Buckinghamia

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Buckinghamia
Buckinghamia celsissima HabitusInflorescence BotGard0906a.jpg
Buckinghamia celsissima
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
Tribe: Embothrieae
Subtribe: Hakeinae
Genus: Buckinghamia
F.Muell [1]
Species

See text

Buckinghamia is a genus of only two known species of trees, belonging to the plant family Proteaceae. [1] [2] [3] [4] They are endemic to the rainforests of the wet tropics region of north eastern Queensland, Australia. [4] [5] [6] The ivory curl flower, B. celsissima, is the well known, popular and widely cultivated species in gardens and parks, in eastern and southern mainland Australia, and additionally as street trees north from about Brisbane. [7] [8] The second species, B. ferruginiflora, was only recently described in 1988.

Contents

History, classification and evolution

The genus was named in 1868 by Ferdinand von Mueller in honour of Richard Grenville, the Duke of Buckingham, [1] who was Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1866 to 1868. [7] It was initially placed in a tribe Grevilleae, but the feature of having four ovules per carpel led C. Venkata Rao to classify it in the tribe Telopeae, and within this a new subtribe Hollandaeae based on the antero-posterior orientation of the perianth, with the genera Hollandaea, Cardwellia, Knightia, Opisthiolepis and Stenocarpus. [9]

Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs recognised the affinities of this genus with the rainforest taxon Opisthiolepis and classified the two in the subtribe Buckinghamiinae within the tribe Embothrieae in the subfamily Grevilleoideae in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family", and thus related to Lomatia , Stenocarpus and the Embothriinae. [10] However, analysis of chloroplast sequences revealed a much closer relationship of Buckinghamia and Opisthiolepis with Grevillea instead. Both genera have eleven pairs of chromosomes, which is reduced further in Grevillea. [11] More recent evolutionary botanical science confirms that they correlate closest with the genera Opisthiolepis, Finschia , Grevillea and Hakea in the subtribe Hakeinae, with Buckinghamia and Opisthiolepis as two early offshoots from the ancestors of the other three genera. [12] [13] [14]

Species and summary descriptions

Buckinghamia celsissima (ivory curl flower) trees grow up to about 10 m (35 ft) tall in Australian gardens, parks and botanic gardens and much taller naturally to about 30 m (100 ft). [8] The leaves are glossy dark green, and either lobed or entire, with new growth flushed pink. Spectacular in flower, they bear long showy sprays of sweetly fragrant, creamy-white flowers in summer. In a garden they can grow in full sun or part shade, and will attract birds and bees. Hardy and spectacular trees, they make ideal screens or windbreaks in a garden. [7] [8]

B. celsissima (ivory curl flower) trees in the botanic gardens in Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane have been in cultivation for over a hundred years. They grow outdoors successfully in places as temperate as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. Its notable landscape designer and director William Guilfoyle already had them growing there over one hundred years ago, [15] resulting today in beautifully flowering, slow growing, established small trees. [16] In the same late 1800s period the Adelaide Botanic Gardens already had them in cultivation also. [17] They are popular and widely cultivated in many parks and gardens in coastal regions of eastern and southern mainland Australia, notably also their long history of planting in Brisbane as street trees. [7] [8]

B. celsissima rainforest trees grow naturally up to about 30 m (100 ft) tall in tropical rainforests of north eastern Queensland from about 200 to 1,000 m (700 to 3,300 ft) altitude. [5]

Buckinghamia ferruginiflora (Noah's Oak, Spotted Oak) is a species of rainforest trees growing naturally up to about 30 m (100 ft) tall.

Botanists scientifically recognised these trees’ differences only from about the early 1970s. [3] They have only found them growing naturally in a restricted area of the Daintree region. They grow in luxuriant tropical rainforests from sea level through an area of lowlands up to lower uplands at an altitude of about 350 m (1,150 ft). [3] [6]

Buckinghamia ferruginiflora was formally scientifically described in 1988 by Don Foreman and Bernie Hyland. [3] [6] [7] They have: branchlets often hairy; leaves 9–20 cm (4–8 in) long, 2–6 cm (1–2 in) wide; buds, shoots and flower structures with dense ferruginous (rusty coloured) hairs; flower structures of compound inflorescences 8–20 cm (3–8 in) long; individual flowers creamy brown, with the dense rusty hairs on the tepals’ outer surfaces; styles shorter (7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in)) than B. celsissima (15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in)); fruits follicles 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1.0 in) long; seeds flat with a small wing. [4] [6]

B. ferruginiflora’s, restricted, endemic, distribution has obtained the conservation status of "near threatened" currently officially listed by the Queensland government legislation, the Nature Conservation Act 1992. [18]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hicksbeachia</i> Genus of trees in the family Proteaceae from eastern Australia

Hicksbeachia is a genus of two species of trees in the family Proteaceae. They are native to rainforests of northern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland. They are commonly known as red bopple nut or beef nut due to the bright red colour of their fruits.

