Typhoon Rammasun

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
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ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On July 9, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor a tropical disturbance, that had developed to the east of the Micronesian State of Chuuk. [20] At this time the system had a broad and ill-defined circulation center which was associated with flaring and disorganized atmospheric convection. [20] Over the next day the system gradually consolidated within an area of favorable conditions, with convection wrapping around the systems obscured low level circulation center. [21] The system was subsequently declared a tropical depression during the next day, by both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the JTWC with the latter assigning it the designation 09W. [22] [23]

Tropical Depression 09W near Guam on July 11 09W Jul 11 2014 0345Z.jpg
Tropical Depression 09W near Guam on July 11

Early on July 11, the JTWC reported that the system had intensified into a tropical storm, after they had assessed the intensity slightly higher than the Dvorak estimates from various agencies. [24] Later that day as the system approached Guam, the JTWC reported that the system had not intensified into a tropical storm and downgraded it to a tropical depression. [25] This was because of the lack of supporting Dvorak estimates from various agencies and various observations from Guam, that showed the system was a poorly defined low level circulation center with deep convection sheared to the northwest of the center. [25] Early on July 12, the JMA reported that the depression had become a tropical storm and named it Rammasun, as the system passed through the Rota Channel to the north of Guam. [26] [27] Later that day as Rammasun moved westwards under the influence of the subtropical ridge of high pressure, the JTWC reported that it had regained tropical storm status after Dvorak estimates from various agencies supported it and the low level structure of the system had improved. [28]

Rammasun entered the Philippine area of responsibility and was given a local name, Glenda on July 13. [29] The storm maintained intensity while a burst of deep central convection developed and the LLCC became slightly more well defined. [30] Over the next couple of hours, vertical wind shear decreased gradually. Rammasun tracked in a westerly direction along the periphery of the steering subtropical ridge. Outflow improved along the southwestern quadrant [31] and Rammasun became a typhoon. [32] The LLCC consolidated while convective banding became well defined and tightly wrapped. During July 14, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Rammassun to a typhoon after Dvorak estimates from various agencies suggested maximum sustained winds of 65 knots (120 km/h; 75 mph). [33] [34]

Typhoon Rammasun making landfall in the Philippines on July 15 Typhoon Rammasun 2014 making landfall.gif
Typhoon Rammasun making landfall in the Philippines on July 15

Shortly before its Philippine landfall, Rammasun developed a 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) wide eye. The storm had vigorous equatorward and westward outflow. At that time, the storm was peaking at 80 knots (150 km/h; 92 mph) 1-minute sustained winds [35] and 75 knots (139 km/h; 86 mph) 10-minute sustained winds. [36] Though initially expect to maintain that intensity and make landfall before weakening into a tropical storm again due to land interaction, Rammasun further intensified. Some six hours later, the JTWC spotted a 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) eye, twice as wide as previously reported. The 1-minute sustained winds were set at 100 knots (190 km/h; 120 mph), equivalent to Category 3 of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS). [37] Rammasun continued to strengthen, despite land interaction. Post landfall, the storm's windspeed continued to rise, as it was located in a very favorable environment. JTWC initially reported winds of 110 knots (205 km/h; 125 mph) 1-minute sustained winds [38] before correcting it to 115 knots (215 km/h; 130 mph) in their best track, making it a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. [39]

By 00:00 UTC on July 16, Rammasun's eye had re-emerged into the South China Sea. The typhoon lost its eye feature due to its interaction with Philippine's rugged terrain. The convective structure had slightly degraded. However, convective banding remained tightly wrapped around the LLCC. [40]

On July 18, Rammasun entered another area of very warm sea-surface temperatures. Consequently, Rammasun rapidly deepened and was upgraded to a Category 4 super typhoon by the JTWC, [41] [42] which was upgraded to Category 5 in post-season reanalysis. Later that day, Rammasun made landfall over Hainan at peak intensity, [43] making it one of only two typhoons to make landfall at Category 5-equivalent intensity in China. [44] During landfall, a station on Qizhou Island recorded a sea level pressure of 899.2 millibars, the lowest sea level pressure recorded in China and one of the lowest recorded sea level pressures in the world. [45] The next day, the storm started to weaken. Later that day, both agencies downgraded Rammasun to a tropical storm as it moved to the province of Guangxi and made its third landfall. [46] [47] The JTWC made its final warning on the system in the night of the same day. Early on July 20, the JMA reported that Rammasun had weakened into a tropical depression before it was last noted later that day over the Chinese Province of Yunnan. [48] [49] [50]

