Gevuina

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Gevuina
Gevuina avellana 2.jpg
Chilean hazel with flowers and fruits
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
Tribe: Macadamieae
Subtribe: Gevuininae
Genus: Gevuina
Molina
Species:
G. avellana
Binomial name
Gevuina avellana
Gevuina avellana - MHNT Gevuina avellana MHNT.BOT.2008.1.48.jpg
Gevuina avellana - MHNT

Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazelnut (avellano chileno in Spanish), or Gevuina hazelnut) is an evergreen tree, up to 20 meters (65 feet) tall. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Gevuina. It is native to southern Chile and adjacent valleys in Argentina. It is found from sea level to 700 meters (2,300 feet) above sea level. Its distribution extends from 35° to 44° south latitude. [upper-alpha 1] The composite leaves are bright green and toothed, and the tree is in flower between July and November. The flowers are very small and beige to whitish, are bisexual and group two by two in long racemes. The fruit is a dark red nut when young and turns black. [1] The peel is woody. [1] It can grow up straight or branched from the soil, making up either a tree or a shrub. [1]

Contents

The name Gevuina comes from guevin, the Mapuche Indigenous name for the Chilean hazel. [3] The origin of the Spanish name, avellano come from the fact the Spanish settlers found the nuts similar to the hazelnuts they knew from Europe. [1] Yet the species are not closely related. [1]

The concentration of Gevuina avellana in forest is highly irregular and difficult to predict. [1] It may grow on flatland or hilly terrain, in clay or stony soils. [1] Usually Gevuina avellana grows in association to other broad-leaved trees such as Nothofagus obliqua , Nothofagus dombeyi , Nothofagus alpina , Nothofagus glauca or Laureliopsis . [1] Yet it does also grow in associations dominated by the conifers Austrocedrus , Fitzroya and Pilgerodendron . [1] As such Gevuina avellana does not form pure stands. [1]

Taxonomy

Gevuina is a genus of either 1 or 3 species of the family Proteaceae. In some classifications, Gevuinia is recognised with three species: one endemic to Australia ( Gevuina bleasdalei ), another to New Guinea ( Gevuina papuana ), and one species in both Chile (Gevuina avellana). Other taxonomic reports place the Australian and New Guinea species in the genus Bleasdalea [4] or in the Fijian endemic genus Turrillia , and leave Gevuina with only Gevuina avellana. [5] The Flora of Australia retains these 2 species in Gevuinia, [6] but the most recent classification places the Australian and New Guinea species as Bleasdalea bleasdalei and B. papuana [7]

Uses and cultivation

The seeds are eaten raw, cooked in boiling water or toasted. The nuts contain about 12 percent protein, 49 percent oil, and 24 percent carbohydrates. [8] The seed has a very high concentration of monounsaturated oils and is also obtained for several purposes in Chile. It is rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E (α-tocotrienol) and β-carotene. Its oil is an ingredient in some sunscreens. Gevuina oil is used as a cosmetic ingredient for its moisturizing qualities and because it is a source of omega 7 fatty acids (palmitoleic acid). [9] [10] Production of seeds may vary greatly from tree to tree. [1]

The tree is a good honey plant for bees and is also cultivated as an ornamental plant. The seed shells contain tannin that is used for tanning leather. The tree has an acceptable frost resistance (at least −12 °C (10 °F)) when mature. The wood is cream-colored with dark brown streaking and is used in cabinetry and musical instruments. It was introduced to Great Britain in 1826. It grows well there, in Ireland and in New Zealand and California. A few specimens are cultivated in Spain [11] and in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. [12] It grows well in temperate oceanic climates with cool temperatures where frosts occur commonly in winter, and has thrived in southern New Zealand. It needs 5 years to first harvest and 7 or 8 years for full production. In Seattle, Washington, squirrels and birds eat seeds from the trees.[ citation needed ] New varieties of greater yield than the original wild stock are being developed in both Chile and New Zealand. [ citation needed ]

As of 1982, only a tiny fraction of the nuts of wild stands were collected for processing. [1]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In the north Gevuina avellana grows along the coast beyond Itata River [1] as part of the Maulino forest. [2] To the south the plant grows as far as Guaitecas Archipelago. [1]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hazel</span> Genus of trees