<i>Stenocarpus</i> Genus of plants of the family Proteaceae

Stenocarpus is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae. They are trees or shrubs with variably-shaped leaves, zygomorphic, bisexual flowers, the floral tube opening on the lower side before separating into four parts, followed by fruit that is usually a narrow oblong or cylindrical follicle.

Grevilleoideae Subfamily of plants in the family Proteaceae, mainly from the Southern Hemisphere

The Grevilleoideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Proteaceae. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it contains around 46 genera and about 950 species. Genera include Banksia, Grevillea, and Macadamia.

Triunia is a genus of medium to tall shrubs or small trees found as understorey plants in rainforests of eastern Australia. Members of the plant family Proteaceae, they are notable for their poisonous fleshy fruits or drupes. Only one species, T. youngiana, is commonly seen in cultivation.

<i>Helicia</i> Genus of plants in the family Proteaceae

Helicia is a genus of 110 species of trees and shrubs, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. They grow naturally in rainforests throughout tropical South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea and as far south as New South Wales.

<i>Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia</i> Species of tree

Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia is a small tree in the family Proteaceae. This rare species is native to subtropical rainforest in New South Wales and Queensland in Australia. Common names include red bopple nut, monkey nut, red nut, beef nut, rose nut and ivory silky oak. The tree produces fleshy, red fruits during spring and summer. These contain edible seeds.

<i>Stenocarpus cryptocarpus</i> Species of trees, of the plant family Proteaceae from north eastern Queensland, Australia

Stenocarpus cryptocarpus, commonly known as the giant-leaved stenocarpus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a tree with buttress roots at the base, simple, mostly elliptical adult leaves, groups of cream-coloured flowers and narrow oblong follicles.

Finschia is a genus of three recognised species of large trees, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. They grow naturally in New Guinea and its surrounding region, in habitats from luxuriant lowland rainforests to steep highland forests.

<i>Buckinghamia celsissima</i> Species of trees in the family Proteaceae endemic to northeastern Queensland, Australia.

Buckinghamia celsissima, commonly known as the ivory curl, is a species of trees, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. They are endemic to the wet tropics rainforests areas of northeastern Queensland, Australia.

Hollandaea is a small genus of plants in the family Proteaceae containing four species of Australian rainforest trees. All four species are endemic to restricted areas of the Wet Tropics of northeast Queensland.

<i>Opisthiolepis</i> Genus of plants

Opisthiolepis is a genus of a sole described species of large trees, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. The species Opisthiolepis heterophylla most commonly has the names of blush silky oak, pink silky oak, brown silky oak and drunk rabbit.

<i>Placospermum</i> Genus of trees

Placospermum is a genus of a single species of large trees, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. The species Placospermum coriaceum is endemic to the rainforests of the wet tropics region of northeastern Queensland, Australia. Common names include rose silky oak and plate-seeded oak.

<i>Carnarvonia</i> Monotypic genus of tree in the family Proteaceae

Carnarvonia is a flowering plant genus of a single species, commonly named red oak or red silky oak and constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. The single species named Carnarvonia araliifolia grows to large trees of 30 m (100 ft) or more. They grow naturally only (endemic) to the Wet Tropics rainforests region of north-eastern Queensland, Australia. The species has two described varieties, C. araliifolia var. araliifolia and C. araliifolia var. montana, and the common names are used for both.

<i>Lasjia</i> Genus of trees of the family Proteaceae

Lasjia is a genus of five species of trees of the family Proteaceae. Three species grow naturally in northeastern Queensland, Australia and two species in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Descriptively they are the tropical or northern macadamia trees group. Lasjia species characteristically branched compound inflorescences differentiate them from the Macadamia species, of Australia, which have characteristically unbranched compound inflorescences and only grow naturally about 1,000 km (620 mi) further to the south, in southern and central eastern Queensland and in northeastern New South Wales.

Helicia nortoniana, also named Norton's silky oak, is a species of rainforest trees, of northeastern Queensland, Australia, from the flowering plant family Proteaceae.

Hollandaea sayeriana, sometimes named Sayer's silky oak, is a small species of Australian rainforest trees in the plant family Proteaceae.

