Typhoon Krathon

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Krathon can be traced back to September 26, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported a tropical depression 250 km (155 mi) south-southwest of Kadena Air Base, Japan, [1] characterised by a partially exposed low-level circulation centre with persistent deep convection in the southern semicircle and formative banding to the north. [2] [3] The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on September 27, noting that convective banding was wrapping into the centre and that the environmental analysis indicated a favourable environment for development due to low vertical wind shear, good equatorward outflow aloft, and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F). [4] On that same day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) announced that the system had developed into a tropical depression named Julian, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility; [5] the depression was moving slowly south-southwestward due to weak steering flow. [6]

Krathon off the northeastern coast of Luzon on September 30 Krathon 2024-09-30 0020Z.jpg
Krathon off the northeastern coast of Luzon on September 30

At 09:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the tropical depression, designating the system as 20W, noting an obscured low-level circulation centre that was assumed to be in the centre of rotating bands of convection organising into vortical hot towers. [7] Satellite imagery indicated that the storm was steadily consolidating, with spiral bands of deep convection extending across three quadrants of the system and encircling the low-level circulation centre. [8] On September 28, the depression intensified into a tropical storm named Krathon by the JMA, fueled by low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content, while moving southwestward along the southeastern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high; [9] however, Krathon slowed down over the last six hours and was located within a col region between two deep-layer subtropical high, [10] with satellite imagery indicating an improving appearance due to the development of a central dense overcast feature over the circulation centre. [11]

CWA radar imagery of Krathon tracking over the Balintang Channel (passing close to Sabtang, Batanes) before eventually making landfall over the southwestern coast of Taiwan

At around 18:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm, utilizing the Dvorak technique to assess its intensity based on satellite imagery. [12] Krathon displayed strong equatorward outflow alongside a weaker polar channel, while the observed cirrus cloud suggested that a more radial outflow was beginning to develop as the system intensified. [13] Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon after it had opened a broad, raggedly-defined eye, [14] [15] which had since become cloud-filled, and the system was moving north-northwestward between two mid-level subtropical high. [16] On September 30, the eye of the typhoon, measuring 23 miles (37 km) in diameter, was visible on infrared satellite imagery, [17] surrounded by warm temperatures of 54–57 °F (12–14 °C), [18] as the storm gradually moved west-northwestward and passed near Sabtang, Batanes. [19] The typhoon displayed a distinct circular shape in the cloud tops across the eyewall region, with a contracting eye that was obscured in the center. [20] At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC reported that the system had peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon after Krathon attained 1-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph). [21] Early on October 1, the JMA upgraded Krathon to a violent typhoon, estimating its peak intensity with a minimum central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) and 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). [22]

As it moved into the northern area of the South China Sea, [23] the cloud top temperatures of Krathon sharply decreased over the past six hours amid warm conditions. [24] An eyewall replacement cycle became apparent in radar imagery, with the secondary eyewall almost completely encircling the inner eye. [25] Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Krathon began warming cloud tops and displayed a weakened cloud-filled eye feature that caused upwelling and a decrease in ocean heat content, [26] and it was moving southwest of Taiwan, located between a subtropical ridge to the east and another ridge over southern China and northern Vietnam. [27] The following day, satellite imagery revealed that the system remained symmetrical; however, warming cloud tops became exposed due to increasing vertical wind shear. [28] On October 3 at 12:40 p.m. local time, Krathon made landfall near Siaogang District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, [29] with its spiral bands of deep convection gradually weakening as it moved north-northeastward into central Taiwan, near the western edge of the Central Mountain Range. [30] This made Krathon the first storm to make landfall on Taiwan's densely populated western plains since Typhoon Thelma in 1977. [31] [32] After making landfall, the system rapidly slowed down and deteriorated, exhibiting minimal convective activity and ultimately weakening to a minimal tropical storm. [33] The JTWC discontinued warnings on the system as it moved inland, where the rugged southeastern mountain ranges of Taiwan eroded much of the deep convection associated with the circulation center as it weakened to a tropical depression. [34] The Central Weather Administration noted that Krathon was the first storm to hit Kaohsiung in October, [35] and the first since Tropical Storm Trami in 2001 to weaken into a tropical depression over Taiwan. [36] The JMA continued to monitor the system as it emerged into the South China Sea, [37] where it remained nearly stationary between two mid-level subtropical high before dissipating on October 4. [38]

