricted [104]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Klebel, Thomas; Reichmann, Stefan; Polka, Jessica; McDowell, Gary; Penfold, Naomi; Hindle, Samantha; Ross-Hellauer, Tony (2020-10-21). "Peer review and preprint policies are unclear at most major journals". PLOS ONE. 15 (10): e0239518. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1539518K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239518 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   7577440 . PMID   33085678.
  2. ↑ "Science Journals: editorial policies". Science.org. January 31, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Editorial Policies - American Association for Cancer Research". aacrjournals.org.
  4. ↑ "Homepage of the Medical Physics Journal; Footnote 1" . Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  5. ↑ "Prior Publication Policies". pubs.acs.org. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  6. ↑ "ACM Author Rights". authors.acm.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  7. ↑ "Prior Publication Policy". AGU. Archived from the original on Mar 15, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Prior Publication Policy". AHA/ASA Journals. January 2023. Archived from the original on Aug 4, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Sharing Content Online". AIP Publishing. Archived from the original on Feb 22, 2024.
  10. ↑ "Publication Policies - How Can I Share my Research? Guidelines for Authors". AIAA. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  11. ↑ "Submission: Frequently Asked Questions". Physical Review Journals. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on Dec 21, 2022.
  12. ↑ "American Physiological Society > Error". www.the-aps.org.
  13. ↑ "Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions". apsjournals.apsnet.org.
  14. ↑ "Guidelines for Authors" . Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  15. ↑ "Editorial policies". Journal of Biological Chemistry.
  16. ↑ "Editorial Policies | Molecular & Cellular Proteomics". www.mcponline.org.
  17. ↑ "Molecular Biology of the Cell (MBoC)". www.molbiolcell.org.
  18. ↑ "JCI - Information for Authors". www.jci.org.
  19. ↑ "Journal Policies (Journal of Clinical Oncology)". ascopubs.org. American Society of Clinical Oncology.
  20. ↑ "Preprint-policy". journals.asm.org.
  21. ↑ "Plant Physiology". pphys.msubmit.net.
  22. ↑ "ATS Scholar | Instructions for Submission". www.atsjournals.org. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  23. ↑ "BJNANO - The BJNANO". www.beilstein-journals.org.
  24. ↑ Leopold, S. S.; Haddad, F. S.; Sandell, L. J.; Swiontkowski, M. (2019). "Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, The Bone & Joint Journal, the Journal of Orthopaedic Research, and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery will not accept clinical research manuscripts previously posted to preprint servers". The Bone & Joint Journal. 101-B (1): 1–3. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.101B1.BJJ-2018-1289. ISSN   2049-4394. PMC   8071585 . PMID   30601050.
  25. ↑ https://www.bmj.com/company/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Non-Open-Access-Articles-May-2018-1.pdf [ dead link ]
  26. ↑ "Preprint policies (BMJ and BMJ journals)". British Medical Journal.
  27. ↑ "Canadian Science Publishing". www.nrcresearchpress.com.
  28. ↑ "Journal – Copyright Transfer Form" (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  29. ↑ "Instructions to Authors: Introduction". CSH Press. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  30. ↑ "Rights & Permissions (Copyright/Licence to Publish)". www.publish.csiro.au. CSIRO Publishing. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  31. ↑ "Journal policies - Development". dev.biologists.org.
  32. ↑ "Journal policies - Journal of Cell Science". jcs.biologists.org.
  33. ↑ "Journal policies - Journal of Experimental Biology". jeb.biologists.org.
  34. ↑ "Journal policies - Disease Models & Mechanisms". dmm.biologists.org.
  35. ↑ "Journal policies - Biology Open". bio.biologists.org.
  36. ↑ "De Gruyter: Sharing Your Work". degruyter.com. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Journal Policies (Presenting and discussing work prior to publication)". reviewer.elifesciences.org. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  38. ↑ Schekman, Randy; Watt, Fiona M; Weigel, Detlef (2013). "A year in the life of eLife". eLife. 2: e01516. doi: 10.7554/eLife.01516 . PMC   3796313 . PMID   24137550.