Preparations and impact

Mariana Islands

On July 10, as the JTWC initiated advisories on the system, the United States National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tiyan, Guam (NWS Guam) issued a tropical storm watch for Guam, Rota, Tinian, Saipan and surrounding waters out to 75 km (45 mi). [51] Later that day the Governor of Guam Eddie Calvo, declared the island nation to be in Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness 3 (TCCOR 3), as the strongest winds over the island were expected to peak between 80–95 km/h (50–60 mph). [52] Both of these warnings meant that destructive tropical storm force winds were possible on the islands during the next 48 hours. [51] After the system was declared a tropical storm, tropical storm warnings were issued for Guam and Rota, while TCCOR 2 was declared for Guam. [53] [54] [55] After TCCOR 2 was declared, all of the non essential agencies of the Guam Government and several business were shut down, including the Judiciary and University. [54] [55] [56] [57] Six elementary schools around the island were used as storm shelters, while woman who had been pregnant for more than 38 weeks and or high risk were asked to report to the Guam Memorial Hospital. [54] A TCCOR 1 was subsequently declared during July 11, as destructive winds were expected to impact the island nation within twelve hours. [57] As a result, all outdoor activity was prohibited until early the next day when the watches and warnings were cancelled after the system was downgraded to a tropical depression. [58] [59] Eddie Calvo subsequently reverted the TCCOR for Guam to the seasonal TCCOR, as no damaging or destructive winds were expected to affect Guam as the depression moved through the Rota Channel. [60] NWS Guam subsequently noted that heavy thunderstorms had developed near the center of the system as it moved through the Rota Channel and that the weather over Guam could have been a lot worse. [27]

Philippines

Typhoon Rammasun (Glenda)
Rammasun 2014-07-18 Suomi NPP.jpg
Rammasun at peak intensity nearing Hainan on July 18
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Costliest Philippine typhoons
RankStormSeasonDamageRef.
PHP USD
1 Yolanda (Haiyan) 2013 ₱95.5 billion$2.2 billion [61]
2 Odette (Rai) 2021 ₱51.8 billion$1.02 billion [62]
3 Pablo (Bopha) 2012 ₱43.2 billion$1.06 billion [63]
4 Glenda (Rammasun) 2014 ₱38.6 billion$771 million [64]
5 Ompong (Mangkhut) 2018 ₱33.9 billion$627 million [65]
6 Pepeng (Parma) 2009 ₱27.3 billion$581 million [66]
7 Ulysses (Vamco) 2020 ₱20.2 billion$418 million [67]
8 Rolly (Goni) 2020 ₱20 billion$369 million [68]
9 Paeng (Nalgae) 2022 ₱17.6 billion$321 million [69]
10 Pedring (Nesat) 2011 ₱15.6 billion$356 million [63]
Animation of PAGASA's Storm Signal Raised in each province throughout the passage of Glenda Animation of PSWS Glenda.gif
Animation of PAGASA's Storm Signal Raised in each province throughout the passage of Glenda
Aftermath of Rammasun in Jose W. Diokno Boulevard Aftermath of Glenda in Jose W. Diokno Blvd.JPG
Aftermath of Rammasun in José W. Diokno Boulevard

Rammasun (known as "Glenda" in the Philippines) was the first typhoon to impact the Philippines in over eight months, the previous being Typhoon Haiyan. Preparations for Rammasun started in the island nation, early on July 14. [70] In the wake of the storm, The National Transmission Corporation of the country said in their statement, "Preparations included ensuring the reliability of communications equipment, availability of hardware materials and supplies necessary for the repair of damages to facilities, as well as the positioning of line crews in strategic areas, to facilitate immediate restoration work." [71] Storm warning signal number 3 was hoisted over Catanduanes, while signal number 2 was raised over areas such as Camarines Norte, Burias Island, Ticao Island, Marinduque, and southern Quezon. [72] Several islands in southern Luzon and eastern western, and central Visayas were put under storm signal number 1. Over 12 million people, in all, were asked to brace for the typhoon. Classes on all levels were reportedly suspended for the next two days. [73] Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's head Alexander Pama, in an interview, said "We are already warning the public to be on alert for possible effects of the weather disturbance: landslides, flash floods, strong rains and winds." more than 1,300 villages were advised about floods or landslides.[ citation needed ] The Embassy of the United States in Manila cancelled non-immigrant visa applicant interviews scheduled for July 15 and 16. All applicants were asked to reschedule their interviews. [74]

