Contents
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This is a list of preprint repositories .
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This is a list of preprint repositories .
| Name | Discipline(s) [a] | Description | Size | Created [b] | Provider(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAS Open Research | Multidisciplinary | At least one of the authors must be affiliated with the African Academy of Sciences | 251 | 2018 | African Academy of Sciences & F1000 Research Ltd |
| AMRC Open Research | Medicine | At least one of the authors must be affiliated with AMRC member charities | 45 | 2019 | Association of Medical Research Charities & F1000 Research Ltd |
| agriRxiv | Agriculture | Global preprint service for agriculture and allied sciences | 418 | 2017 | Open Access India & CAB International |
| APSA Preprints | Political science | Early research outputs in political science and related disciplines | 349 | 2019 | American Political Science Association & Cambridge University Press |
| mp_arc | Mathematical physics | Main focus: mathematics, physics | 9779 | 1991 (10 July)-2023 | University of Texas at Austin, Università Roma Tre, Universitat de Barcelona |
| arXiv [1] | Multidisciplinary | Main focus: mathematics, physics, astronomy, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, quantitative finance and economics | 2,250,000 (2023) [2] | 1991 (14 August) | Cornell University |
| AfricArXiv [3] | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server for interdisciplinary research in Africa | 186 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| Arabixiv | Multidisciplinary | Arabic Preprint Server | 493 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| ARPHA Preprints | Multidisciplinary | The submission systems limited to the participating ARPHA journals | 14 | 2020 | Pensoft Publishers |
| Authorea [4] | Multidisciplinary | A collaborative writing platform that can be used as preprint server | 11,334 | 2013 | Atypon |
| Beilstein Archives | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server for Beilstein journals | 520 | 2019 | Beilstein Institut |
| BioHackrXiv | Life Sciences | Preprint server to report on works done during BioHackathons, CodeFests, Sprints or similar events | 39 [5] | 2020 | Center for Open Science |
| bioRxiv [6] | Biology | Open access preprint repository for the biological sciences | 194,000 (2023) [7] | 2013 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |
| BodoArXiv | Medieval Studies | Open Repository for Medieval Studies | 71 | 2019 | ScholarlyHub & Center for Open Science |
| Cell Sneak Peek | Biology | Manuscript under review in Cell Press journals | 3,375 | 2018 | Elsevier |
| ChemRxiv [8] | Chemistry | Open access preprint archive for chemistry | 13,865 | 2017 | American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry & German Chemical Society |
| ChinaXiv | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server for interdisciplinary research in China | 14,361 | 2016 | National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| CogPrints | Multidisciplinary | Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, Computer Science, Philosophy, and Biology | 4,230 | 1997–2017 | University of Southampton |
| CrimRxiv | Criminology | Criminology's open archive | 187 | 2020 | University of Manchester |
| Cryptology ePrint Archive | Cryptography | Open access preprint archive for cryptography | 1,590 | 1996 | International Association for Cryptologic Research |
| EarthArXiv [9] | Earth science | All subdomains of Earth Science and related domains of planetary science | 3,817 | 2017 | California Digital Library |
| EcoEvoRxiv | Ecology | A free preprint service for ecology, evolution and conservation | 366 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| EconStor | Economics and Business Studies | A subject based repository with a high share of working papers (preprints) | 248,000 | 2009 | ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics |
| ECSarXiv | Electrochemistry | A free preprint service for electrochemistry and solid state science and technology | 172 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| EdArXiv | Education | A Preprint Server For The Education Research Community | 620 | 2019 | Center for Open Science |
| engrXiv [10] | Engineering | Open archive of engineering preprints | 1,431 | 2016 | Open Engineering Inc |
| ESSOAr | Earth science | Earth and space science preprints and conference posters | 2,526 | 2018 | American Geophysical Union, Atypon, & Wiley |
| Eyexiv | Vision science | The Eye Open Repository, Preprints for ophthalmology, optometry, and vision science | 300 | 2022 | International Virtual Ophthalmic Research Center |
