![]() Lekima at peak intensity above Ryukyu Islands on August 8 | |
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | August 2,2019 |
Extratropical | August 14,2019 |
Dissipated | August 14,2019 |
Violent typhoon | |
10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
Highest winds | 195 km/h (120 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 925 hPa (mbar);27.32 inHg |
Category 4-equivalent super typhoon | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 250 km/h (155 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 904 hPa (mbar);26.70 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 105 total |
Damage | $9.28 billion (2019 USD) (Third-costliest in Chinese history) |
Areas affected | Caroline Islands,East China,Philippines,Ryukyu Islands,Taiwan,Malaysia |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season |
Typhoon Lekima,known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Hanna,was the third costliest typhoon in Chinese history. The ninth named storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season,Lekima originated from a tropical depression that formed east of the Philippines on 30 July. It gradually organized,became a tropical storm,and was named on 4 August. Lekima intensified under favorable environmental conditions and peaked as a Category 4–equivalent Super typhoon. However,an eyewall replacement cycle caused the typhoon to weaken before it made landfall in Zhejiang early on 10 August,as a Category 2–equivalent typhoon. Lekima weakened subsequently while moving across Eastern China,and made its second landfall in Shandong on 11 August.
Lekima's precursor enhanced the southwestern monsoon in the Philippines,which brought heavy rain to the country. The rains caused three boats to sink and 31 people died in this accident. Lekima brought catastrophic damage in mainland China,with a death toll of 71 people and more than CN¥65.37 billion (US$9.26 billion) in damages. The system also caused minor damage in Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan. In Malaysia,the typhoon brought up strong tides and partially destroyed the coastal areas of Penang.
On 2 August, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began to monitor a tropical depression which developed over the Philippine Sea. [1] The next day, the PAGASA would later name it as "Hanna". [2] The system slowly developed while moving northward. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also monitored the system and gave the identifier 10W early on 4 August. [3] The JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and assigned the name Lekima at 6:00 a.m. UTC that day. [4] The JTWC followed suit later that day. Though Lekima was affected by moderate wind shear, warm waters of 31 °C (88 °F) and good outflow channel allowed Lekima to slowly intensify, and Lekima became almost stationary due to the absence of steering current. [5]
On 6 August, Lekima steered by a subtropical ridge to the northeast and accelerated to the northwest, [6] and the JMA upgraded Lekima to a severe tropical storm. Later that day, both JMA and JTWC upgraded Lekima to a typhoon, after the system developed a central dense overcast. [7] As Lekima continued to move northwestward, the system moved into an area of low wind shear, and it started a process of rapid intensification on 7 August. The eye became evident on satellite imagery. [8] On 8 August, the JTWC upgraded Lekima to a super typhoon, and stated that the system had acquired some of the annular characteristics. [9] Later that day, the JMA stated that Lekima attained maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (121 mph). [10] At the same time, Lekima passed between Miyako-jima and Tarama-jima. [11]
Shortly thereafter, Lekima began an eyewall replacement cycle. The typhoon developed a concentric eyewall, as seen from the radar. [12] [13] This cycle also caused the motion of Lekima slightly veered to the north, [14] and the JTWC downgraded Lekima back to typhoon late on 8 August. [15] The same day, PAGASA reported that "Hanna" exited their Philippine Area of Responsibility. [16] Environmental conditions in East China Sea became less favourable, causing Lekima to slowly weaken while approaching East China. At 1:45 a.m. China Standard Time (UTC+08:00) 10 August, Lekima made landfall in Wenling, Zhejiang with two-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). [17] Lekima quickly weakened and turned to the north, along the western side of the subtropical ridge. [18] Lekima dropped below typhoon intensity early on August 10, and weakened further to a tropical storm later that day. Lekima emerged into the Yellow Sea early on 11 August, [19] and made second landfall in Xihai'an, Qingdao, Shandong at 8:50 p.m. CST, with two-minute sustained winds of 85 km/h (53 mph). [20] The JTWC issued its final warning to the system around that time. [21] Lekima meandered over the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Sea throughout 12 August, and the JMA downgraded it to a tropical depression later that day. [22]
