Typhoon Krathon

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Krathon can be traced back to September 26, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported a tropical depression 250 km (155 mi) south-southwest of Kadena Air Base, Japan, [1] characterised by a partially exposed low-level circulation centre with persistent deep convection in the southern semicircle and formative banding to the north. [2] [3] The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on September 27, noting that convective banding was wrapping into the centre and that the environmental analysis indicated a favourable environment for development due to low vertical wind shear, good equatorward outflow aloft, and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F). [4] On that same day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) announced that the system had developed into a tropical depression named Julian, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility; [5] the depression was moving slowly south-southwestward due to weak steering flow. [6]

At 09:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the tropical depression, designating the system as 20W, noting an obscured low-level circulation centre that was assumed to be in the centre of rotating bands of convection organising into vortical hot towers. [7] Satellite imagery indicated that the storm was steadily consolidating, with spiral bands of deep convection extending across three quadrants of the system and encircling the low-level circulation centre. [8] On September 28, the depression intensified into a tropical storm named Krathon by the JMA, fueled by low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content, while moving southwestward along the southeastern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high; [9] however, Krathon slowed down over the last six hours and was located within a col region between two deep-layer subtropical high, [10] with satellite imagery indicating an improving appearance due to the development of a central dense overcast feature over the circulation centre. [11]

Krathon off the northeastern coast of Luzon on September 30 Krathon 2024-09-30 0020Z.jpg
Krathon off the northeastern coast of Luzon on September 30

At around 18:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm, utilizing the Dvorak technique to assess its intensity based on satellite imagery. [12] Krathon displayed strong equatorward outflow alongside a weaker polar channel, while the observed cirrus cloud suggested that a more radial outflow was beginning to develop as the system intensified. [13] Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon after it had opened a broad, raggedly-defined eye, [14] [15] which had since become cloud-filled, and the system was moving north-northwestward between two mid-level subtropical high. [16] On September 30, the eye of the typhoon, measuring 23 miles (37 km) in diameter, was visible on infrared satellite imagery, [17] surrounded by warm temperatures of 54–57 °F (12–14 °C), [18] as the storm gradually moved west-northwestward and passed near Sabtang, Batanes. [19] The typhoon displayed a distinct circular shape in the cloud tops across the eyewall region, with a contracting eye that was obscured in the center. [20] At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC reported that the system had peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon after Krathon attained 1-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph). [21] Early on October 1, the JMA upgraded Krathon to a violent typhoon, estimating its peak intensity with a minimum central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) and 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). [22]

CWA radar imagery of Krathon tracking over the Balintang Channel (passing close to Sabtang, Batanes) before eventually making landfall over the southwestern coast of Taiwan

As it moved into the northern area of the South China Sea, [23] the cloud top temperatures of Krathon sharply decreased over the past six hours amid warm conditions. [24] An eyewall replacement cycle became apparent in radar imagery, with the secondary eyewall almost completely encircling the inner eye. [25] Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Krathon began warming cloud tops and displayed a weakened cloud-filled eye feature that caused upwelling and a decrease in ocean heat content, [26] and it was moving southwest of Taiwan, located between a subtropical ridge to the east and another ridge over southern China and northern Vietnam. [27] The following day, satellite imagery revealed that the system remained symmetrical; however, warming cloud tops became exposed due to increasing vertical wind shear. [28] On October 3 at 12:40 p.m. local time, Krathon made landfall near Siaogang District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, [29] with its spiral bands of deep convection gradually weakening as it moved north-northeastward into central Taiwan, near the western edge of the Central Mountain Range. [30] This made Krathon the first storm to make landfall on Taiwan's densely populated western plains since Typhoon Thelma in 1977. [31] [32]

After making landfall, the system rapidly slowed down and deteriorated, exhibiting minimal convective activity and ultimately weakening to a minimal tropical storm. [33] The JTWC discontinued warnings on the system as it moved inland, where the rugged southeastern mountain ranges of Taiwan eroded much of the deep convection associated with the circulation center as it weakened to a tropical depression. [34] The Central Weather Administration noted that Krathon was the first storm to hit Kaohsiung in October, [35] and the first since Tropical Storm Trami in 2001 to weaken into a tropical depression over Taiwan. [36] The JMA continued to monitor the system as it emerged into the South China Sea, [37] where it remained nearly stationary between two mid-level subtropical high before dissipating on October 4. [38]