The Philippine Coast Guard asked all shipping vessels to refrain from travelling. Spokesperson Armand Balilo said "Authorities are already on standby to prevent any maritime vessels from sailing as the Philippines braces for Glenda (Ramassun). [75] Department of the Interior and Local Government Director Edgar Tabell said "All DILG offices in Luzon and Eastern Visayas have been activated to prepare for Glenda. Evacuation centers have been prepared and power lines, bridges and roads have also been checked." He also asked all local officials to fully cooperate with them and provide support to the residents. [76] As the typhoon neared the coastline of Philippines, the entire nation was put on red alert. [77] By the early hours of July 15, the government reportedly evacuated eastern coastal areas of the nation. PAGASA said "Storm surges of up to three meters were expected in coastal villages." [78] However, that evening, several other residents fled their homes as the typhoon intensified much more than anticipated. [79] The civil defence chief of Bicol, in an interview said "We are preparing for the worst... it is critical now that we finish the evacuations. About 6,000 residents had already moved to evacuation centres, with authorities aiming to have another 39,000 take shelter before the typhoon hits. [80] Several cities were warned of storm surge ranging from 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft). [81]

Immediately after the landfall, three fishermen were reported missing. They were reported to have gone out fishing a day ago from the Philippine province of Catanduanes, and failed to return. [82] A wall collapse in Quezon City injured two people. [83]

At least 90% of the total residents of Metro Manila lost power, as poles were toppled and lines downed. The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines posted on Twitter, saying "Around 90% of Meralco’s franchise area is experiencing power outage brought about by downed poles, lines and outages of NGCP’s (National Grid Corporation of the Philippines) transmission lines due to Typhoon Glenda." [84] Strong winds from the storm destroyed several homes in the slums. Most of the capital area was also completely shut down. [85] In total, Rammasun killed 106 people and caused a damage up to Php38.6 billion (US$885 million). [86]

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal

PSWS#LUZONVISAYASMINDANAO
PSWS #3Catanduanes, Albay, SorsogonNorthern SamarNONE
PSWS #2Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Masbate incl. Burias and Ticao Islands, Marinduque, Southern QuezonNorthern part of Samar, Northern part of Eastern SamarNONE
PSWS #1Romblon, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Lubang Island, Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan, Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Southern Aurora, rest of Quezon incl. Polillo Island, Metro Manilarest of Eastern Samar, rest of Samar, Northern Leyte incl. Biliran IslandNONE

Hong Kong

Late on July 16, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Typhoon Standby Signal No. 1, before issuing the Typhoon Signal Number 3 during the next day as local winds strengthened gradually from the east. [87] Gale-force winds were subsequently recorded offshore and on higher ground, before it made its closest point of approach during July 18, as it passed around 390 km (240 mi) to the southwest of Hong Kong. [87] Winds over the region gradually subsided before the signals were cancelled by the HKO early on July 19. [87] Over the region at least 51 trees were blown down while there were several reports of fallen objects including a lamp post on the Tsuen Wan flyover. [87]

China

Video of fallen trees in Haikou
Typhoon Rammasun making landfall over China on July 18 Typhoon Rammasun 2014 making landfall over China.gif
Typhoon Rammasun making landfall over China on July 18

On July 17, Rammasun made landfall near Wenchang City on the island province of Hainan. The city's mayor, Liu Chun-mei, told the Xinhua News Agency that many houses had been damaged and more than 700,000 people evacuated. Qionghai also suffered heavy damage. Hainan closed all its airports while kindergartens and other schools were shut. Resorts in Hainan were ordered to close and the high speed train in Guangdong bound for Hainan suspended. The typhoon killed one person on the island [88] and injured 21. Waves reached up to 13 m (43 ft) on the northern and eastern coasts of the island and the Leizhou Peninsula. [89] The local government dispatched 66 officials in 13 locales to supervise preparations for the typhoon. Xinhua reported that 6,000 people on Hainan were evacuated. Bus companies also suspended operations due to heavy rains and high winds. [90]

51,000 homes were destroyed in Hainan. [91] 88 people were killed in China while total economic losses were counted to be CNY 44.33 billion (US$7.14 billion). [92]