As Lekima moved northwestward and approached the northern part of the Philippines, PAGASA issued PSWS#1 to Batanes and the Babuyan Islands late on 6 August. [23] These warnings were lifted after Lekima left the Philippine Area of Responsibility. [24] As Lekima approached the southwestern Ryukyu Islands, Ishigaki-jima and Miyako-jima received a storm warning. The JMA urged the residents on these islands to beware of high waves, heavy rain, and sudden gusts. [25]
Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau (CWB) issued a sea warning on 7 August. [26] As Lekima continued to approach the island, the CWB issued a land warning to the northern part of Taiwan early on the next day, locally. [27] The CWB lifted the land warning late on 9 August, [28] and lifted the sea warning early on the next day, after Lekima made landfall in East China. [29] On late 8 August, school and work were cancelled for the next day in eight municipalities and counties in the northern part of Taiwan and in the Matsu Islands. [30] Hundreds of flights and ships were cancelled and delayed. [31]
Ahead of Lekima, the Government of China issued a yellow alert on 8 August. [32] This was upgraded into a red later early the next day. In addition, gale warnings were put in effect for the Yangtze Delta megalopolis. [33] Across China, more than one million people were evacuated in advance of the typhoon, including 260,000 in Shanghai and 800,000 in Zhejiang Province. About 110,000 people relocated to roughly 12,000 shelters across China. About 625 flights in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Chengdu airports were cancelled. Shanghai also halted its rail transit services, including its maglev trains. Several dozen trains connecting northern and central China with Zhejiang Province were also affected by the storm, hundreds of ferries were also cancelled, transit lanes were shut down, and the emergency level was raised to its highest level in the province on 9 August. Zhejiang Province officials supplied 1,000 member rescue teams with 150 firetrucks and 153 boats. [34] Regions in the path of the storm were required by the State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters to relocate all residents in at-risk areas and to guard areas against possible impacts. Che Jun, the Zhejiang Party Secretary, ensured measures to protect fisherman and ships were forced to return to port. Authorities in Shanghai worked to secure outdoor facilities, billboards, and lighting structures to avoid typhoon damage. [35] In Beijing, a total of 77 tourist sites were closed for the typhoon, including portions of the Great Wall of China, although, the most-visited areas of the wall remained open. [36] Shanghai Disneyland was also closed for the storm. [34] Across Shanghai, a total of 92 attractions were shut down because of Lekima, including the Shanghai Museum, Shanghai Center, and Shanghai Zoo. [37]
Rank | Typhoon | Season | Damage (2023 USD) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Doksuri | 2023 | $28.4 billion |
2 | Mireille | 1991 | $22.4 billion |
3 | Hagibis | 2019 | $20.6 billion |
4 | Jebi | 2018 | $17 billion |
5 | Songda | 2004 | $15 billion |
6 | Fitow | 2013 | $13.6 billion |
7 | Faxai | 2019 | $11.9 billion |
8 | Saomai | 2000 | $11.1 billion |
9 | Lekima | 2019 | $11.1 billion |
10 | Prapiroon | 2000 | $10.9 billion |
Source: |
Though Lekima, locally known as "Hanna", did not directly affect the Philippines it contributed to the southwest monsoon which caused heavy rain to the nation. Three boats sank in Guimaras Strait; 31 people died and three were left missing. [38] Heavy rains also caused flooding in Metro Manila. [39] Schools in many cities suspended classes on 5 August. [40] A motorboat carrying 10 passengers capsized off the coast of Mactan Island in the early morning of 7 August. [41] To the south waves from Lekima displaced more than 1,300 people in Davao City. [42] Agricultural damage in Central Luzon was at ₱80.5 million (US$1.55 million). [43]