| E-LIS | Library science | Eprints in Library and Information Science | 22,519 | 2003 | E-LIS Governance & CIEPI |
| F1000 Research | Life Sciences | Preprint server with integrated option of peer review by invited experts, suggested by the authors, done openly after publication | 3,790 | 2012 | F1000 Research Ltd. |
| FocUS Archive | Ultrasound research | A free preprint service for the focused ultrasound research community | 43 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| Frenxiv | Multidisciplinary | French server for preprints. Closed. | 149 | 2018–2022 | Center for Open Science |
| Gates Open Research | Multidisciplinary | A platform for rapid author-led publication and open peer review of research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 286 | 2017 | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |
| HAL [11] | Multidisciplinary | Open archive for scholarly documents from all academic fields | 842,398 | 2001 | Centre pour la communication scientifique directe |
| HRB Open Research | Medicine | A preprint platform for HRB-funded researchers | 157 | 2018 | Health Research Board & F1000 Research Ltd. |
| hprints | Arts and humanities | Nordic Arts and Humanities and Social Sciences Open Access repository | 274 | 2008 | French National Centre for Scientific Research & Nordbib |
| INArxiv | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server for interdisciplinary research in Indonesia | 16,489 | 2017–2020 [12] | Center for Open Science |
| IndiaRxiv | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server for interdisciplinary research in India | 134 | 2019 | Open Access India, Center for Open Science & Society for Promotion of Horticulture |
| Jxiv | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server in Japan [13] | 279 | 2022 | Japan Science and Technology Agency |
| JMIR Preprints | Medicine | Preprint server by publisher JMIR Publications mainly for open review of JMIR submissions | 2200 (2018) [14] | 2009 [15] | JMIR Publications |
| LawArXiv | Law | Archive for legal research | 1,366 | 2017–2020 | Center for Open Science |
| LISSA | Library science | Library and Information Sciences Scholarship Archive | 301 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| LingBuzz | Linguistics | Preprint server for linguistics, covering phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology, and diachronic linguistics | 7,548 (2023) | 2004(?) | University of Tromsø |
| MarXiv | Marine science | Repository for ocean and marine-climate science. Closed. | 458 | 2017–2020 | Center for Open Science |
| MediArXiv | Communication sciences | Preprints for media, film, and communication research | 112 | 2019 | Center for Open Science |
| medRxiv [16] | Medicine | Open access preprint archive for medicine | 42,000 (2023) [17] | 2019 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |
| MetaArXiv | Multidisciplinary | Focused on improving research transparency and reproducibility | 512 (2023) [18] | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| MindRxiv | Multidisciplinary | Preprints on mind and contemplative practices | 215 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| Nature Precedings | Multidisciplinary | Preprint repository of scholarly work in the fields of biomedical sciences, chemistry, and earth sciences | 3,423 | 2007–2012 | Nature Publishing Group |
| NutriXiv | Nutritional sciences | Preprint service for the nutritional sciences | 81 | 2018 | Center for Open Science |
| Optimization Online | Mathematics | Eprint repository for optimization topics | 8974 | 2000 | Mathematical Optimization Society & Wisconsin institute |
| OSF Preprints | Multidisciplinary | Aggregates over 30 preprint servers (all from COS plus other like arXiv, bioRxiv, etc.). Number of native OSF Preprints documents: 25,114. | 2,289,894 | 2017 | Center for Open Science |
| PaleorXiv [19] | Paleontology | Preprint server for paleontology | 174 | 2017 | Center for Open Science |
| PeerJ PrePrints [20] | Biology, medicine | Initially, developed as preprint server for PeerJ submissions. Closed Sep 30th 2019. | 5,086 | 2013–2019 | O'Reilly Media & SAGE Publishing |
| PhilArchive | Philosophy | A preprint archive for philosophy affiliated with PhilPapers | 74,280 | 2009 | PhilPapers Foundation |
| PhilSci-Archive | Philosophy of science | An archive for preprints in philosophy of science | 8,636 | 2001 | D-Scribe Digital Publishing |
| Preprints with The Lancet | Medicine | Preprints available via SSRN | 7,238 | 2018 | Elsevier |
| Preprints.org | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server for interdisciplinary research governed by MDPI | 36,623 (2023) [21] | 2016 | MDPI |