  39. ↑ "Author Guidelines" (PDF). Biophysical Journal. July 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  40. ↑ "Information for Authors: Cell". www.cell.com.
  41. ↑ "Sharing". www.elsevier.com.
  42. ↑ "Originality guidelines". www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com.
  43. ↑ "Author Guidelines - The EMBO Journal". emboj.embopress.org.
  44. ↑ "European Respiratory Society research journals manuscript submission guidelines | European Respiratory Society". www.ersjournals.com.
  45. ↑ "Article guidelines - F1000Research". f1000research.com.
  46. ↑ "Editorial policies (preprint submissions)". fasebj.org. doi: 10.1096/(ISSN)1530-6860 . Retrieved 2017-04-15.
  47. ↑ "Terms and Conditions". Frontiers in Journals. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  48. ↑ "Scope and Publication Policies - Genetics". www.genetics.org.
  49. ↑ "Scope and Publication Policies - G3: Genes - Genomes - Genetics". www.g3journal.org.
  50. ↑ "Preprint policy". IOP Science - Publishing Support. 11 February 2020.
  51. ↑ "Preprint policy". IOS Press. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  52. ↑ "An FAQ on Intellectual Property Rights for IEEE Authors" (PDF). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  53. ↑ "(IUCr) Notes for Authors of Acta Crystallographica Section D". journals.iucr.org.
  54. ↑ CSF (19 September 2016). "Author Instructions" . Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  55. ↑ "Instructions for Authors". JAMA Network. March 6, 2024. Archived from the original on Mar 17, 2024.
  56. ↑ "Can I submit a paper to you that has previously published on a different Preprint server (such as arXiv) other than JMIR Preprints?". JMIR Publications. 2023-09-22. Archived from the original on Sep 20, 2021.
  57. ↑ Leopold, Seth S.; Haddad, Fares S.; Sandell, Linda J.; Swiontkowski, Marc (2019). "Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, The Bone & Joint Journal, the Journal of Orthopaedic Research, and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Will Not Accept Clinical Research Manuscripts Previously Posted to Preprint Servers*". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 101 (1): 1–4. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.18.01215 . ISSN   0021-9355. PMC   6319698 . PMID   30601410.
  58. ↑ "Author Policies". Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. Archived from the original on Mar 13, 2022.
  59. ↑ "About NEJM - Editorial Policies". New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
  60. ↑ Kaiser, Jocelyn (5 Jun 2019). "Medical preprint server debuts" . Science. doi: 10.1126/science.aay2933 . S2CID   241980128 . Archived from the original on Mar 6, 2024.
  61. ↑ "Editorial policies". Microbiology Society Journals. Archived from the original on Apr 1, 2019.
  62. ↑ "JoVE Editorial Policies". jove.com. JoVE. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  63. ↑ The Editorial Board (1999). "PNAS Policy on Prior Publication". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96 (8): 4215. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4215T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4215 . PMC   33553 . PMID   10200238.
  64. ↑ Verma, Inder M. (2017-11-28). "Preprint servers facilitate scientific discourse". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (48): 12630. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11412630V. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716857114 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   5715790 . PMID   29078419.
  65. ↑ "PNAS Information for Authors. REVISED November 2016" (PDF). PNAS. November 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  66. ↑ "Preprint Posting Policy". opg.optica.org. Optica . Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  67. ↑ "Policies | Nucleic Acids Research | Oxford Academic". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  68. ↑ "Author Self-Archiving Policy – ASN Nutrition Journals | Journals | Oxford Academic". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
  69. ↑ "Self Archiving Policy B - Journals - Oxford Academic". academic.oup.com.
  70. ↑ "PeerJ - About - Journal Policies & Procedures". peerj.com.
  71. ↑ "PLOS ONE: accelerating the publication of peer-reviewed science". journals.plos.org.
  72. ↑ "Instructions for Authors - JCB". jcb.rupress.org.
  73. ↑ "Preprints, accepted author manuscripts and embargoes". royalsociety.org.
