![]() Severe Tropical Storm Washi approaching Mindanao on December 16 | |
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | December 13,2011 |
Dissipated | December 19,2011 |
Severe tropical storm | |
10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
Highest winds | 95 km/h (60 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 992 hPa (mbar);29.29 inHg |
Tropical storm | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 95 km/h (60 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 985 hPa (mbar);29.09 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 1,268 –1,472 |
Missing | 181 –1,074 |
Damage | $97.8 million (2011 USD) |
Areas affected | Caroline Islands,Philippines |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season |
Severe Tropical Storm Washi,known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Sendong,was a late-season tropical cyclone that caused around 1,200 to 1,500 deaths and catastrophic damage in the Philippines in late 2011. Washi made landfall over Mindanao,a major region in the Philippines,on December 16. Washi weakened slightly after passing Mindanao,but regained strength in the Sulu Sea,and made landfall again over Palawan on December 17.
On December 12, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) noted that a developing area of low pressure had persisted about 945 km (585 mi) south-southeast of Guam. Situated along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge, the system tracked steadily westward towards the Philippines. Located within a region of good diffluence and moderate wind shear, deep convection was able to maintain itself over the circulation. Development of banding features and improvement of outflow indicated strengthening was likely. [1] Further development over the following day prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert early on December 13. [2] Less than six hours later, both the JTWC and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression, with the former assigning the identifier 27W. [3] Maintaining a westward track, the depression was forecast to intensify slowly over the following three days. [4] For much of December 13, a slight increase in shear displaced thunderstorm activity from the center of the depression, delaying intensification. By December 14, convection redeveloped over the low and the JTWC subsequently assessed the system to have attained tropical storm status. [5]
Early on December 15, the system crossed west of 135°E and entered the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration's (PAGASA) area of responsibility. Upon doing so, PAGASA began issuing advisories and assigned the cyclone with the local name Sendong. [6] Shortly thereafter, the storm passed close to or over Palau. [7] By 0600 UTC, the JMA upgraded the system to tropical storm status, at which time they assigned it with the name Washi. [8] Maintaining a rapid westward track, Washi slowly became more organized, with low-level inflow improving during the latter part of December 15. [9] On December 16, Washi reached its peak strength as a severe tropical storm and made its first landfall along the east coast of Mindanao.
After passing Mindanao, Washi weakened due to land interaction, but the storm quickly regained its strength, in the Sulu Sea. Late on December 17, Washi crossed Palawan and arrived in the South China Sea, and the system moved out of the PAR on December 18. Washi weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated on December 19, because of cool, dry air, in association with the Northeast Monsoon.
Across the Cagayan de Oro river basin, a localized heavy rain event occurred during Tropical Storm Washi's passage. [10] Onshore flow from Macajalar Bay, which the Cagayan de Oro river drains into, ran into the steep terrain of Mount Makaturing, Mount Kalatungan, and Mount Kitanglad, resulting in orographic enhancement of precipitation. A weather station in Capehan located along the Bubunawan river, a tributary of the Cagayan de Oro river, recorded 475 mm (18.7 in) over a 24‑hour span. [11] The rainfall event itself amounted to a 1-in-20 year event for much of Misamis Oriental. [12] In the span of 24 hours, 180.9 mm (7.12 in) of rain fell at Lumbia which equates to more than 60 percent of their average December precipitation. [10] Estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission jointly run by NASA and JAXA indicated that accumulations around the Cagayan de Oro river exceeded 400 mm (16 in). [13] Observations from Talakag captured the sheer intensity of rainfall associated with Washi, with hourly accumulations peaking at 60.6 mm (2.39 in). Similar amounts, though less anomalous in magnitude, fell farther east on Mindanao. Satellite estimates indicated accumulations of 200 to 250 mm (7.9 to 9.8 in) along coastal areas near where Washi made landfall. [13] A total of 180.4 mm (7.10 in) was observed in Hinatuan. [10]
Starting in tributaries and later reaching the main Cagayan de Oro, Iponan, and Mandulog rivers, flash flooding manifested at a dramatic pace. [11] In some locations, flood waters rose by 3.3 m (11 ft) in less than an hour. [14] Alongside the effects from rainfall, high tide at Macajalar Bay further enhanced the flood event and allowed water to inundate areas that would have otherwise safe at low tide. The rivers crested at 7 to 9 m (23 to 30 ft), amounting to a 75-year flood event in some areas, with catastrophic results. [10] [11] This was also far higher than the previous flood event following Tropical Depression Auring in January 2009. Located outside the main "typhoon belt," residents in the affected areas suffered from a false sense of security with tropical cyclone related disasters. Flooding from the rivers struck at approximately 2:30 a.m. local time, when most people were asleep and unable to hear warnings from PAGASA. Hardest hit were the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan where tremendous loss of life occurred. Within Cagayan de Oro, the barangay of Balulang, Carmen and Macasandig was virtually wiped out. Between the two cities, 1,147 people lost their lives while a further 1,993 sustained injury. [11] Residents affected by these flood waters were forced to seek refuge on their roofs amidst 90 km/h (55 mph) winds. The mayor of Iligan regarded the floods as the worst in the city's history. [15]
