Kuranda quandong | |
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Specimen growing in the Cairns Pioneer Cemetery | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Oxalidales |
Family: | Elaeocarpaceae |
Genus: | Elaeocarpus |
Species: | E. bancroftii |
Binomial name | |
Elaeocarpus bancroftii | |
Recorded occurrences at the Australasian Virtual Herbarium |
Elaeocarpus bancroftii, commonly known as Kuranda quandong, Johnstone River almond, ebony heart, grey nut, or nut tree is a large rainforest tree in the family Elaeocarpaceae which is endemic to Queensland. It has coriaceous (thick but flexible) leaves, attractive white flowers and relatively large fruit containing an edible kernel.
Elaeocarpus bancroftii is a large tree growing up to 30 m (98 ft) in height and up to 60 cm (24 in) DBH, and may be buttressed. It has scaly brown bark on the trunk and dense foliage. [5] [6] [7]
The rather stiff leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate in overall shape and have entire to crenate margins. [6] [7] The petiole is relatively long, up to 45 mm (1.8 in), somewhat swollen at both ends, and has a velvety texture. [6] [7] [8] Leaf blades measure up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide, with between 5 and 8 secondary veins on either side of the rachis, or midrib. [5] [6] [8] On the upper surface they are dark green and glabrous with the midrib slightly raised and secondary veins apparent, while the underside is dull green with both the midrib and secondary venation distinctly raised and the tertiary veins feint. The leaf tip is acute to obtuse, and the base is cuneate, i.e. tapering into the petiole or leaf-stem. [5] [6] [7] Like many other species of Elaeocarpus, the leaves turn bright red before falling. [5] [8]
The inflorescences are axillary or ramiflorous umbels produced towards the ends of the twigs and carry a small number (less than 10) of individual flowers. The peduncle and pedicels (stems of the inflorescence and individual flowers, respectively) are velvety. [6] [7]
The flowers are tetramerous (i.e. having four sepals and petals). The sepals are creamy yellow in colour and measure up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long—the white petals have 3 rounded lobes at the end and are 15–25 mm (0.6–1.0 in) long. There are between 45 and 50 stamens in each. Flowering occurs from March to June.
The fruit is a large, dull grey or blue/green, globular drupe, [lower-alpha 1] about 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter with a sturdy pedicel measuring around 10 by 15 mm (0.4 by 0.6 in) and contains a stone with a very hard, thick endocarp. [5] [7] [8] [9] The stone is shaped like a Rugby ball and has four segments (again like the rugby ball) that are clearly evident but difficult to separate. [6] The outer surface of the stone is generally smooth but punctate (i.e. marked with numerous small pits). [6] [7] Within the stone is a solitary elongated seed.
E. bancroftii was first formally described in 1886 by the German-born botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, in consultation with Frederick Manson Bailey, and published in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland . [4] [6] [10] His description was based on plant specimens collected on the Johnstone River by Thomas Lane Bancroft. [6] [10]
The genus name Elaeocarpus is derived from the Greek words eliá meaning "olive", and karpós meaning "fruit". It refers to the superficial similarity of the fruits of the two taxa. [7] The species epithet is in honour of the collector.
This species is endemic to north-eastern Queensland, where it is widespread and grows in well-developed rainforest. Its range is from near Cooktown southwards to about Tully, and at elevations from near sea level to around 1,200 m (3,900 ft). [5] [7] It is found in most parts of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area.
Fruits are eaten by cassowaries (Casuarius casuarius) [7] and Spectacled flying foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus). [11] Both of these species help to disperse the seeds, but by very different methods. While the cassowary will easily swallow the fruit and pass the stone out in its droppings, the fruit is too large for the flying fox to swallow. Instead, it will typically pluck the fruit from a tree and fly with it to another location where it will discard the stone after eating the flesh. [11]
The seeds within the stone are eaten by native rats, [7] notably the giant white-tailed rat (Uromys caudimaculatus) which, due to its size and formidable incisors, is able to gnaw through the hardened endocarp to access the seed.
This species has been assessed as least concern by both the Queensland Government under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 , and by the IUCN. [1] [2]
Indigenous Australians ate the seeds, although the very hard shell required them to use stones to crack them open. These special "nut stones", which had a groove or hollow in which the nut was placed, along with the accompanying "hammer stones", have been found throughout Queensland as forests were cleared during the expansion of European settlement. [5] [12]
The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records that "The cotyledons or 'kernels' have a good flavour, and are eaten by the settlers. Other species of Elaeocarpus have fruits which are more or less useful in this respect. Johnstone River, Queensland." [13]
Elaeocarpus bancroftii is considered to have good horticultural potential, particularly for parks and larger areas, because of the attractive foliage, showy flowers and interesting fruit, [5] [8] however there is little evidence that Australian local governments have adopted the idea. It can be purchased from many plant nurseries and native plant specialists in Australia.
Elaeocarpus is a genus of nearly five hundred species of flowering plants in the family Elaeocarpaceae native to the Western Indian Ocean, Tropical and Subtropical Asia, and the Pacific. Plants in the genus Elaeocarpus are trees or shrubs with simple leaves, flowers with four or five petals usually, and usually blue fruit.