Preparations

Philippines

Shortly after PAGASA upgraded the storm, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 was issued for Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, the eastern and central portions of Mountain Province, the eastern portion of Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, the northern portion of Ilocos Sur, the northern portion of Aurora, [39] northern and eastern Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, La Union, Quirino, Benguet, and the Polillo Islands. [40] As Krathon intensified into a severe tropical storm, Signal No. 2 was raised for the northeastern portion of Cagayan and the eastern portion of the Babuyan Islands. [41] As the storm continued to intensify, PAGASA raised Signal No. 3 for the northeastern portion of the Babuyan Islands [42] On September 29, various local government units announced the suspension of classes on September 30 because of inclement weather caused by the storm, [43] while PAGASA raised Signal No. 4 in Batanes and in Babuyan and Calayan Islands. [40] The Commission on Elections ordered an extension of voters' registration for the 2025 Philippine general election, which was due to end on September 30, in areas affected by the storm. [44] Around 1,110 people were evacuated across Cagayan Valley. [45] A red alert warning was declared in the municipalities of Calayan and Santa Ana in Cagayan. [46] The Ambuklao, Binga and Magat Dams opened their gates in anticipation of an increase in water levels due to the storm. [47]

Taiwan

President Lai Ching-te inspected the Central Disaster Response Center and held a video conference with Pingtung County Mayor Chou Chun-mi Video conference at the Central Emergency Operations Center 2024-10-01 01.jpg
President Lai Ching-te inspected the Central Disaster Response Center and held a video conference with Pingtung County Mayor Chou Chun-mi

The Central Emergency Operation Center advised against traveling to coastal and mountainous areas, while several schools, beaches, national parks and ferry services were closed across the island. All 25 water retention basins in Kaohsiung were emptied in anticipation of the storm. [48] [49] Warnings on shipping were raised by the Central Weather Administration in the Bashi Channel and the Taiwan Strait, [50] followed by a land warning for Typhoon Krathon as the storm approached Taiwan. [51] All schools and government offices in the island were ordered closed on October 2 [52] and 3, [53] while all domestic [54] and at least 250 international flights were cancelled. [55] Around 11,362 people were evacuated, [56] while nearly 40,000 soldiers were mobilized for rescue efforts. [57] Kaohsiung officials urged residents to be vigilant regarding the storm, recalling the devastation caused by Typhoon Thelma in 1977, which severely impacted the city. [58]

Impact and aftermath

Philippines

Krathon passed directly near Sabtang in Batanes on September 30 2024 CIMSS 20W Krathon visible infrared satellite loop.gif
Krathon passed directly near Sabtang in Batanes on September 30

Krathon caused flooding in Batanes, [59] Ilocos Norte, where one person was reported missing, [60] and Ilocos Sur, where one person drowned and another was reported missing due to strong sea currents. [61] One person also went missing after being carried away by strong river currents in Abra. [62] One person died in Cagayan after being hit by a fallen electric cable knocked down by strong winds. [63] Two families were displaced due to landslides in Baguio, [64] while 26 families were displaced by floods in Abra. [65] Landslides also blocked roads in La Union, Abra, Apayao [66] and Mountain Province. [67] Five airports suspended operations in northern Luzon. Two light aircraft parked at Basco Airport were damaged by strong winds, while Laoag International Airport sustained minor damage. Flooding also affected the runways of Lingayen and Vigan Airports. Operations were also suspended at San Fernando and Baguio Airports due to clouds and low visibility. [68] [69] Seven seaports also suspended operations, while 99 sections of road and three bridges were rendered impassable. [70] According to the NDRRMC, ten people were preemptively evacuated. [71]

As of October 10,2024, the NDRRMC reported that a total of 317,754 people were affected, [72] with 111 displaced from their homes. Power outages occurred in 20 cities, water outages were reported in three, and telecommunications outages were reported in 36 municipalities. A total of 2,593 houses were damaged, while 120 others were destroyed. [73] Five people were killed, twelve were injured, and one was missing. [71] In Batanes, 276 houses were destroyed, while 2,048 others were damaged. [74] Batanes governor Marilou Cayco said that it could take two months for the province to recover from the storm. [75] The governor stated that while Typhoon Chanthu (Kiko) in 2021 was stronger, it lasted for a shorter duration. However, Krathon, which was comparable in strength to Chanthu, persisted for nearly 36 hours, maintaining its intensity and causing significant damage to homes. [76] Between September 30 and October 1, the PAGASA station in Basco, Batanes recorded 727.8 millimetres (28.7 in) of rain, exceeding two months' worth for September and breaking the previous record for the wettest cyclone in the area, which was 616.4 millimetres (24.3 in) during Typhoon Ruth (Trining) in 1991. Rain totals in the country were 481.6 mm (18.96 in) in Laoag, 201.5 mm (7.93 in) in Calayan, Cagayan, and 120.0 mm (4.72 in) in Baguio. [77]