Stenocarpus verticis is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to northern Australia. It is a tree with elliptic or lance-shaped adult leaves and groups of cream-coloured flowers covered with woolly, rust-coloured or grey hairs.

<i>Stenocarpus davallioides</i> Species of tree of the family Proteaceae native to the Australian state of Queensland

Stenocarpus davallioides, commonly known as the fern-leaved stenocarpus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a tree with simple or pinnate adult leaves, groups of creamy-green flowers and narrow oblong follicles.

Don Foreman was an Australian botanist who worked on the Monimiaceae and Proteaceae of Australia. He also helped with the editing of selected Flora of Victoria and Flora of Australia Volumes.

Buckinghamia ferruginiflora, also known as Noah's oak or spotted oak, is a species of rainforest tree in the protea family, one of two in the genus that is endemic to the Wet Tropics of Queensland, north-eastern Australia. Although the tree's differences from its congener had been known since the 1970s, it was only formally described by Donald Foreman and Bernard Hyland in 1988 in the journal Muelleria.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Mueller, Ferdinand von (Dec 1868). "Buckinghamia". XLIX (Digitised archive copy, online, through biodiversitylibrary.org). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 6. Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres. pp. 247–248. Retrieved 9 Apr 2013.
  2. "Buckinghamia%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database (listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 26 Apr 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Foreman, Don B.; Hyland, Bernie P. M. (1988). "New species of Buckinghamia F.Muell. and Stenocarpus R.Br. (Proteaceae) from northern Queensland". Muelleria. 6 (6). p. 417, Fig. 1.
  4. 1 2 3 Foreman, Don B.; Hyland, Bernie P. M. (1995). "Buckinghamia". In McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 499, 391–3, Fig's 139 172, Maps 441 442. ISBN   978-0-643-05692-3 . Retrieved 9 Apr 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Buckinghamia celsissima". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Buckinghamia ferruginiflora". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. pp. 124–26. ISBN   0-207-17277-3.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Elliot, W. Roger; Jones, David L. (1983). "Buckinghamia celsissima F. Muell.". Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation. Vol. 2. Sydney: Lothian Publ. Co. pp. 385–386. ISBN   9780850911480.
  9. Rao, C. Venkata (28 Aug 1957). "Cytotaxonomy of the Proteaceae". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Digitised archive copy, online, through biodiversitylibrary.org (published 6 Nov 1957). 82 (2): 257–71. Retrieved 16 Apr 2013.
  10. Johnson, Lawrie A. S.; Briggs, Barbara G. (6 Dec 1973). "On the Proteaceae—the evolution and classification of a southern family". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (published Feb 1975). 70 (2): 83–182. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.
  11. Hoot, Sara B.; Douglas, Andrew W. (1998). "Phylogeny of the Proteaceae based on atpB and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region sequences". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (4): 301–20. doi:10.1071/SB98027.
  12. Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006). "A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 314–344. doi: 10.7751/telopea20065733 .
  13. Sauquet, Hervé; Weston, Peter H.; et al. (6 Jan 2009). "Contrasted patterns of hyperdiversification in Mediterranean hotspots". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (1): 221–225. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106..221S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805607106 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   2629191 . PMID   19116275.
  14. Mast, Austin R.; Milton, Ethan F.; et al. (1 Mar 2012). "Time-calibrated phylogeny of the woody Australian genus Hakea (Proteaceae) supports multiple origins of insect-pollination among bird-pollinated ancestors". American Journal of Botany. 99 (3): 472–487. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100420 . PMID   22378833.
  15. Barnard, Francis G. A., ed. (Nov 1907). "Exhibition of wild flowers: Flowers of the following Australian plants then in bloom in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens were exhibited by Mr. F. Pitcher, on behalf of the Director, Mr. W. R. Guilfoyle, F.L.S." Victorian Naturalist. Digitised archive copy, online, through biodiversitylibrary.org. 24 (7): (108–)109. Retrieved 14 Apr 2013.
  16. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne (12 Apr 2013). "Plant Census: Buckinghamia celsissima at the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne". Melbourne: Royal Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 14 Apr 2013.
  17. Adelaide Botanic Gardens; Schomburgk, Richard (1878). Catalogue of the plants under cultivation in the Government Botanic Garden, Adelaide, South Australia. Digitised archive copy, online, through biodiversitylibrary.org. Adelaide: W.C. Cox, government printer. p. 149.
  18. Queensland Government (27 Sep 2013). "Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006" (PDF). Nature Conservation Act 1992. Online, accessed from www.legislation.qld.gov.au. Australia. p. 65. Retrieved 1 Dec 2013.