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<i>Corylus avellana</i> Species of tree (common hazel)

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<i>Nothofagus antarctica</i> Species of plant

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The Proteaceae form a family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genera with about 1,660 known species. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentrations of diversity. Together with the Platanaceae, Nelumbonaceae and in the recent APG IV system the Sabiaceae, they make up the order Proteales. Well-known Proteaceae genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea, Hakea, and Macadamia. Species such as the New South Wales waratah, king protea, and various species of Banksia, Grevillea, and Leucadendron are popular cut flowers. The nuts of Macadamia integrifolia are widely grown commercially and consumed, as are those of Gevuina avellana on a smaller scale.

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<i>Maytenus boaria</i> Species of plant

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<i>Nothofagus alessandrii</i> Species of plant

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<i>Nothofagus glauca</i> Species of plant

Nothofagus glauca, commonly known as hualo or roble Maulino, is a species of plant in the family Nothofagaceae. It is a deciduous tree endemic to Chile. It grows from 34° to 37° South latitude. It is a typical tree of the maritime mediterranean-climate Maulino forest of Central Chile, its current range spanning over 330 km from north to south. The species grows on a variety of soils and is mostly found on gentle to steep slopes.

<i>Pitavia punctata</i> Species of plant

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<i>Corylus americana</i> Species of flowering plant

Corylus americana, the American hazelnut or American hazel, is a species of deciduous shrub in the genus Corylus, native to the eastern and central United States and extreme southern parts of eastern and central Canada.

<i>Corylus jacquemontii</i> Species of tree

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maulino forest</span>

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In the southern hemisphere, Chile is the largest producer of hazelnut with most of the production exported to Europe and the United States. The history of hazelnut cultivation can be traced back to 19th century German, Italian and Swiss immigrants in Araucanía. Large plantations of hazelnut are however a new phenomenon from the 2000s onward. Cultivation is centered in Central and South-central Chile. In 2016 Chile exported about 6,500 ton hazelnuts. Chilean hazelnuts are described by Reuters as an alternative to Turkish hazelnuts that dominate the international market. Hazelnuts grown in Chile should no be confused with the native nuts of Gevuina avellana that grow in Valdivian temperate rain forest, a tree that is called Chilean hazel. The species are not closely related.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Karmelić V., Julia, ed. (1982-07-01). Recoleccion e industrializacion de avellana chilena (Report) (in Spanish). Intec-Chile.
  2. ↑ Bustamante, Ramiro O.; Simonetti, Javier A.; Grez, Audrey A.; San Martín, José (2005). "Fragmentación y dinámica de regeneración del bosque Maulino: diagnóstico actual y perspectivas futuras" [Fragmentation and regeneration dynamics of the Maulino forest: present status and future prospects](PDF). In Smith, C.; Armesto, J.; Valdovinos, C. (eds.). Historia, biodiversidad y ecología de los bosques costeros de Chile (in Spanish). pp. 529–539.
  3. ↑ "Gevuina avellana". Enciclopedia de la Flora Chilena. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  4. ↑ A.C.Smith & J.E.Haas, 1975. American Journal of Botany, 62: 142.
  5. ↑ A.C.Smith, 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova 3: 754.
  6. ↑ "ABRS Flora of Australia Online Search Results". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  7. ↑ Weston; Barker, Nigel P. (2008). "A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 339.
  8. ↑ Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN   0-9628087-0-9
  9. ↑ Bertoli, C.; et al. (1998). "Characterization of Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana Mol) seed oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 75 (8): 1037–1040. doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0283-5. S2CID   81540094.
  10. ↑ FR 2681530 A1 (SO.F.I.A. Cosmetiques (S.A.R.L.)) 26.03.1993
  11. ↑ "Plantas de la flora de Chile cultivadas en España" [Chilean plants cultivated in Spain](PDF). José Manuel Sánchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  12. ↑ "Gevuina avellana in Washington Park Arboretum" (PDF). Seattle Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-06-27.

Sources

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