Preparations

Philippines

Shortly after PAGASA upgraded the storm, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 was issued for Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, the eastern and central portions of Mountain Province, the eastern portion of Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, the northern portion of Ilocos Sur, the northern portion of Aurora, [39] northern and eastern Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, La Union, Quirino, Benguet, and the Polillo Islands. [40] As Krathon intensified into a severe tropical storm, Signal No. 2 was raised for the northeastern portion of Cagayan and the eastern portion of the Babuyan Islands. [41] As the storm continued to intensify, PAGASA raised Signal No. 3 for the northeastern portion of the Babuyan Islands [42] On September 29, various local government units announced the suspension of classes on September 30 because of inclement weather caused by the storm, [43] while PAGASA raised Signal No. 4 in Batanes and in Babuyan and Calayan Islands. [40]

The Commission on Elections ordered an extension of voters' registration for the 2025 Philippine general election, which was due to end on September 30, in areas affected by the storm. [44] Around 1,110 people were evacuated across Cagayan Valley. [45] A red alert warning was declared in the municipalities of Calayan and Santa Ana in Cagayan. [46] The Ambuklao, Binga and Magat Dams opened their gates in anticipation of an increase in water levels due to the storm. [47] According to the NDRRMC, ten people were preemptively evacuated. [48]

Taiwan

President Lai Ching-te inspected the Central Disaster Response Center and held a video conference with Pingtung County Mayor Chou Chun-mi Video conference at the Central Emergency Operations Center 2024-10-01 01.jpg
President Lai Ching-te inspected the Central Disaster Response Center and held a video conference with Pingtung County Mayor Chou Chun-mi

The Central Emergency Operation Center advised against traveling to coastal and mountainous areas, while several schools, beaches, national parks and ferry services were closed across the island. All 25 water retention basins in Kaohsiung were emptied in anticipation of the storm. [49] [50] Warnings on shipping were raised by the Central Weather Administration in the Bashi Channel and the Taiwan Strait, [51] followed by a land warning for Typhoon Krathon as the storm approached Taiwan. [52] All schools and government offices in the island were ordered closed on October 2 [53] and 3, [54] while all domestic [55] and at least 250 international flights were cancelled. [56] Around 11,362 people were evacuated, [57] while nearly 40,000 soldiers were mobilized for rescue efforts. [58] Kaohsiung officials urged residents to be vigilant regarding the storm, recalling the devastation caused by Typhoon Thelma in 1977, which severely impacted the city. [59]

Impact and aftermath

Philippines

The Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit landed at Basco Airport on October 8 Humanitarian Aid.jpg
The Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit landed at Basco Airport on October 8

Between September 30 and October 1, the PAGASA station in Basco, Batanes recorded 727.8 millimetres (28.7 in) of rain, exceeding two months' worth for September and breaking the previous record for the wettest cyclone in the area, which was 616.4 millimetres (24.3 in) during Typhoon Ruth (Trining) in 1991. Rain totals in the country were 481.6 mm (18.96 in) in Laoag, 201.5 mm (7.93 in) in Calayan, Cagayan, and 120.0 mm (4.72 in) in Baguio. [60] At least 26 families were displaced by floods in Abra. [61] Landslides also blocked roads in La Union, Abra, Apayao [62] and Mountain Province. [63] Five airports suspended operations in northern Luzon. Two light aircraft parked at Basco Airport were damaged by strong winds, while Laoag International Airport sustained minor damage. Flooding also affected the runways of Lingayen and Vigan Airports. Operations were also suspended at San Fernando and Baguio Airports due to clouds and low visibility. [64] [65] Seven seaports also suspended operations, while 99 sections of road and three bridges were rendered impassable. [66] Batanes governor Marilou Cayco said that it could take two months for the province to recover from the storm. [67]

Krathon passed directly near Sabtang in Batanes on September 30 2024 CIMSS 20W Krathon visible infrared satellite loop.gif
Krathon passed directly near Sabtang in Batanes on September 30