  74. ↑ "Manuscript Submission Guidelines: Acta Radiologica". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  75. ↑ "Manuscript Submission Guidelines: Sports Health". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 05Aug2025.
  76. ↑ "Manuscript Submission Guidelines: Political Insight". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  77. ↑ "Manuscript Submission Guidelines: California Management Review". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  78. ↑ "Manuscript Submission Guidelines: Index on Censorship". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  79. ↑ "Manuscript Submission Guidelines: Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition)". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  80. ↑ "Pain News | British Pain Society". www.britishpainsociety.org. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  81. ↑ "Guidelines for SAGE Authors". SAGE Publications Ltd. 23 November 2016.
  82. ↑ "Homepage of the Judgement and Decision Making Journal; Footnote 1" . Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  83. ↑ "The Journal of Neuroscience -- Instructions for Authors". August 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012.
  84. ↑ "SPIE Article-Sharing Policies". spie.org. SPIE . Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  85. ↑ "Preprint Sharing" . Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  86. ↑ "Self-Archiving Policy" . Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  87. ↑ "Nature respects preprint servers". Nature. 434 (7031): 257. 1 March 2005. Bibcode:2005Natur.434R.257.. doi: 10.1038/434257b . S2CID   205033236.
  88. ↑ "Authors' rights". www.springer.com.
  89. ↑ "SpringerOpen - Duplicate publication". 18 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012.
  90. ↑ "BioMed Central - Duplicate publication". 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012.
  91. ↑ "How to share your article & use different versions on different platforms". Author Services. 27 May 2015.
  92. ↑ "Instructions for Authors (Preprints)". www.journals.uchicago.edu. The American Naturalist. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  93. ↑ "University of Chicago Press Journals: The University of Chicago Press Guidelines for Journal Authors' Rights". www.journals.uchicago.edu.
  94. ↑ "Publishing (preprints and postprints)". en.wikiversity.org. WikiJournal User Group. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  95. ↑ Leopold, Seth S.; Haddad, Fares S.; Sandell, Linda J.; Swiontkowski, Marc (2019). "Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, The Bone & Joint Journal, The Journal of Orthopaedic Research, and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery will not accept clinical research manuscripts previously posted to preprint servers". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 37 (1): 8–11. doi: 10.1002/jor.24192 . ISSN   0736-0266. PMID   30605930. S2CID   58669040.
  96. ↑ "Pre-print policy". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Wiley. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1554-527X . Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  97. ↑ Leopold, Seth S.; Haddad, Fares S.; Sandell, Linda J.; Swiontkowski, Marc (2019). "Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, The Bone & Joint Journal, The Journal of Orthopaedic Research, and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery will not accept clinical research manuscripts previously posted to preprint servers". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 37 (1): 8–11. doi: 10.1002/jor.24192 . ISSN   0736-0266. PMID   30605930. S2CID   58669040.
  98. ↑ "Pre-print policy". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Wiley. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1554-527X . Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  99. ↑ Leopold, Seth S.; Haddad, Fares S.; Sandell, Linda J.; Swiontkowski, Marc (2019). "Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, The Bone & Joint Journal, The Journal of Orthopaedic Research, and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery will not accept clinical research manuscripts previously posted to preprint servers". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 37 (1): 8–11. doi: 10.1002/jor.24192 . ISSN   0736-0266. PMID   30605930. S2CID   58669040.
  100. ↑ "Pre-print policy". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Wiley. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1554-527X . Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  101. ↑ "Wiley's Preprints Policy". Wiley. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  102. ↑ "Funder Agreements - Wiley Online Library". olabout.wiley.com.
  103. ↑ Leopold, Seth S.; Haddad, Fares S.; Sandell, Linda J.; Swiontkowski, Marc (2019). "Editorial: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, The Bone & Joint Journal, The Journal of Orthopaedic Research, and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Will Not Accept Clinical Research Manuscripts Previously Posted to Preprint Servers". Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 477 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000000565. ISSN   0009-921X. PMC   6345289 . PMID   30586061.
  104. ↑ "For Authors". World Scientific. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.