Gusts in Miyako-jima reached 168 km/h (104 mph), while gusts in Shimojishima Airport and Iriomote-jima reached 156 km/h (97 mph) and 125 km/h (78 mph) respectively. [44] Six people were injured during the storm, and thousands of families suffered from power outages. [45] Hundreds of flights and passenger ship trips were cancelled on 7–9 August, mainly in Miyako-jima and Ishigaki-jima, affecting thousands of passengers. [46] [47] Agricultural damage across the island chain was JP¥347 million (US$3.29 million). [48]
Throughout Taiwan Lekima killed two people and injured 15 others. More than 80,000 families suffered power outages. [31] On 8–9 August, Wufeng Township recorded a rainfall total of 385 mm (15.2 in), while rainfall in Taichung amounted to 355.5 mm (14.00 in). [49] Lekima's downdraft affected Kinmen on 9 August, where a farmland recorded temperature of 39.9 °C (103.8 °F), setting the national record for the second highest temperature. Jinfeng Township also recorded a temperature of 36.8 °C (98.2 °F). [50] Institutional damage from Lekima, along with a magnitude 6.0 earthquake reached NT$5.24 million (US$167,000). [51]
Striking East China as a super typhoon, according to China Meteorological Administration, Lekima wrought major damage across numerous provinces. In all, the typhoon killed 71 people. [52] Damage nationwide exceeds CN¥65.37 billion (US$9.26 billion). [53] Zhejiang was the worst hit province; 45 people died in the province, and economic loss reached CN¥45.38 billion (US$6.43 billion). [53] Most of those killed died because of landslides in Yongjia County, and the landslides blocked a river. Water levels rose 10 m (33 ft) in ten minutes, and many residents could not evacuate in time. [54] Wenling recorded peak wind gusts of 221 km/h (137 mph), while daily rainfall in Beilun District amounted to 291 mm (11.5 in). [53]
Lekima also brought significant effects to Shandong where 5 people were killed, 7 remain missing, and the damage statewide amounted to over CN¥16 billion (US$2.27 billion). [53] Because Lekima looped around Shandong for days, it brought heavy rainfall in the province. Daily rainfall in Linqu County reached 386.7 mm (15.22 in). [55]
Lekima's tail reached south to Malaysia and hit the northern states of the Malay Peninsula on 9 August, which killed a person, left one missing, and injuring ten others in the states of Kedah, Penang and Perak. [56] The storm also caused damage to 329 schools, and the damage was about RM20 million (US$4.77 million). Wind speeds in some areas were recorded at 100 km/h (62 mph). Hundreds of trees were uprooted. [57] 1,358 houses in Kedah were damaged by Lekima. [58] Total damage in Malaysia reached RM60.2 million (US$14.4 million). [59]
Due to the severe impact of the storm in China, the name Lekima was retired during the 52nd annual session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in February 2020. In February 2021, the Typhoon Committee chose Co-may as its replacement name. [60]
Tropical Storm Etau was the deadliest tropical cyclone to impact Japan since Typhoon Tokage in 2004. Forming on August 8, 2009 from an area of low pressure, the system gradually intensified into a tropical storm. Tracking in a curved path around the edge of a subtropical ridge, Etau continued to intensify as it neared Japan. By August 10, the cyclone reached its peak intensity as a weak tropical storm with winds of 75 km/h and a barometric pressure of 992 hPa (mbar). Shortly after, Etau began to weaken. Increasing wind shear led to the center becoming devoid of convection and the system eventually weakened to a tropical depression on August 13. The remnants of Etau persisted for nearly three days before dissipating early on August 16.
The 2013 Pacific typhoon season was the most active Pacific typhoon season since 2004, and the deadliest since 1975. It featured Typhoon Haiyan, one of the most powerful storms and one of the strongest landfalling tropical cyclones in history. It was an above-average season with 31 named storms, 13 typhoons, and five super typhoons. The season's first named storm, Sonamu, developed on January 4 while the season's last named storm, Podul, dissipated on November 15. Despite the activity, most of the first seventeen named storms before mid-September were relatively weak, as only two of them reached typhoon intensity. Total damage amounted to at least $26.41 billion (USD), making it at the time the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record; it is currently the fourth costliest, behind the 2018, 2019 and 2023 seasons.