Throughout the affected areas, nearly 40,000 homes were damaged of which 11,463 were destroyed. Nearly 700,000 people were affected by the storm. [11] Total casualties attributed to the event are uncertain, with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's final report in February 2012 stating 1,268 fatalities, 181 people missing, and 6,071 injuries. [10] A later report by the World Meteorological Organization in December of that year indicated 1,292 deaths, 1,049 missing, and 2,002 injured. [11] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies stated a total of 2,546 deaths in their final report on August 21, 2013. [16] [17] [18] [ better source needed ] Damage directly related to the storm amounted to ₱ 2.068 billion (2012 PhP, $48.4 million USD). Over half of the damage was due to damaged roads and bridges. [10] Total socio-economic losses amounted to US$97.8 million. [11]
PSWS# | Luzon | Visayas | Mindanao |
---|---|---|---|
2 | Palawan | Southern Leyte, Bohol, Southern portion of Cebu, Southern portion of Negros Oriental, Southern Portion of Negros Occidental, Siquijor | Surigao del Norte incl. Siargao Island, Surigao del Sur, Dinagat Province, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Samal Island, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, North Cotabato, Compostela Valley, Camiguin, Bukidnon, Maguindanao, Camotes Islands |
1 | Masbate, Sorsogon, Ticao Islands, Cuyo Islands, Coron | Eastern Samar, Western portion of Samar, Northern portion of Leyte, Rest of Cebu, Rest of Negros Oriental, Rest of Negros Occidental, Capiz, Antique, Aklan, Iloilo, Guimaras | None |
A massive relief operation involving the evacuation of 100,000 people occurred on the morning of December 17, 2011. Approximately 20,000 soldiers were mobilized to assist in recovery efforts and evacuations. [15] The Philippine Coast Guard was dispatched to search for missing people after villages were reported to have been swept out to sea. Sixty people were rescued off the coast of El Salvador, Misamis Oriental and another 120 in the waters near Opol township. [19] President Benigno Aquino III visited Cagayan de Oro and Iligan on December 20, 2011, and declared a state of national calamity in the affected provinces. [20] The President also appealed to its citizens to help the victims in their way of celebrating Christmas in his Christmas Message. [21]
A leptospirosis outbreak in the immediate aftermath infected more than 400 people and killed 22. Additional fatalities from suicide took place in evacuation centers, though exact numbers are unknown. [11]
In the three years following Washi, ₱2.57 billion (US$58 million) was allocated to build 30,438 shelters, designed to withstand winds of 220 km/h (140 mph), in eight regions. Less than half of this total had been built by December 2014, though construction in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan was largely complete. [22]
Overseas humanitarian aid is pouring in for victims of Severe Tropical Storm Sendong (Washi) in Northern Mindanao, in the Philippines.
The Australian government provided A$1 million (US$1.01 million) in financial aid. [23]
The Danish government provided 300,000 DKK (US$53,000) in emergency funds for relief items such as food, water, sanitation materials, mattresses and blankets. [24]
The European Commission allocated €3 million ($3.9 million) to provide emergency relief to tens of thousands of people affected by the storm. [25]
The French Government provided €50,000 (US$65,000) in emergency funds. [26]
The Government of Indonesia provided $50,000 in financial aid and offered to send search and rescue teams and medical teams. [23]
The Japanese government provided 25 million yen (US$320,000) worth of relief goods, such as water tanks and generators, for victims of the storm. [26]
The Government of Malaysia provided $100,000 in financial assistance for relief and rehabilitation. [26]
The Chinese government provided $1.1 million in financial aid. [23]
The Government of Singapore provided S$50,000 (US$39,000) in funds and S$27,800 (US$22,000) worth of relief goods. [23]
The Government of South Korea provided $500,000 in financial aid. [23]
Six members of the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit were sent to Mindanao to ensure access to clean drinking water. [27]
The British Red Cross provided £140,000 (US$220,000) in funds to support relief efforts. [28]
On December 21, the United Nations Emergency Relief Agency released $3 million in funds to improve water and sanitation. On December 22, the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs announced a plan to raise $26.8 million in aid for victims of Severe Tropical Storm Washi. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon sympathized with the Philippine Government and stated "the [United Nations] would extend whatever help is needed by those who were affected by the disaster." [26] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees also pledged to send 42 metric tons of aid to the country. [23] The United Nations Children's Fund also appealed for $4.2 million to be sent to the Philippines. [29]
The United States provided $100,000 in funds to support relief efforts. The country's ambassador, Harry K. Thomas Jr., expressed his "heartfelt condolences and sympathies" to those affected by the storm. Immediate assistance was to be provided by the United States Agency for International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance. Non-food items such as hygiene kits, water purification tablets, and containers were to be sent to the Philippines. [30]