At least ₱813 million ( US$ 16.51 million) in damages were recorded in Batanes, [78] while at least 147 hectares (360 acres) of crops were destroyed in the province, [79] along with 526.7 hectares (1,302 acres) of crops valued at ₱35.21 million ( US$ 714,912.5) in the Ilocos Region. [70] At least ₱3.7 million ( US$ 75,126.9) in agricultural damages were recorded in Pangasinan. [80] Total damages to infrastructure reached ₱934.48 million ( US$ 18.97 million), [71] while agricultural damages amounted to ₱518.61 million ( US$ 10.53 million) [72] affecting 15,130.2 hectares (37,388 acres) of crops, [81] resulting in overall damages of ₱1.45 billion ( US$ 29.5 million). The government gave out relief aid worth ₱21.59 million ( US$ 438,340.61) [70] and dispatched a C-130 transport aircraft to deliver aid and evacuate some 200 people stranded in Batanes. [82] [75] On October 4, President Bongbong Marcos inspected affected areas in Batanes and Ilocos Norte. [83] 58 areas have been declared in a state of calamity, [71] including Ilocos Norte, Batanes, and Cagayan. [84] due to the severe impact of the storm. [85] [86] The United States government, through the US Marines, provided emergency aid and air transport support in response to the devastation caused by Krathon, particularly in Batanes. [87] [88] The United States has deployed personnel and aircraft to the Philippines to aid relief efforts in Batanes following Typhoon Krathon, with two Lockheed Martin KC-130 aircraft from the III Marine Expeditionary Force transporting personnel and equipment to Villamor Air Base in Pasay. [89] The United States government, through USAID, allocated $500,000 to aid those affected by Krathon in Batanes, [90] while the Department of Defense deployed military assets to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Office of Civil Defense in delivering humanitarian supplies to the area. [91] The Philippine Air Force mobilized its PZL W-3 Sokół helicopter to provide emergency supplies and personnel as part of the government's continued relief efforts for the typhoon-affected areas in Batanes. [92] Meanwhile, the USS Boxer (LHD-4) and its 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit arrived in the Philippines to support relief efforts following Typhoon Krathon. [93]

Taiwan

Typhoon Krathon (Julian)
Krathon 2024-10-01 0505Z.jpg
Krathon at peak intensity while entering the South China Sea on October 1
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Taiwan
Highest-known totals
PrecipitationStormLocationRef.
Rankmmin
13,060120.47 Morakot 2009 Alishan, Chiayi [94]
22,31991.30 Nari 2001 Wulai, New Taipei [95]
32,16285.12 Flossie 1969 Beitou, Taipei [94]
41,98778.23 Herb 1996 Alishan, Chiayi [96]
51,77469.84 Saola 2012 Yilan City [97]
61,713.567.461 Krathon 2024 Taitung County [98]
71,70066.93 Lynn 1987 Taipei [99]
81,67265.83 Clara 1967 Dongshan, Yilan [100]
91,61163.43 Sinlaku 2008 Heping, Taichung [101]
101,56161.46 Haitang 2005 Sandimen, Pingtung [102]

The outer rain bands of Krathon triggered mudslides that blocked parts of the Suhua Highway in Hualien County on September 30. [103] A temple was damaged in a mudslide in Rueifang, New Taipei City. [104] At least 12 garbage collection vehicles were damaged in a landslide at the Tianwaitian waste recycling incineration plant in Keelung. [105] The Ju Ming Museum in Jinshan District, New Taipei was flooded, stranding its staff. [106] In Donggang Township in Pingtung County, one of the blocks of Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital caught fire, killing nine people. [107] One person died in Hualien County from a fall while trimming trees [108] while another died in Taitung County after his vehicle crashed into fallen rocks. [109] At least 719 people were injured throughout the island, [110] while two persons went missing in New Taipei City and were later found dead. [111] At least 9,499 disaster-related incidents were reported across the island. [112]

A supermarket was damaged during Typhoon Krathon Shan Tuo Er Tai Feng Qin Xi Qi Jian Gao Xiong Shi Qu De Yi Jian Chao Shang Men Mian Quan Hui .jpg
A supermarket was damaged during Typhoon Krathon