The 2018 Pacific typhoon season was at the time, the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, until the record was beaten by the following year. The season was well above-average, producing twenty-nine storms, thirteen typhoons, seven super typhoons and six Category 5 tropical cyclones. The season ran throughout 2018, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Bolaven, developed on January 3, while the season's last named storm, Man-yi, dissipated on November 28. The season's first typhoon, Jelawat, reached typhoon status on March 29, and became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day.
The 2019 Pacific typhoon season was the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, just ahead of the previous year and 2023. The season featured fairly above-average tropical cyclone activity for the second consecutive year, producing 29 named storms, 17 typhoons, and five super typhoons. The season's first named storm, Pabuk, reached tropical storm status on January 1, becoming the earliest-forming tropical storm of the western Pacific Ocean on record, breaking the previous record that was held by Typhoon Alice in 1979. The season's first typhoon, Wutip, reached typhoon status on February 20. Wutip further intensified into a super typhoon on February 23, becoming the strongest February typhoon on record, and the strongest tropical cyclone recorded in February in the Northern Hemisphere. The season's last named storm, Phanfone, dissipated on December 29 after it made landfall in the Philippines.
Typhoon Bolaven, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Julian, was regarded as the most powerful storm to strike the Korean Peninsula in nearly a decade, with wind gusts measured up to 186 km/h (116 mph). Forming as a tropical depression on August 19, 2012, to the southwest of the Mariana Islands, Bolaven steadily intensified as it slowly moved west-northwestward in a region favoring tropical development. The system was soon upgraded to a tropical storm less than a day after formation and further to a typhoon by August 21. Strengthening became more gradual thereafter as Bolaven grew in size. On August 24, the system attained its peak intensity, with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a barometric pressure of 910 mbar. Weakening only slightly, the storm passed directly over Okinawa on August 26 as it began accelerating toward the north. Steady weakening continued as Bolaven approached the Korean Peninsula and it eventually made landfall in North Korea late on August 28 before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants rapidly tracked northeastward over the Russian Far East before turning eastward and were last noted on September 1 crossing the International Dateline.
Typhoon Soulik, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Huaning, was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused widespread damage in Taiwan and East China in July 2013. The storm originated from an upper-level cold-core low well to the northeast of Guam on July 6. Gaining tropical characteristics, the system soon developed a surface low and became a tropical depression early on July 7. Tracking generally westward, a motion it would retain for its entire existence, the depression underwent a period of rapid intensification starting on July 8 that culminated in Soulik attaining its peak strength early on July 10. At that time, the system had sustained winds estimated at 185 km/h (115 mph) and barometric pressure of 925 mbar. Thereafter, an eyewall replacement cycle and cooler waters weakened the system. Though it passed over the warm waters of the Kuroshio Current the following day, dry air soon impinged upon the typhoon. Soulik later made landfall late on July 12 in northern Taiwan before degrading to a tropical storm. Briefly emerging over the Taiwan Strait, the storm moved onshore for a second time in Fujian on July 13. The system was last noted as a tropical depression early on July 14.
Typhoon Soudelor, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Hanna, was the third most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2015 after Hurricane Patricia and Cyclone Pam as well as the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season. Soudelor had severe impacts in the Northern Mariana Islands, Taiwan, and eastern China, resulting in 40 confirmed fatalities. Lesser effects were felt in Japan, South Korea and the Philippines. The thirteenth named storm of the annual typhoon season, Soudelor formed as a tropical depression near Pohnpei on July 29. The system strengthened slowly at first before entering a period of rapid intensification on August 2. Soudelor made landfall on Saipan later that day, causing extensive damage. Owing to favorable environmental conditions, the typhoon further deepened and reached its peak intensity with ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph) and a central atmospheric pressure of 900 hPa on August 3. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed one-minute sustained winds at 285 km/h (177 mph), making Soudelor a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. Steady weakening ensued thereafter as the storm moved generally west-northwest. Soudelor made landfall over Hualien, Taiwan, late on August 7 and emerged over in the Taiwan Strait early the next day. The typhoon soon moved inland over eastern China and degraded to a tropical depression by August 9.