Vietnam

Vietnamese authorities ordered an evacuation of people from parts of the northern coast of the country on July 18 in preparation for Rammasun. [93] Typhoon Rammasun affected the nearby provinces of Haiphong, Thái Bình, and Nam Định. The officials of Quảng Ninh Province have evacuated more than 1,300 people to safe shelters. Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng ordered authorities to help in evacuation and "require all boats to remain close to the shore". He commanded the army to install its forces in the areas for possible search and rescue operations. [94] Heavy rains caused minor flooding in urban areas of Hai Phong and the capital, Hanoi. It also submerged the streets of Nguyen Khuyen, Minh Khai, Truong Dinh and Hang Chuoi. Duong Anh Dien, a government official, told Tuoi Tre that he ordered the cancellation of "all administrative meetings". Residents near the coast areas were evacuated to the nearest designated evacuation sites. All vessels and boats were banned from leaving port. The National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting said the eye of the storm was about 210 kilometers east of Hoàng Sa with wind speeds reaching 149 kilometers per hour. The mountainous province of Bắc Kạn, Cao Bằng, Lai Chau, Lạng Sơn and Lào Cai were put on high alert for flash floods and landslides. Over twenty flights by Vietnam Airlines were cancelled or delayed at Noi Bai International Airport. The trade department reserved foods and goods to assure support for at least 250,000 people in case of an emergency. [95] [96] Overall, around 500 homes were damaged. Throughout Vietnam, Rammasun is responsible for 31 deaths had caused damages of US$59 million. [97]

Retirement

After the system had caused damage to the Philippines, China and Vietnam, the name Rammasun was retired at the Third Joint Session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee and WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones during 2015. [98] In February 2016, Thailand provided replacement names for Rammasun, and a month later, the name Bualoi was chosen to replace it, [99] and was used for the first time in 2019.

The name Glenda was also retired by PAGASA after damages had exceeded

See also

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The 2023 Pacific typhoon season was the fourth consecutive below-average season and became the third-most inactive typhoon season on record in terms of named storms, with just 17 named storms developing, only ahead of 2010 and 1998. Despite the season occurring during an El Niño event, which typically favors activity in the basin, activity was abnormally low. This was primarily due to a consistent period of negative PDO, which typically discourages tropical storm formation in this basin. The season was less active than the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season in terms of named storms, the fourth such season on record, after 2005, 2010 and 2020. The season's number of storms also did not exceed that of the 2023 Pacific hurricane season. Only ten became typhoons, with four strengthening further into super typhoons. However, it was very destructive, primarily due to Typhoon Doksuri which devastated the northern Philippines, Taiwan, and China in July, becoming the costliest typhoon on record as well as the costliest typhoon to hit mainland China, and Typhoon Haikui in September, which devastated China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The season was less active in Southeast Asia, with no tropical storm making landfall in mainland Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Vongfong (2020)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2020

Typhoon Vongfong, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ambo, was a strong tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines in May 2020. Beginning as a tropical depression on May 10 east of Mindanao, Vongfong was the first storm of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season. It gradually organized as it took a slow northward course, strengthening into a tropical storm on May 12 and curving west thereafter. The next day, Vongfong entered a period of rapid intensification, becoming a typhoon and attaining 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 150 km/h (93 mph). The storm made landfall at this intensity near San Policarpo, Eastern Samar, at 04:15 UTC on May 14. The system tracked across Visayas and Luzon, making a total of seven landfalls. Persistent land interaction weakened Vongfong, leading to its degeneration into a tropical depression over the Luzon Strait on May 17.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Sarika (2011)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2011

Tropical Storm Sarika, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Dodong, was a weak but costly tropical storm that affected Philippines and the East China in early-June 2011. The sixth tropical depression and the third named storm of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season, Sarika formed from an area of low pressure near Cebu City. As it traversed the Verde Island Passage on June 8, both the JTWC and the JMA started issuing advisories on the system, with the former issuing a TCFA on the system later that day. The next day, the PAGASA upgraded the low-pressure area to a tropical depression, naming it Dodong. Moving to the north, the system struggled to intensify due to strong wind shear and was downgraded by the JTWC to a tropical depression; however, the JMA kept the system as a minimal tropical storm until it made landfall near Shantou on June 11. It dissipated soon thereafter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Kompasu (2021)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2021

Severe Tropical Storm Kompasu, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Maring was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines, Taiwan, and southeast China. Part of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Kompasu originated from an area of low pressure east of the Philippines on 6 October 2021. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression that day. A day later, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) classified it as a tropical depression, naming it Maring. The cyclone was initially heavily disorganised, competing with another vortex, Tropical Depression Nando. Eventually, Maring became dominant, and the JMA reclassified it as a tropical storm, naming it Kompasu. Kompasu made landfall in Cagayan, Philippines, on 11 October 2021, and two days later, the storm made landfall in Hainan, China. The cyclone dissipated on 14 October 2021 while located over Vietnam.

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