The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office distributed 3,000 food packs to Ilocos Norte residents impacted by Typhoon Krathon. [68] The United States government, through the US Marines, [69] provided emergency aid and air transport support in response to the devastation caused by Krathon, particularly in Batanes. [70] The United States has deployed personnel and aircraft to the Philippines to aid relief efforts in Batanes following Typhoon Krathon, with two Lockheed Martin KC-130 aircraft from the III Marine Expeditionary Force transporting personnel and equipment to Villamor Air Base in Pasay. [71] The United States government, through USAID, allocated $500,000 to aid those affected by Krathon in Batanes, [72] while the Department of Defense deployed military assets to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Office of Civil Defense in delivering humanitarian supplies to the area. [73] The Philippine Air Force mobilized its PZL W-3 Sokół helicopter to provide emergency supplies and personnel as part of the government's continued relief efforts for the typhoon-affected areas in Batanes. [74] Meanwhile, the USS Boxer (LHD-4) and its 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit arrived in the Philippines to support relief efforts following Typhoon Krathon. [75] On October 4, President Bongbong Marcos inspected affected areas in Batanes and Ilocos Norte. [76] 58 areas have been declared in a state of calamity, [48] including Ilocos Norte, Batanes, and Cagayan. [77] due to the severe impact of the storm. [78] [79]

As of October 18,2024, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council reported that a total of 380,778 people were affected, [80] with 11 displaced from their homes. Power outages occurred in 20 cities, water outages were reported in three, and telecommunications outages were reported in eight municipalities. A total of 2,843 houses were damaged, while 127 others were destroyed. [81] Five people were killed, twelve were injured, and one was missing. [48] In Batanes, 276 houses were destroyed, while 2,048 others were damaged. [82] Total damages to infrastructure reached ₱965.18 million ( US$ 19.6 million), [48] while agricultural damages amounted to ₱607.38 million ( US$ 12.33 million) [80] affecting 17,344.94 hectares (42,860.3 acres) of crops, [83] resulting in overall damages of ₱1.57 billion ( US$ 31.93 million). The government gave out relief aid worth ₱21.59 million ( US$ 438,340.61) [66] and dispatched a C-130 transport aircraft to deliver aid and evacuate some 200 people stranded in Batanes. [84] [67]

Taiwan

Typhoon Krathon (Julian)
Krathon 2024-10-01 0505Z.jpg
Krathon shortly after peak intensity while entering the South China Sea on October 1
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Taiwan
Highest-known totals
PrecipitationStormLocationRef.
Rankmmin
13,060120.47 Morakot 2009 Alishan, Chiayi [85]
22,31991.30 Nari 2001 Wulai, New Taipei [86]
32,16285.12 Flossie 1969 Beitou, Taipei [85]
41,98778.23 Herb 1996 Alishan, Chiayi [87]
51,77469.84 Saola 2012 Yilan City [88]
61,713.567.461 Krathon 2024 Taitung County [89]
71,70066.93 Lynn 1987 Taipei [90]
81,67265.83 Clara 1967 Dongshan, Yilan [91]
91,61163.43 Sinlaku 2008 Heping, Taichung [92]
101,56161.46 Haitang 2005 Sandimen, Pingtung [93]

The outer rain bands of Krathon triggered mudslides that blocked parts of the Suhua Highway in Hualien County on September 30. [94] A temple was damaged in a mudslide in Rueifang, New Taipei City. [95] At least 12 garbage collection vehicles were damaged in a landslide at the Tianwaitian waste recycling incineration plant in Keelung. [96] The Ju Ming Museum in Jinshan District, New Taipei was flooded, stranding its staff. [97] In Donggang Township in Pingtung County, one of the blocks of Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital caught fire, killing nine people. [98] One person died in Hualien County from a fall while trimming trees [99] while another died in Taitung County after his vehicle crashed into fallen rocks. [100] At least 719 people were injured throughout the island, [101] while two persons went missing in New Taipei City and were later found dead. [102] At least 9,499 disaster-related incidents were reported across the island. [103]

A convenience shop was severely damaged during Typhoon Krathon Shan Tuo Er Tai Feng Qin Xi Qi Jian Gao Xiong Shi Qu De Yi Jian Chao Shang Men Mian Quan Hui .jpg
A convenience shop was severely damaged during Typhoon Krathon