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Typhoon Malakas, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Gener, was a powerful tropical cyclone which affected Taiwan and Japan in mid September 2016. It was the sixteenth named storm and the sixth typhoon of the annual typhoon season in 2016. Malakas formed on September 11, just south of Guam. The system gradually organized and improved its outer bands, which prompted JTWC to give its identifier as Tropical Depression 18W. A few hours later, JMA received its name Malakas for 18W. On September 13, Malakas entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, which gained the name Gener by PAGASA. Despite its marginal conditions for further development, Malakas continued to intensify into a typhoon.
Typhoon Maria, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Gardo, was a powerful tropical cyclone that affected Guam, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and East China in early July 2018. Developing into the eighth named tropical storm of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season and passing the Mariana Islands on July 4, Maria strengthened into the fourth typhoon of the season and underwent rapid intensification the next day amid favorable environmental conditions. The typhoon reached its first peak intensity on July 6; subsequently, Maria weakened due to an eyewall replacement cycle, but it reintensified and reached a second, stronger peak intensity on July 9 with 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (121 mph) and a minimum pressure of 915 hPa. Over the next three days, it started to gradually weaken due to another eyewall replacement cycle and decreasing sea surface temperatures. After crossing the Yaeyama Islands and passing north of Taiwan on July 10, Maria ultimately made landfall over Fujian, China, early on July 11, before dissipating the next day.
Typhoon Jongdari was a strong, long-lived and erratic tropical cyclone that impacted Japan and East China in late July and early August 2018. Formed as the twelfth named storm of the 2018 typhoon season near Okinotorishima on July 24, Jongdari gradually intensified and developed into the fourth typhoon of the year on July 26. Influenced by an upper-level low and a subtropical ridge, Jongdari executed a rare counter-clockwise southeast of Japan on the next day. At that time, it also reached peak intensity. The typhoon made landfall in Kii Peninsula, over Mie Prefecture of Japan locally early on July 29.
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Severe Tropical Storm Ampil, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Inday, was a tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in the Ryukyu Islands and East and Northeast China in late July 2018. The tenth named storm of the annual typhoon season, Ampil developed into a tropical depression east of Luzon on July 17. The system gradually strengthened over the following days amid a marginally favorable environment and became a severe tropical storm late on July 19 as it moved northwest. Maintaining its strength, Ampil passed over Okinawa Island from July 20 to 21. Thereafter, Ampil weakened slightly while crossing the East China Sea, before making landfall in Shanghai, China, on July 22. The system weakened slowly over land and degraded to a tropical depression on July 23. The system turned eastwards as it continued weakening over land, diminishing to a remnant low on July 25 and dissipating fully a day later over the Russian Far East.
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Typhoon Maysak, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Julian, was a deadly, damaging and powerful tropical cyclone that struck the Ryukyu Islands and the Korean Peninsula in September 2020. The third typhoon of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season, Maysak formed from a tropical disturbance. The disturbance gradually organized, receiving the name Julian from PAGASA as it became a tropical depression. As the depression strengthened, the JMA subsequently named the system Maysak. Maysak rapidly intensified into a strong typhoon before weakening and making landfall in South Korea.
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Severe Tropical Storm Maliksi, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Domeng, was a tropical cyclone in June 2018 that brought rainfall to the Philippines and Japan. It caused 2 deaths and prompted the PAGASA to declare the beginning of the rainy season in the Philippines. The fifth named storm and 4th tropical cyclone in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), it was first noted as an area of convection in the South of Palau on May 31.
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Severe Tropical Storm Kompasu, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Maring was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines, Taiwan, and southeast China. Part of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Kompasu originated from an area of low pressure east of the Philippines on 6 October 2021. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression that day. A day later, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) classified it as a tropical depression, naming it Maring. The cyclone was initially heavily disorganised, competing with another vortex, Tropical Depression Nando. Eventually, Maring became dominant, and the JMA reclassified it as a tropical storm, naming it Kompasu. Kompasu made landfall in Cagayan, Philippines, on 11 October 2021, and two days later, the storm made landfall in Hainan, China. The cyclone dissipated on 14 October 2021 while located over Vietnam.