Typhoon Nuri,locally named Paeng by PAGASA,was the third most intense tropical cycloneworldwide in 2014. The system developed into a tropical storm and received the name Paeng from PAGASA on October 31,before it intensified into a typhoon on the next day.[3][4] Under very favorable conditions,especially the synoptic scale outflow,Nuri underwent rapid deepening and reached its peak intensity on November 2,forming a round eye in a overall symmetric Central dense overcast (CDO).[5][6] Maintaining an impressive structure for over one day,The storm began to weaken on November 4,with a cloud-filled eye.[7]
Due to the vertical wind shear from the mid-latitude westerlies,Nuri lost its eye on November 5,and deep convection continued to deteriorate the system.[8] The storm accelerated northeastward and completely became extratropical on November 6.[9] However,on the next day,the main circulation of the storm was divided,and a new center absorbed the entire circulation.[9][10] The resulting system became the most intense extratropical cyclone ever recorded in the Bering Sea.[11][12][9][10] The cyclone brought gale-force winds to the western Aleutian Islands and produced even higher gusts in other locations,including a 97 miles per hour (156km/h) gust in Shemya,Alaska. The storm coincidentally occurred three years after another historic extratropical cyclone impacted an area slightly further to the east.[12]
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity,according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
A low-pressure area formed approximately 590km (370mi) east-southeast of Guam early on October 28, and the low developed into a tropical disturbance on the next day.[13][14] After having slowly consolidated for two days, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert to the system on October 30, due to its quickly consolidating but broad low-level circulation center (LLCC) under a favorable environment.[15] Additionally, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the low-pressure area to a tropical depression at noon on the same day.[16] The agency upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Nuri early on October 31, shortly after the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression and designated it as 20W.[3][17] Under low vertical wind shear and good outflow, a central dense overcast (CDO) started to flare over the LLCC with the tighter wrapped banding, prompting the JTWC upgrading Nuri to a tropical storm in the afternoon.[18] As it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the PAGASA named it Paeng at 23:00 PST (15:00 UTC).[4]
On November 1, Nuri was upgraded to a severe tropical storm at 00:00 UTC and a typhoon at noon by the JMA, when the system was turning northward and forming a microwave eye beneath the compact CDO.[19][20][21] Late on the same day, Nuri began to form an eye, and the JTWC upgraded it to a typhoon.[22] The system underwent rapid deepening on November 2, depicting a highly round and sharply-outlined 15 nautical miles (28km; 17mi) eye embedded in a symmetric CDO of super-deep convection. It also developed its own mesoscaleanticyclone that, in combination with the synoptic scale poleward and equatorward outflow, was providing an extremely efficient ventilation to the associated convection.[6] Thus, the JMA reported that Nuri had reached peak intensity late on that day, with ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 205km/h (127mph) and atmosphere pressure at 910 hPa (26.87 inHg), when it was located about 520km (320mi) southwest of Okinotorishima.[5] The JTWC upgraded Nuri to a super typhoon at the same time, and the warning center even indicated that its one-minute maximum sustained winds had reached 285km/h (177mph) six hours later, unofficially recognizing it the strongest tropical cyclone in 2014, tied with Typhoon Vongfong and Typhoon Hagupit in terms of wind speed.[6]
Initially, the JTWC forecast that Nuri would become a record-breaker as strong as Typhoon Haiyan; however, it failed to intensify further.[23] The system retained its impressive structure and turned northeastward along the western periphery of a subtropical ridge to the east on November 3, yet the JTWC indicated that it had begun to gradually weaken owing to warming cloud top temperatures in the afternoon.[24] Early on November 4, the JMA reported that Nuri had started to weaken, and the JTWC downgraded the system to a typhoon.[25][26] Although vigorous pole-ward outflow into a jet stream located to the northeast of the system offset increasing westerly moderate vertical wind shear, it continued undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle, resulting a cloud-filled eye before noon.[7] Nuri still retained tightly curved banding wrapping into a well-defined LLCC;[27] however, on November 5, the LLCC began to unravel as the deep convection had become isolated to the northern semi-circle, although a weak microwave eye feature remained present. Vigorous poleward outflow into the mid-latitude westerlies became only partially offsetting the increasing vertical wind shear.[8] Right after the JMA downgraded Nuri to a severe tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on November 6, the JTWC downgraded it to a tropical storm and issued their final warning for the system, due to the extratropical transition and diminishing deep convection.[28][29] In the afternoon, Nuri accelerated northeastward and became completely extratropical east of Japan.[30]
Bering Sea cyclone
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Thanks to the unusually powerful North Pacific jet stream, the extratropical cyclone underwent extremely explosive cyclogenesis on November 7, owing to the energy from differences in air masses.[31] The system split into two centers of low pressure early on the same day, and the former center to the southwest was absorbed into the new center to the northeast within a half a day.[9][10] After attaining hurricane-force winds at 70 knots (130km/h; 80mph), the new storm's central pressure decreased to 920hPa (mbar; 27.17inHg) early on November 8, becoming the most intense extratropical cyclone of the North Pacific Ocean since reliable records began.[1] The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provided a slightly higher estimate of 924mbar (hPa; 27.29inHg), a pressure which still holds the record for most intense cyclone in the Bering Sea.[12] The extratropical cyclone crossed the International Date Line on November 9, at which time it started to weaken. However, the system's intensity shifted the jet stream far to the north of Alaska, resulting in a large mass of Arctic air invading the United States along and east of the Rocky Mountains, which caused the worst cold wave the United States had experienced since the Early 2014 North American cold wave.[2][32] Early on the next day, the storm weakened further into a gale-force system and turned northward.[33][34] On November 11, it turned northwestward, crossed the International Date Line for the second time, and weakened even further.[35] Afterwards, the system made a counter-clockwise loop and crossed the International Date Line for the third time, late on November 12.[36] The system eventually dissipated near the Aleutian Islands on November 13.[37][38]
Impact
Japan
Yoshihide Suga, the Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan, said that the government of Tokyo would not allow Chinesecoral poaching vessels to come ashore when Typhoon Nuri was approaching the area off the Bonin Islands and the Izu Islands. Many of the vessels that had swarmed off the remote islands began leaving the area in a southeasterly direction on November 5, as the Coast Guard patrol ships warned them to go south to get out of the typhoon's path.[39] However, after Nuri left the area of the Tokyo remote islands, the Chinese coral poaching vessels returned.[40]
A map of the extremely frigid temperatures in North America on November 17, 2014, caused by the cold wave brought about by Nuri's remnant
Sustained winds of 110km/h (70mph) with gusts to 156km/h (97mph) were recorded on the island of Shemya.[41] Only minor damage was reported on the island which houses a United States Air Force installation.[42]
The northward movement of the cyclone altered the jet stream, which allowed a fragment of the polar vortex to descend from the Arctic region into lower Canada and the Eastern United States, affecting up to 200 million people with colder-than-normal temperatures and early snowstorms.[43][44] Some U.S. locations had temperatures 45°F (25°C) below normal. On November 10, St. Cloud, Minnesota had the biggest snowfall ever in November with 13.2 inches (34cm). By the next day, Ishpeming, Michigan had 24.5 inches (62cm), the most of any location.[45] On November 13, Casper, Wyoming had its lowest temperature ever recorded in November, with a record low of −27°F (−33°C), and Denver, Colorado had a low of −14°F (−26°C), the second coldest temperature ever recorded for that month.[46]
↑"Local Storm Reports". National Weather Service Office in Anchorage, Alaska. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 8, 2014. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