| Preprints.ru | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server for interdisciplinary research in Russia | 228 | 2019 | NEICON |
| PsyArXiv [22] | Psychology | Open access preprint archive for psychology | 29,166 (2023) [23] | 2016 | Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science |
| Qeios [24] | Multidisciplinary | Open access, open peer review scientific publishing platform | 858 | 2019 | Qeios |
| RePEc | Economics | Research in economics | 3,400,000 | 1997 | Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |
| Research Square | Multidisciplinary | Preprint server plus editing (commercial) | 223,000 (2023) [25] | 2018 | Research Square R&D LLC |
| Rutgers Optimality Archive | Linguistics | A distribution point for research in Optimality Theory and its conceptual affiliates | 1250 | 1993 | School of Arts and Sciences at Rutgers University |
| SciELO Preprints | Multidisciplinary | Interdisciplinary research for Latin America, Iberian Peninsula, South Africa | 13,713 | 2020 | SciELO |
| ScienceOpen | Multidisciplinary | A research and discovery network allowing scholars with at least 5 publications to freely review preprints. | 2,200,000 | 2013 | ScienceOpen |
| SocArXiv | Social science | Open archive of the social sciences | 12,880 (2023) [26] | 2016 | Center for Open Science |
| SportRxiv | Sports science | Repository dedicated to sport and exercise related research | 279 | 2017 | Center for Open Science |
| SSRN (First Look) | Multidisciplinary | Aggregates over 30 preprint servers (Preprints with The Lancet , Cell Sneak Peek, etc.). More than 55 disciplines. Initially funded by SSRN in 1994, bought in 2016 by Elsevier. | 950,733 | 1994 | Elsevier |
| TechRxiv | Engineering | Preprints in Technology Research | 1,043 | 2020 | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| ViXra [27] | Multidisciplinary | Mainly physics and mathematics, but also other. An alternative to arXiv. Well-known for also having many unorthodox papers and also fringe science. | 37,113 | 2009 | Scientific God Inc. |
| Wellcome Open Research | Multidisciplinary | At least one of the authors must be a Wellcome researcher | 820 | 2017 | Wellcome Trust |
| WikiJournal Preprints | Multidisciplinary | Preprint repository of scholarly work in a MediaWiki format | 52 | 2017 | WikiJournal User Group |
| Zenodo | Multidisciplinary | Preprint repository of scholarly work | 792,588 | 2011 | OpenAIRE / CERN |
| Synthical [28] | Multidisciplinary | Open access preprint repository for computer science, mathematics, economics, physics, cryptography, biology, and chemistry | 3,000,000 [29] | 2023 | Synthical |
arXiv is an open-access repository of electronic preprints and postprints approved for posting after moderation, but not peer review. It consists of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electrical engineering, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, mathematical finance, and economics, which can be accessed online. In many fields of mathematics and physics, almost all scientific papers are self-archived on the arXiv repository before publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Some publishers also grant permission for authors to archive the peer-reviewed postprint. Begun on August 14, 1991, arXiv.org passed the half-million-article milestone on October 3, 2008, had hit a million by the end of 2014 and two million by the end of 2021. As of November 2024, the submission rate is about 24,000 articles per month.
In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available free, before or after a paper is published in a journal.
Open access (OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally copyrightable publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers. With open access strictly defined, or libre open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright, which regulates post-publication uses of the work.
Open science is the movement to make scientific research and its dissemination accessible to all levels of society, amateur or professional. Open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks. It encompasses practices such as publishing open research, campaigning for open access, encouraging scientists to practice open-notebook science, broader dissemination and engagement in science and generally making it easier to publish, access and communicate scientific knowledge.
The Journal of Medical Internet Research is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal established in 1999 covering eHealth and "healthcare in the Internet age". The editors-in-chief are Gunther Eysenbach and Rita Kukafka. The publisher is JMIR Publications.
