Ganoderma sessile

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Ganoderma sessile
Ganoderma.sessile.pgharvey.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Ganodermataceae
Genus: Ganoderma
Species:
G. sessile
Binomial name
Ganoderma sessile
Murrill (1902)
Synonyms
  • Fomes sessilis(Murrill) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
  • Polyporus sessilis(Murrill) Lloyd
  • Ganoderma subperforatumAtkinson

Ganoderma sessile is a species of polypore fungus in the Ganodermataceae family. There is taxonomic uncertainty with this fungus since its circumscription in 1902.

Contents

This wood decay fungus is found commonly in Eastern North America, and is associated with declining or dead hardwoods.

Taxonomy

G. sessile basidiocarp Typical fruiting body of G. sessile.jpg
G. sessile basidiocarp
G. sessile chlamydospores stained in lactophenol cotton blue G. sessile chlamydospores.jpg
G. sessile chlamydospores stained in lactophenol cotton blue

Murrill described 17 new Ganoderma species in his treatises of North American polypores, including for example, G. oregonense, G. sessile, G. tsugae, G. tuberculosum and G. zonatum . Most notably and controversial was the typification of Ganoderma sessile, which was described from various hardwoods only in the United States. [1] [2] The specific epithet "sessile" comes from the sessile (without typical stem) nature of this species when found growing in a natural setting. Ganoderma sessile was distinguished based on a sessile fruiting habit, common on hardwood substrates and occasionally having a reduced, eccentric or "wanting" stipe. [1] [2] In 1908, Atkinson considered G. tsugae and G. sessile as synonyms of G. lucidum, but erected the species G. subperforatum from a single collection in Ohio on the basis of having “smooth” spores. [3] Although he did not recognize the genus Ganoderma, but rather kept taxa in the genus, Polyporus, Overholts considered G. sessile as a synonym of the European G. lucidum. [4]

In a 1920 report on Polyporaceae of North America, Murrill conceded that G. sessile was closely related to the European G. lucidum. [5] [6]

Approximately a decade later, Haddow considered G. sessile a unique taxon, but suggested Atkinson’s G. subperforatum was a synonym of G. sessile, on the basis of the "smooth" spores – the original basis of G. subperforatum when earlier named by Atkinson in 1908. [7] Until this point, all identifications of Ganoderma taxa were based on fruiting body morphology, geography, host, and spore characters.

In 1948 and then amended in 1965, Nobles characterized the cultural characteristics of numerous wood-inhabiting hymenomycetes, including Ganoderma taxa. [8] [9] Her work laid the foundation for culture-based identifications in this group of fungi. [9] Nobles recognized that there were differences in cultural characteristics between G. oregonense, G. sessile, and G. tsugae. [9] [8] Although Nobles recognized G. lucidum in her 1948 publication as a correct name for the taxon from North American isolates that produce numerous broadly ovoid to elongate chlamydospores (12–21 x 7.5–10.5 μm), she corrected this misnomer in 1968 by amending the name to G. sessile. [9] Others agreed with Haddow's distinction between G. lucidum and G. sessile on the basis of smooth spores, but synonymized G. sessile with G. resinaceum, a previously described European taxon. [10] [11] Others demonstrated the similarity in culture morphology and that vegetative compatibility was successful between the North American taxon recognized as ‘G. lucidum’ and the European G. resinaceum. [12]

In the monograph of North American Polypores written in 1986, which is still the only comprehensive treatise on this group of fungi unique for North America, the authors did not recognize G. sessile, but rather the five species present in the U.S.: G. colossum (Fr.) C.F. Baker (current name: Tomophagus colossus (Fr.) Murrill), G. curtisii, G. lucidum, G. oregonense, and G. tsugae. [13]

Molecular taxonomy

"Smooth" basidiospores of G. sessile at 100x magnification Smooth spores of G. sessile.jpg
"Smooth" basidiospores of G. sessile at 100x magnification

In a multilocus phylogeny, the authors revealed that the global diversity of the laccate Ganoderma species included three highly supported major lineages that separated G. oregonense/G. tsugae from G. zonatum and from G. curtisii/G. sessile, and these lineages were not correlated to geographical separation. [14] These results agree with several of the earlier works focusing mostly on morphology, geography and host preference showing genetic affinity of G. resinaceum and G. sessile, but with statistical support separating the European and North American taxa. [14] Also, Ganoderma curtisii and G. sessile were separated with high levels of statistical support, although there was not enough information to say they were from distinct lineages. Lastly, G. sessile was not sister to G. lucidum. The phylogeny supported G. tsugae and G. oregonense as sister taxa to the European taxon G. lucdium sensu stricto. [14]

G. sessile fruiting body at base of Quercus shumardii Fruiting body of G. sessile.jpg
G. sessile fruiting body at base of Quercus shumardii

Description

Fruiting bodies annual and sessile (without a stipe) or pseudostipitate (very small stipe). Fruiting bodies found growing on trunks or root flares of living or dead hardwood trees. Mature fruiting bodies are laccate and reddish-brown, often with a wrinkled margin if dry. Fruiting bodies are shelf-like if on stumps or overlapping clusters of fan-shaped (flabelliform) fruiting bodies if growing from underground roots, and range in size of 3–20 centimetres (1–8 inches) in diameter.