Athertonia is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Proteaceae. The sole described species is Athertonia diversifolia, commonly known as Atherton oak, athertonia, creamy silky oak or white oak. It is endemic to a small part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia. A relative of the macadamia, it has potential in horticulture and the bushfood industry.
Elaeocarpus grandis, commonly known as the blue quandong, silver quandong or blue fig, is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae which was first described in 1860. It is a large buttressed tree native to the coastal rainforests of northeastern Australia. The validity of this taxon is disputed, with some authorities accepting it and others presenting it as Elaeocarpus angustifolius.
Semecarpus australiensis, commonly known as the tar tree, native cashew, marking nut, or cedar plum, is a species of tree in the cashew, sumac and mango family Anacardiaceae, native to parts of Melanesia and northern Australia. Contact with the plant can cause serious allergic reactions, a common characteristic of this family.
Calamus australis, commonly known as wait-a-while, hairy mary or lawyer cane, is a plant in the palm family Arecaceae which is endemic to the rainforests of north east Queensland, Australia. Like other species in the genus Calamus, this is a climbing plant with a very long and flexible stem. It uses sharp strong hooks on the fronds and tendrils to attach itself to other vegetation, such as taller established trees, thus gaining support that enables it to grow higher towards the canopy. This species is very similar to C. radicalis, with which it coexists, but is smaller in almost all respects.
Elaeocarpus obovatus, commonly known as hard quandong, blueberry ash, whitewood, grey carabeen, freckled oliveberry or gray carrobeen, is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a tree with buttress roots at the base of the trunk, egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, racemes of white flowers, and blue, oval fruit.
Beilschmiedia bancroftii is a tree species in the family Lauraceae. It is native to Queensland in Australia. Common names include yellow walnut, yellow nut and canary ash.
Atractocarpus chartaceus, commonly known as the narrow-leaved gardenia, is a species of evergreen flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is found in subtropical rainforest of eastern Queensland, Australia, and it is cultivated for its fragrant flowers and colourful fruit.
Atractocarpus fitzalanii, commonly known as the brown gardenia or yellow mangosteen, is a species of plant in the coffee and madder family Rubiaceae. It is found in coastal parts of tropical Queensland, Australia. The beautifully scented flowers and glossy foliage has seen this plant enter cultivation in gardens of eastern Australia.
Ptychosperma elegans, commonly known as the solitaire palm, is a very slender palm endemic to Queensland in Australia. In the nursery trade and in the United States it may be confusingly referred to as Alexander palm, which is an often-used but misnomered name of another Australian palm species Archontophoenix alexandrae, the Alexandra palm.
Syzygium claviflorum is a tree in the Myrtaceae family. It is native to the north of the Australian continent and in tropical and subtropical Asia. It is used for timber, as fuel, as human and cattle food, and for dye. Stunted specimens can be found on the top of the plateau of Bokor National Park, Cambodia.
Elaeocarpus stellaris is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae and is endemic to north-eastern Queensland. It is a tree, sometimes with buttress roots at the base of the trunk, elliptic to egg-shaped leaves, small groups of flowers with greenish-yellow sepals and creamy-white petals, the fruit containing a five-flanged stone.
Diploglottis harpullioides, commonly known as Babinda tamarind, is a rainforest tree in the lychee and maple family Sapindaceae which is found only in northeast Queensland, Australia.
Xanthophyllum octandrum, commonly known as Macintyre's boxwood, false jitta, yellow boxwood or sovereignwood, is a slow-growing tree in the milkwort family Polygalaceae which has the potential to reach thousands of years of age. It is endemic to coastal northeastern Queensland, Australia.
Pittosporum rubiginosum, commonly known as hairy red pittosporum, is an evergreen shrub in the family Pittosporaceae which is endemic to northeastern Queensland, Australia. It was first described in 1840.
Benstonea monticola, commonly known as scrub breadfruit or urchin-fruited pandan, is a plant in the family Pandanaceae which is endemic to rainforested parts of north east Queensland, Australia.
Peripentadenia phelpsii is a plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae which is endemic to a very small part of northeastern Queensland, Australia. It is a large evergreen tree with large buttresses, and was first described in 1982.
Sterculia shillinglawii, commonly known as tulip sterculia or lacewood, is a tree in the cotton and cocoa family Malvaceae, native to Papuasia and northeastern Australia.
Diploglottis diphyllostegia, commonly known as the northern tamarind, native tamarind or wild tamarind, is a tree in the lychee family Sapindaceae which is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It is an attractive tree with potential in cultivation, with a dense crown of dark green leaves and masses of fruit in spring and summer.
Ryparosa kurrangii is a rare plant in the family Achariaceae which is endemic to a very small part of the Queensland tropical rain forests. It is a small tree growing under the rainforest canopy, producing its flowers and fruit on the lower part of the trunk. It was previously considered to be a form of the Ryparosa javanica complex of species.