Open peer review is the various possible modifications of the traditional scholarly peer review process. The three most common modifications to which the term is applied are:
An overlay journal or overlay ejournal is a type of open access academic journal, almost always an online electronic journal (ejournal), that does not produce its own content, but selects from texts that are already freely available online. While many overlay journals derive their content from preprint servers, others, such as the Lund Medical Faculty Monthly, contain mainly papers published by commercial publishers, but with links to self-archived preprint or postprints when possible.
viXra is an electronic e-print archive known for unorthodox and fringe science. It was set up by independent physicist Philip Gibbs as an alternative to the dominant arXiv service operated by Cornell University. Its name comes from arXiv spelled backwards.
The Center for Open Science is a non-profit technology organization based in Charlottesville, Virginia with a mission to "increase the openness, integrity, and reproducibility of scientific research." Brian Nosek and Jeffrey Spies founded the organization in January 2013, funded mainly by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation and others.
Authorea is an online collaborative writing tool that allows researchers to write, cite, collaborate, host data and publish. It has been described as "Google Docs for Scientists". It has been owned by the commercial publishing company Wiley through Atypon since 2018.
bioRxiv is an open access preprint repository for the biological sciences co-founded by John Inglis and Richard Sever in November 2013. It is hosted by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL).
PsyArXiv is a preprint repository for the psychological sciences opened in September 2016 and officially launched in December 2016. It is hosted by the Center for Open Science. The preprint service was inspired by the arXiv repository. The service allows researchers to upload manuscripts regarding psychology and related fields prior to peer review. As of April 2017, it is indexed by Google Scholar.
In India, the Open Access movement started in May 2004, when two workshops were organized by the M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai. In 2006, the National Knowledge Commission in its recommendations proposed that "access to knowledge is the most fundamental way of increasing the opportunities and reach of individuals and groups". In 2011, the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) began requiring that its grantees provide open access to funded research, the Open Access India forum formulated a draft policy on Open Access for India. The Shodhganga, a digital repository for theses, was also established in 2011 with the aim of promoting and preserving academic research. The University Grants Commission (UGC) made it mandatory for scholars to deposit their theses in Shodhganga, as per the Minimum Standards and Procedure for Award of M. Phil./Ph.D. Degrees Regulations, 2016. Currently, the Directory of Open Access Journals lists 326 open access journals published in India, of which 233 have no fees.
EarthArXiv is both a preprint server and a volunteer community devoted to open scholarly communication. As a preprint server, EarthArXiv publishes articles from all subdomains of Earth Science and related domains of planetary science. These publications are versions of scholarly papers that precede publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals. EarthArXiv is not itself a journal and does not evaluate the scientific quality of a paper. Instead, EarthArXiv serves as a platform for free hosting and rapid dissemination of scientific results. The EarthArXiv platform assigns each submission a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), therefore assigning provenance and making it citable in other scholarly works. EarthArXiv's mission is to promote open access, share open access and preprint resources, and participate in shared governance of the preprint server and its policies. EarthArXiv was launched on October 23, 2017.
Jessica Polka is a biochemist and the Executive Director of ASAPbio, a non-profit initiative promoting innovation and transparency via preprints and open peer review. She was one of the organizers of a recent meeting they held on scholarly communication.
ChemRxiv is an open access preprint archive for chemistry. It is operated by the American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry and German Chemical Society. The new preprint server was announced already in 2016, but was only opened online in 2017. Initially, editors of ACS journals were skeptical and only 80% of the editors allowed submissions to be uploaded to the preprint server in 2017. In 2019 the Chinese Chemical Society and the Chemical Society of Japan joined as co-owners of the preprint server.
medRxiv is an online disciplinary repository publishing preprints in all disciplines of the health sciences. It distributes papers in the areas of medicine and clinical research without charge to the reader.
AfricArXiv is an open-access repository for preprints of academic publications which are either about Africa or by African scientists. The platform was established in 2018. It was established to make preprint servers more available in various fields and regions. Its establishment happen during trends to provide more digital services to support science in Africa.
Peer Community in (PCI) is a non-profit scientific organization that offers an editorial process of open science by creating specific communities of researchers reviewing and recommending preprints in their field. Since 2021, a new journal, Peer Community Journal, publishes recommended preprints.