A total of 436,634 households lost electricity [104] while 404,673 households lost access to water. [105] The cargo ship Blue Lagoon sprang a leak in the engine room and was abandoned. Its 19 crew were rescued by Taiwan Coast Guard helicopters around 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Orchid Island, after which the vessel drifted ashore on the island. [106] [107] Damages to agriculture reached NT$498.6 million (US$16.2 million) [108] with Kaohsiung and Pingtung County being the most affected. [104] The government pledged subsidies and loans to affected businesses. [109] Typhoons typically strike the east coast, but Krathon was unusual as it hit the west coast, prompting Taiwan's media to describe it as a "weird" storm. [110] At least 124 incidents of flooding were reported across Taiwan, primarily affecting Kaohsiung and Keelung, [111] prompting the deployment of approximately 1,500 soldiers in Kaohsiung and neighboring Pingtung to assist with typhoon relief efforts. [112] Keelung's single-day rainfall reached 408 millimetres (16.1 in), breaking the previous record of 351.3 millimetres (13.8 in), set on September 23, 1980. Record-breaking rainfall totals were also observed, with 1,713.5 millimetres (67.5 in) on Lijialin Road in Taitung, 1,570 millimetres (61.8 in) on Dananshan in Pingtung, and 1,067.5 millimetres (42.0 in) in Ruifang, New Taipei City. [113]

See also

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Typhoon Chanthu, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Kiko, was the second most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2021 after Typhoon Surigae in April. It impacted the Cagayan Valley region of the Philippines and became the strongest typhoon to affect the Batanes province since Typhoon Meranti in 2016. The twenty-ninth tropical depression, fourteenth named storm and fourth typhoon of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Chanthu originated from a disturbance well east of the Philippine islands on September 5 which organized into a tropical depression later that day. By the next day, the depression had formed into a mature tropical storm which began to explosively intensify by September 7, featuring a pinhole eye on satellite, characteristic of rapidly intensifying storms. Chanthu became a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon by September 8, the highest category on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Subsequent eyewall replacement cycles caused intensity fluctuations, but on September 10, Chanthu peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph) just northeast of extreme northeastern Luzon. The typhoon passed very near the Babuyan Islands before passing directly over Ivana, Batanes as a weakening but still powerful Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. Chanthu continued steadily weakening as it passed just east of Taiwan and eventually stalled just east of Shanghai, China. The storm eventually made its second and final landfall near Ikitsuki, Nagasaki in Japan, before crossing the country's mountainous terrain and becoming an extratropical cyclone on September 18. Chanthu then continued eastward and curved southward, before dissipating on September 20. According to Aon Benfield, economic losses totaled US$30 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Kompasu</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2021

Severe Tropical Storm Kompasu, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Maring was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines, Taiwan, and southeast China. Part of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Kompasu originated from an area of low pressure east of the Philippines on 6 October 2021. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression that day. A day later, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) classified it as a tropical depression, naming it Maring. The cyclone was initially heavily disorganised, competing with another vortex, Tropical Depression Nando. Eventually, Maring became dominant, and the JMA reclassified it as a tropical storm, naming it Kompasu. Kompasu made landfall in Cagayan, Philippines, on 11 October 2021, and two days later, the storm made landfall in Hainan, China. The cyclone dissipated on 14 October 2021 while located over Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Kong-rey (2024)</span> Pacific typhoon

Typhoon Kong-rey, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Leon, was a powerful tropical cyclone that impacted Taiwan and the Philippines before later affecting East China, South Korea, and Japan in late October and early November 2024. Kong-rey was the first typhoon in Taiwan's history to make landfall after mid-October and the largest storm to strike since Typhoon Herb in 1996. Additionally, it was the second tropical cyclone in a series to impact the Philippines, following Tropical Storm Trami a few days earlier, and preceding Typhoons Yinxing, Toraji, Usagi, and Man-yi which would impact a few days later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Yinxing</span> Pacific typhoon in 2024

Typhoon Yinxing, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Marce, was a powerful tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines before later affecting Vietnam in early November 2024. It was the third tropical cyclone in a series to impact the Philippines, following Tropical Storm Trami and Typhoon Kong-rey a few days earlier, and Typhoons Toraji, Usagi, and Man-yi only a few days after. Additionally, it was also part of the four tropical cyclones to simultaneously exist in the Western Pacific during the month of November, the first occurrence since records began in 1951; the other three were Toraji, Usagi and Man-yi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Usagi (2024)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2024

Typhoon Usagi, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Ofel, was a powerful tropical cyclone that impacted the Philippines before later affecting Taiwan in early November 2024. It was the fifth of six consecutive tropical cyclones that impacted the Philippines within a span of four weeks, following Tropical Storm Trami and Typhoons Kong-rey, Yinxing, and Toraji, and preceding the stronger Typhoon Man-yi. Additionally, Usagi was also part of the four tropical cyclones to simultaneously exist in the Western Pacific during the month of November, the first time since records began in 1951; the other three were Yinxing, Toraji and Man-yi.

References

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