Hymenium white, bruising brown, and poroid with irregular pores that can range in shape from circular to angular. The context tissue is cream colored and can be thin to thick and on average the same length as the tubes. Black resinous deposits are never found embedded in the context tissue, but concentric zones are often found. Spores appear smooth, or nearly so, due to the fine (thin) echinulations from the endosporium.

The spores can be used to differentiate the species from other common Eastern North American species such as Ganoderma curtisii (Berk.) Murrill. Elliptical to obovate to obpyriform chlamydospores formed in vegetative mycelium, and are abundant in cultures. [2] [9] [14]

Distribution

Very common taxon, being found in practically every state East of the Rocky Mountains within the United States.

Uses

For centuries, laccate (varnished or polished) Ganoderma species have been used as traditional medicine in many parts of Asia. These species are often mislabeled as G. lucidum', although genetic testing has shown this to be multiple species, such as G. lingzhi, G. multipileum, and G. sichuanense. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporales</span> Order of fungi

The Polyporales are an order of about 1800 species of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The order includes some polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics. Many species within the order are saprotrophic, most of them wood-rotters. Some genera, such as Ganoderma and Fomes, contain species that attack living tissues and then continue to degrade the wood of their dead hosts. Those of economic importance include several important pathogens of trees and a few species that cause damage by rotting structural timber. Some of the Polyporales are commercially cultivated and marketed for use as food items or in traditional Chinese medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypore</span> Group of fungi

Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside. They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi or shelf fungi, and they characteristically produce woody, shelf- or bracket-shaped or occasionally circular fruiting bodies that are called conks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingzhi (mushroom)</span> Species of fungus

Lingzhi, Ganoderma sichuanense, also known as reishi or Ganoderma lingzhi is a polypore fungus native to East Asia belonging to the genus Ganoderma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Polyporaceae are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills or gill-like structures. Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma lucidum is a red-colored species of Ganoderma with a limited distribution in Europe and parts of China, where it grows on decaying hardwood trees. Wild populations have been found in the United States in California and Utah but were likely introduced anthropogenically and naturalized.

<i>Ganoderma</i> Genus of mushroom

Ganoderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae that includes about 80 species, many from tropical regions. They have a high genetic diversity and are used in traditional Asian medicines. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double-walled basidiospore. They may be called shelf mushrooms or bracket fungi.

<i>Rhodofomes cajanderi</i> Species of fungus

Rhodofomes cajanderi is a widely distributed species of bracket fungus. Commonly known as the rosy conk due to its rose-colored pore surface, it causes a disease called a brown pocket rot in various conifer species. It is inedible. It is widespread in western North America, with more prevalence in southern climates. It has a particular preference for higher-altitude spruce forests.

<i>Ganoderma brownii</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma brownii is a species of polypore fungus in the Ganodermataceae family. It is a plant pathogen and occasional saprotroph similar in appearance to Ganoderma applanatum. This species is restricted geographically to the Pacific Northwest, primarily observed in California. In the San Francisco Bay Area, it is very common on Umbellularia californica.

<i>Ganoderma tornatum</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma tornatum is a fungal plant pathogen in the genus Ganoderma. It is a species of basidiomycete fungi in the family Polyporaceae. Members are also known as bracket fungi, or polypores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steccherinaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Steccherinaceae are a family of about 200 species of fungi in the order Polyporales. It includes crust-like, toothed, and poroid species that cause a white rot in dead wood.

<i>Amauroderma</i> Genus of fungi

Amauroderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. Amauroderma fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks.

<i>Bjerkandera</i> Genus of fungi

Bjerkandera is a genus of wood-rotting fungi in the family Meruliaceae.

<i>Flaviporus</i> Genus of fungi

Flaviporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Steccherinaceae.

<i>Nigroporus</i> Genus of fungi

Nigroporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Steccherinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. Nigroporus has a pantropical distribution. The genus name combines the Latin word niger ("black") with the Ancient Greek word πόρος ("pore").

<i>Poronidulus</i> Genus of fungi

Poronidulus is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, and contains the single polypore species Poronidulus conchifer, found in North America. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1904. The generic name, which combines the Ancient Greek word πόρος ("pore") with the Latin word nidulus, refers to the superficial similarity of the cup-shaped Poronidulus fruit bodies with those of the genus Nidularia. A second species, Poronidulus bivalvis, found in Bogor, was placed in the genus by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel in 1914. The actual identity of this taxon, however, is uncertain.

<i>Skeletocutis</i> Genus of fungi

Skeletocutis is a genus of about 40 species of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere. It causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates, and the fruit bodies grow as a crust on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like caps.

