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The science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators is a multidimensional ranking of the world's scientists produced since 2015 by a team of researchers led by John P. A. Ioannidis at Stanford. [1] [2]
Based on data from Scopus, this indicators explore about 8 million records of scientists’ citations in order to rank a subset of 200,000 most-cited authors across all scientific fields. This is commonly referred to as Stanford ranking of the 2% best scientists. [3]
The ranking is achieved via a composite indicator built on six citation metrics
Data (about 200,000 records) are freely downloadable from Elsevier through the International Center for the Study of Research (ICSR) Lab. [2] [4] [5]
The index classifies researchers into 22 scientific fields and 174 sub-fields. Different rankings are produced: career-long and most recent year, with and without self-citations. This results in four different configurations. The difference between this ranking and the pure h-index is that it is sensitive to details of co-authorship and author positions: configurations such as single, first, and last author are given more emphasis. Many authors point to the importance of the index created by Ioannidis in the context of accurate, cheap and simple descriptions of research systems, [6] [7] [8] Being listed in Stanford's Rank is treated as prestigious and translates into increased visibility of scientists, which may translate into increased networking potential and for obtaining research funding. [9] [10] [11] Moreover, The rank offers an opportunity to researchers in a field to compare the citation behavior of their field with others. [6]
The papers introducing the ranking have been quoted extensively by authors working in Bibliometrics and Scientometrics. For example, reference [3] describing an update to the methodology of this index number receives about 200 citations in Google Scholar [12] from authors publishing in journals such as SAGE's Research on Social Work Practice, [10] Elsevier's Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, [13] Springer's Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology, [14] Oxford Academic's The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, [15] and Springer's Scientometrics (journal). [7] [16]
The older methodological paper [17] is quoted even more, from journal such as MIT Press's Quantitative Science Studies, [18] Springer's Scientometrics [19] and many others.
These articles variously point to the methodological papers and associated measure to discuss social aspects of the publication activity, such as unequal access to publishing of different social or national groups, including gender bias [13] [20] or the properties of the underlying Scopus' abstract and citation database.
Scientometrics is a subfield of informetrics that studies quantitative aspects of scholarly literature. Major research issues include the measurement of the impact of research papers and academic journals, the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in policy and management contexts. In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields such as information systems, information science, science of science policy, sociology of science, and metascience. Critics have argued that overreliance on scientometrics has created a system of perverse incentives, producing a publish or perish environment that leads to low-quality research.
Citation impact or citation rate is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is cited by other articles, books or authors. Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics, specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate, the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as the journal impact factor or the citescore. It is used by academic institutions in decisions about academic tenure, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators.
The h-index is an author-level metric that measures both the productivity and citation impact of the publications, initially used for an individual scientist or scholar. The h-index correlates with success indicators such as winning the Nobel Prize, being accepted for research fellowships and holding positions at top universities. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index has more recently been applied to the productivity and impact of a scholarly journal as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at UC San Diego, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number.
The George Institute for Global Health, is an independent medical research institute headquartered in Australia with offices in China, India and the United Kingdom. The George Institute conducts research on non-communicable disease, including heart and kidney disease, stroke, diabetes, and injury. The institute is known for conducting large-scale clinical studies. Between 1999 and 2017, the George has consumed over A$750 million in research grant and fundraising.
Frank T. Rothaermel is a professor in the Scheller College of Business at the Georgia Institute of Technology and an Alfred P. Sloan Industry Studies Fellow. He holds the Russell and Nancy McDonough Chair of Business.
Ishwar Kanwar Puri is an Indian-American and Canadian scientist, engineer, and academic.
Abdullah Al Mamun is a Bangladeshi physicist who is a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Daniel Simon Mills, FRCVS is an English veterinarian and biologist and the UK's first Professor of Veterinary Behavioural Medicine based at the University of Lincoln, United Kingdom. He attended St Edmund's College, Ware before studying at the University of Bristol where he received his BVSc degree and completed his Ph.D. degree in animal behaviour from De Montfort University.
Author-level metrics are citation metrics that measure the bibliometric impact of individual authors, researchers, academics, and scholars. Many metrics have been developed that take into account varying numbers of factors.
Kewal Krishan, an Indian forensic anthropologist, is a professor of physical anthropology and former Chair of Department of Anthropology at Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He has recently been appointed as Dean, International Students, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He has contributed to the development of forensic anthropology in India. He is one of the very few forensic anthropology experts of the nation.
Stephen Mann, FRS, FRSC, is Professor of Chemistry, co-director of the Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, director of the Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, director of the Centre for Protolife Research, and was principal of the Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials at the University of Bristol, UK.
Mario Agostino Rocca is an Italian experimental physicist. His main contributions are on the experimental measurement of surface phonon spectra, conventional and acoustic surface plasmon dispersion, and gas surface interaction.
Rattan Lal is a soil scientist. His work focuses on regenerative agriculture through which soil can help resolve global issues such as climate change, food security and water quality. He is considered a pioneer in soil-centric agricultural management to improve global food security and develop climate-resilient agriculture.
The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics (LM) is a list of "ten principles to guide research evaluation", published as a comment in Volume 520, Issue 7548 of Nature, on 22 April 2015. It was formulated by public policy professor Diana Hicks, scientometrics professor Paul Wouters, and their colleagues at the 19th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, held between 3–5 September 2014 in Leiden, The Netherlands.
Charis M. Galanakis is a Greek researcher, and food, agricultural and environmental scientist.
Soumyadeep Bhaumik is an Indian medical doctor and public health researcher who heads the Meta-research and Evidence Synthesis Unit in George Institute for Global Health. In 2021, Bhaumik and other scientists successfully advocated for the removal of convalescent plasma from COVID-19 treatment guidelines through an open letter to the Principal Scientific Advisor, Government of India. He is among top 2% of most cited researchers globally in field of general and internal medicine. Bhaumik is also Associate Editor, BMJ Global Health and Academic Editor in PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases.
George Mantanis is a Greek wood scientist and professor at the University of Thessaly in Greece, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.
Stavros Avramidis is a Greek Canadian wood scientist and professor at the University of British Columbia in Canada, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) and president of the International Academy of Wood Science for the period 2023-2026.
The composite index or composite indicator is a new numerical indicator that evaluates the quality of a scientist's research publications, regardless of the scientific field in which he/she operates.
Łukasz Jakub Łuczaj is a Polish botanist, professor of biological sciences at University of Rzeszów. He is known for his work in the field of ethnobotany, particularly focusing on wild edible plants. Łuczaj is also a YouTuber and nature conservation activist, contributing extensively to the popularization of botanical knowledge and ecological practices.