Due to its high death toll, PAGASA announced that the name, Sendong, would be retired from their tropical cyclone naming lists. [31] In June 2012, PAGASA selected the name Sarah to replace Sendong for the 2015 season. However, due to fewer tropical cyclones entering the area that season, it was first used in the 2019 season.[ citation needed ]
In February 2012, the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee announced that Washi would also be retired from its naming lists and was replaced with the name Hato. But the name Hato was also retired in 2017 and was replaced with Yamaneko, which was first used in the 2022 season. [32]
Typhoon Imbudo, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Harurot, was a powerful typhoon that struck the Philippines and southern China in July 2003. The seventh named storm and fourth typhoon of the season, Imbudo formed on July 15 to the east of the Philippines. The storm moved generally west-northward for much of its duration due to a ridge to the north. Favorable conditions allowed Imbudo to intensify, gradually at first before undergoing rapid deepening on July 19. After reaching typhoon status, Imbudo strengthened further to peak 10–minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (103 mph) on July 20. The typhoon made landfall on northern Luzon near peak intensity on July 22, but quickly weakened over land. Once in the South China Sea, Imbudo re-intensified slightly before making its final landfall in southern China near Yangjiang on July 24, dissipating the next day.
The 2008 Pacific typhoon season was a below average season which featured 22 named storms, eleven typhoons, and two super typhoons. The season had no official bounds; it ran year-round in 2008, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
Typhoon Fengshen, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Frank, was the sixth named storm and the fourth typhoon recognized by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center recognized Fengshen as the seventh tropical depression, the sixth tropical storm, and fifth typhoon of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season.
Typhoon Sinlaku, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Marce, was a typhoon which affected the Philippines, Taiwan, China and Japan. It was recognised as the 13th named storm and the ninth typhoon of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season by the Japan Meteorological Agency.
Typhoon Mitag, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Mina, was a strong typhoon that caused deadly flooding in the Philippines in November 2007. As the twenty-fourth named storm and the fourteenth typhoon of the 2007 Pacific typhoon season, it originated from an area of atmospheric convection south-southwest of Guam. The area of convection was in a favorable environment for development, so it organized and a low-level circulation was found inside the disturbance. Not too long after, the JMA classified it as a tropical depression. On November 20, rainbands developed along the periphery of the depression as it moved into an area of good divergence. The JMA soon upgraded the depression to a tropical storm, designating it as Mitag. A few hours later, the JTWC issued their first advisory on Mitag, and so did PAGASA, naming it Mina. The storm strengthened significantly early on November 21 and became a further intensified. Later that day, the JTWC upgraded Mitag to a typhoon, and the JMA also upgraded it late that evening. As Mitag remained stationary for a day as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon, it changed its trajectory. Nonetheless, PAGASA announced that there is still a possibility of the typhoon to once again change its course. The storm turned northwest and made landfall late on November 25. It tracked Luzon and was downgraded to a severe tropical storm before emerging back over water on November 26. It turned back to the east before reaching Taiwan, and became extratropical on November 27.
Typhoon Dolphin, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses, was the final named storm and typhoon of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season. The only impact that was reported from Dolphin was to the M/Bca Mae Jan, which was a cargo passenger ship which sank on December 14, due to rough seas caused by Dolphin. There were 46 people reported dead while seven were reported as missing.
Tropical Depression Auring was a weak tropical cyclone that caused floods in the Philippines in early January 2009. It formed as a tropical disturbance late on December 30, 2008, to the southeast of Manila in the Philippines, and gradually developed over the next few days. Early on January 3, 2009, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that the disturbance had intensified into the first tropical depression of the season, with PAGASA assigning the name Auring to the depression. As the Depression was moving into a high level of vertical wind shear, it did not develop any further and late on January 5 as the baroclinic zone approached Auring, it was downgraded to an area of low pressure by the PAGASA before the JMA followed suit the next day as it was declared as dissipated by the JTWC.
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The 2011 Pacific typhoon season was a below average season that produced a total of 21 named storms, 8 typhoons, and four super typhoons. This season was much more active than the previous season, although both seasons were below the Pacific typhoon average of 26. The season ran throughout 2011, though most tropical cyclone tend to develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Aere, developed on May 7 while the season's last named storm, Washi dissipated on December 19.