<i>Tyromyces</i> Genus of fungi

Tyromyces is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Petter Karsten in 1881. The type species is the widely distributed Tyromyces chioneus, commonly known as the white cheese polypore. The phylogenetic position of Tyromyces within the Polyporales is uncertain, but it appears that it does not belong to the "core polyporoid clade". Tyromyces is polyphyletic as it is currently circumscribed, and has been described as "a dumping place for monomitic white-rot species with thin-walled spores."

<i>Ganoderma curtisii</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma curtisii is a wood-decaying polypore whose distribution is primarily in the Southeastern United States. Craig and Levetin claim to have observed it in Oklahoma.

<i>Boletus curtisii</i> Species of fungus

Boletus curtisii is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) with a convex cap up to 9.5 cm (3.7 in) wide atop a slender stem that can reach a length of 12 cm (4.7 in). In young specimens, the cap and stem are bright golden yellow, although the color dulls to brownish when old. Both the stem and cap are slimy or sticky when young. On the underside of the cap are small circular to angular pores. The mushroom is edible, but not appealing. It is found in eastern and southern North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood and conifer trees. Once classified as a species of Pulveroboletus, the yellow color of B. curtisii is a result of pigments chemically distinct from those responsible for the yellow coloring of Pulveroboletus.

<i>Ganoderma oregonense</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma oregonense is a species of bracket fungus that causes root and butt white rot in conifers in northwestern coastal North America, including California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Yukon, and Alaska. G. oregonense is very similar to Ganoderma tsugae, but G. tsugae is associated with east coast Tsuga (hemlock) rather than west coast conifer. Its been speculated that G. oregonense and G. tsugae might actually be one species, but mycologists just don't know for sure yet.

References

  1. 1 2 Murrill, W. A. 1908. Agaricales (Polyporaceae). North Amer. Flora 9:73-131.
  2. 1 2 3 Murrill, W. A. 1902. The Polyporaceae of North America, genus I Ganoderma. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29:599-608.
  3. ↑ Atkinson, G. F. 1908. Observations on Polyporus lucidus Leys and some of its Allies from Europe and North America. Botanical Gazette 46:321-338.
  4. ↑ Overholts, L. O. 1915. Comparative Studies in the Polyporaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2:667-730.
  5. ↑ Murrill, W. A. (1920). "Corrections and additions to the Polypores of temperate North America". Mycologia. 12 (1): 6–24. doi:10.2307/3753482. JSTOR   3753482.
  6. ↑ Murrill, W. A. (1922). "Index to Illustrations of Fungi, XXIII-XXXIII". Mycologia. 14 (6): 332–334. doi:10.2307/3753081. JSTOR   3753081.
  7. ↑ Haddow, W. R. (1931). "Studies in Ganoderma". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 12: 25–46. doi: 10.5962/p.185224 . S2CID   90878249.
  8. 1 2 Nobles, M. K. 1948. Studies in Forest Pathology. IV. Identification of Cultures of Wood-Rotting Fungi. Can. J. Res. 26:281-431.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Nobles, M. K. 1965. Identification of cultures of wood-inhabiting Hymenomycetes. Canadian journal of Botany 43:1097-1139.
  10. ↑ Bazzalo, M. E., and Wright, J. E. 1982. Survey of the Argentine Species of the Ganodermalucidum Complex. Mycotaxon 16:293-325.
  11. ↑ Steyaert, R. L. 1980. Study of Some Ganoderma Species. Bull. du Jardin Bot. Nat. de Belgique/ Bull. van de Nat. Plantentuin van Blegie 50:135-186.
  12. ↑ Adaskaveg, J.E.; Gilbertson, R.L. (1986). "Cultural studies and genetics of sexuality of Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae in relation to the taxonomy of the G. lucidum complex". Mycologia. 78 (5): 694–705. doi:10.1080/00275514.1986.12025312.
  13. ↑ Gilbertson, R., and Ryvarden, L. 1986. North American Polypores, vol. 1. Abortiporus to Lindteria, Fungiflora, Oslo. 443 pp., 1987. North American Polypores 2.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Zhou, L. W.; Cao, Y.; Wu, S. H.; Vlasak, J.; Li, D. W.; Li, M. J.; Dai, Y. C. (2015). "Global diversity of the Ganoderma lucidum complex (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) inferred from morphology and multilocus phylogeny". Phytochemistry. 114: 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.023. PMID   25453909.
  15. ↑ Hennicke, F.; Cheikh-Ali, Z.; Liebisch, T.; Maciá-Vicente, J.G.; Bode, H.B.; Piepenbring, M. (2016). "Distinguishing commercially grown Ganoderma lucidum from Ganoderma lingzhi from Europe and East Asia on the basis of morphology, molecular phylogeny, and triterpenic acid profiles". Phytochemistry. 127: 29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.012 . PMID   27044336.
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