A total of 436,634 households lost electricity [113] while 404,673 households lost access to water. [114] The cargo ship Blue Lagoon sprang a leak in the engine room and was abandoned. Its 19 crew were rescued by Taiwan Coast Guard helicopters around 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Orchid Island, after which the vessel drifted ashore on the island. [115] [116] Damages to agriculture reached NT$498.6 million (US$16.2 million) [117] with Kaohsiung and Pingtung County being the most affected. [113] The government pledged subsidies and loans to affected businesses. [118] Typhoons typically strike the east coast, but Krathon was unusual as it hit the west coast, prompting Taiwan's media to describe it as a "weird" storm. [119] At least 124 incidents of flooding were reported across Taiwan, primarily affecting Kaohsiung and Keelung, [120] prompting the deployment of approximately 1,500 soldiers in Kaohsiung and neighboring Pingtung to assist with typhoon relief efforts. [121] Keelung's single-day rainfall reached 408 millimetres (16.1 in), breaking the previous record of 351.3 millimetres (13.8 in), set on September 23, 1980. Record-breaking rainfall totals were also observed, with 1,713.5 millimetres (67.5 in) on Lijialin Road in Taitung, 1,570 millimetres (61.8 in) on Dananshan in Pingtung, and 1,067.5 millimetres (42.0 in) in Ruifang, New Taipei City. [122]

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The 2024 Pacific typhoon season is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the fifth-latest starting Pacific typhoon season on record, as well as the deadliest since 2013. The season runs throughout 2024, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Ewiniar, developed on May 25, and eventually intensified into the first typhoon of the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Barijat (2018)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2018

Tropical Storm Barijat, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Neneng, was a weak tropical storm that caused flooding in the far northern regions of the Philippines and Southern China. Barijat, a replacement name for Utor which is a Marshallese word for coastal areas impacted by waves or winds, the thirty-third tropical depression and twenty-third tropical storm of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, it was first noted as an area of convection in the South China Sea on September 6. On September 8, it was upgraded to a tropical depression, and by September 11, it intensified into a tropical storm, with the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) giving it the name Barijat. Barijat peaked in intensity 6 hours later, with 10-min winds of 40 knots and 1-min winds of 45 knots. Barijat continued westward, and on November 12 at 00:30 UTC, it made landfall over Zhanjiang, quickly dissipating afterwards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Noru</span> Pacific typhoon in 2022

Typhoon Noru, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Karding, was an intense and destructive tropical cyclone that affected Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines — where it caused widespread agricultural damage. Noru, which means Roe deer in Korean, the sixteenth named storm and eighth typhoon, and third super typhoon of the 2022 Pacific typhoon season, Noru originated from a disturbance over the Philippine Sea, slowly tracking eastward until its development into a tropical depression, where it began to move westward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Chanthu (2021)</span> Pacific typhoon

Typhoon Chanthu, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Kiko, was the second most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2021 after Typhoon Surigae in April. It impacted the Cagayan Valley region of the Philippines and became the strongest typhoon to affect the Batanes province since Typhoon Meranti in 2016. The twenty-ninth tropical depression, fourteenth named storm and fourth typhoon of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Chanthu originated from a disturbance well east of the Philippine islands on September 5 which organized into a tropical depression later that day. By the next day, the depression had formed into a mature tropical storm which began to explosively intensify by September 7, featuring a pinhole eye on satellite, characteristic of rapidly intensifying storms. Chanthu became a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon by September 8, the highest category on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Subsequent eyewall replacement cycles caused intensity fluctuations, but on September 10, Chanthu peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph) just northeast of extreme northeastern Luzon. The typhoon passed very near the Babuyan Islands before passing directly over Ivana, Batanes as a weakening but still powerful Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. Chanthu continued steadily weakening as it passed just east of Taiwan and eventually stalled just east of Shanghai, China. The storm eventually made its second and final landfall near Ikitsuki, Nagasaki in Japan, before crossing the country's mountainous terrain and becoming an extratropical cyclone on September 18. Chanthu then continued eastward and curved southward, before dissipating on September 20. According to Aon Benfield, economic losses totaled US$30 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Kompasu</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2021

Severe Tropical Storm Kompasu, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Maring was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines, Taiwan, and southeast China. Part of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Kompasu originated from an area of low pressure east of the Philippines on 6 October 2021. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression that day. A day later, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) classified it as a tropical depression, naming it Maring. The cyclone was initially heavily disorganised, competing with another vortex, Tropical Depression Nando. Eventually, Maring became dominant, and the JMA reclassified it as a tropical storm, naming it Kompasu. Kompasu made landfall in Cagayan, Philippines, on 11 October 2021, and two days later, the storm made landfall in Hainan, China. The cyclone dissipated on 14 October 2021 while located over Vietnam.

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