Tropical Depression Winnie was a weak, but catastrophic tropical cyclone that killed nearly 1,600 people after triggering widespread flooding in the Philippines. It was the second deadliest tropical cyclone of 2004 worldwide, only surpassed by Hurricane Jeanne. A depression, which formed east of Samar, brought heavy rain to areas where it passed through, and affecting many areas, owing to Winnie’s large cloudiness.
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Typhoon Bopha, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Pablo, was the strongest tropical cyclone on record to ever affect the Philippine island of Mindanao, making landfall as a Category 5 super typhoon with winds of 175 mph (282 km/h). The twenty-fourth tropical storm, along with being the fourth and final super typhoon of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season, Bopha originated unusually close to the equator, becoming the second-most southerly Category 5 super typhoon, reaching a minimum latitude of 7.4°N on December 3, 2012, as only Typhoon Louise of 1964 came closer to the equator at this strength, at 7.3°N. After first making landfall in Palau, where it destroyed houses, disrupted communications and caused power outages, flooding and uprooted trees, Bopha made landfall late on December 3 in Mindanao. The storm caused widespread destruction on Mindanao, leaving thousands of people homeless and killing 1,901 people.
This timeline documents all of the events of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season, the period that tropical cyclones formed in the Western Pacific Ocean in 2011. Most of the tropical cyclones formed between May and November 2011. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. Tropical storms that form in the entire Western Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Tropical depressions that form in this basin are given a number with a "W" suffix by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). In addition, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.
Typhoon Lingling, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nanang, was a deadly typhoon that struck the Philippines and Vietnam in 2001 and caused 379 deaths. The name "Lingling" was given by Hong Kong. The 39th tropical depression, 22nd named storm, and 13th typhoon of the 2001 Pacific typhoon season, Lingling developed into a tropical depression on November 6 and given the local name Nanang by the PAGASA. The next day, it was upgraded into a tropical storm and given the name Lingling by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Lingling's intensity briefly stagnated as it moved over Visayas before resuming intensification and intensifying into a severe tropical storm on November 8. One day later, both the JMA and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded Lingling to a typhoon as it exited the Philippine archipelago and moved into the South China Sea. After intensifying into a typhoon, Lingling began to quickly intensify, peaking with 10-min sustained winds of 155 km/h (96 mph) and 1-min sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph), with a minimum central pressure of 940 mbar (28 inHg). Lingling began to weaken as it approached the Vietnamese coast, before making landfall on November 11 at 18:00 UTC. Lingling rapidly weakened afterward, dissipating on November 12.
Tropical Storm Jangmi, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Seniang, was a weak but destructive tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines during late December 2014. It produced heavy rainfall which caused serious flooding. Flooding in Philippines caused 66 deaths and at least $28.3 million damage.
The 2017 Visayas and Mindanao floods was an event that caused extreme flooding within parts of the Philippines, caused by several low-pressure systems. In mid-January 2017, several parts of Visayas and Mindanao experienced flooding as a result of a low-pressure area, combined with the tail-end of a cold front.
Typhoon Tembin, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Vinta, was the deadliest tropical cyclone to strike Mindanao since Typhoon Bopha in 2012. Following and impacting the Philippines less than a few days after the deadly Tropical Storm Kai-tak, Tembin, which means Libra in Japanese, the twenty-seventh named storm and the eleventh typhoon of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season. It was first classified as a weak tropical depression on December 16. The system gradually intensified and consolidated into a tropical storm on December 20. Tembin made landfall in Mindanao late the next day. On December 23, Tembin followed a path towards the South China Sea and intensified into a typhoon early the following day. Quick intensification ensued and Tembin reached its peak intensity as a low-end Category 2 typhoon as assessed by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center on December 24. Unfavorable conditions enhanced by the winter monsoon caused Tembin to rapidly weaken shortly afterwards, before it ultimately dissipated on December 26 while just south of Vietnam.
Typhoon Rai, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Odette, was a deadly and extremely destructive super typhoon, which was the second costliest typhoon in Philippine history behind Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Rai was a powerful rare tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines in December 2021. Rai became the first Category 5-equivalent super typhoon to develop in the month of December since Nock-ten in 2016, and the third Category 5 super typhoon recorded in the South China Sea, following Pamela in 1954 and Rammasun in 2014.
Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Paeng, was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that wreaked havoc across the Philippines and later impacted Hong Kong and Macau. Nalgae, meaning wing in Korean, the twenty-second named storm of the 2022 Pacific typhoon season, Nalgae originated from an invest located east of the Philippines on October 26. The disturbance, initially designated as 93W, was eventually upgraded the following day to a tropical depression by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and re-designated as 26W. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) however, had already considered the disturbance as a tropical depression a day prior to JTWC's; the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also followed the JMA's lead and gave it the name Paeng. That same day, it was upgraded again by the JMA to tropical storm status, thus gaining the name Nalgae.
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