Typhoon Shanshan (2024)

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Shanshan can be traced back to August 20, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a tropical depression had formed near the Mariana Islands. [4] [5] At midnight on August 21, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the tropical depression, designating the system as 11W due to deep convection beginning to consolidate into a central dense overcast. [6] [7] Shortly after, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Shanshan by the JMA due to low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content. [8] However, Shanshan's movement was nearly stationary due to the weak steering flow. [8] Around 12:00 UTC on August 22, the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm, citing Dvorak technique—a method of determining a tropical cyclone's intensity based on satellite appearance. [9] A ragged eye-like feature appeared on satellite imagery on August 23, [10] and early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon. [11]

Shanshan shortly after reaching its peak intensity on August 28 2024 CIMSS 11W Shanshan visible infrared satellite loop.gif
Shanshan shortly after reaching its peak intensity on August 28

Shanshan began developing poleward outflow into the west-northwest edge of a tropical upper tropospheric trough cell and then turned northward due to the interaction with an upper vortex. [12] [13] Despite its medium size, it quickly organized and developed a pinhole eye on satellite imagery, with deep convection wrapping around an obscured low-level circulation center. [14] However, due to moderate wind shear, Shanshan became partially exposed and poorly organized; [15] nonetheless, on August 26, deep convection began to increase rapidly, [16] with Shanshan developing a compact eye that was obscured by cirrus cloud. [17] [18] Shanshan then turned west-northwestward along the southwestern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high. [19] The typhoon displayed a symmetrical structure with a clear eye measuring 12.7 miles (20.4 km) in diameter, [20] which later became cloud-filled and was encircled by symmetric deep convection. [21] Shanshan underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, in which the inner eyewall deteriorated while being encased by a clearly defined outer eyewall. [22] Shanshan completed its eyewall replacement cycle on August 27 and began rapidly intensifying again, [23] featuring a symmetric eye with a diameter of 29–35 miles (46–56 km) while stalling near Kikaijima, surrounded by cold cloud tops at −94 °F (−70 °C). [24] The JMA reported that Shanshan reached its peak intensity at 15:00 UTC with 10-minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) and a central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg), [25] before eventually peaking at Category 4-equivalent intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale with 1-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (130 mph). [26] A study by Imperial College London suggests that Shanshan's extreme winds and heavy precipitation were strengthened by climate change. [27]

After reaching its peak intensity, the typhoon's structure further decayed on August 28, becoming cooler and less defined, which coincided with a warming of the eyewall cloud tops as it moved through the Ryukyu Islands. [28] Shanshan then turned northward between two mid-level subtropical ridges and made landfall near Satsumasendai in Kagoshima Prefecture around 8 a.m. local time on August 29. [29] [30] This made Shanshan the strongest typhoon to strike Japan in decades and one of the most powerful storms to make landfall since 1960. [31] After the system made landfall, satellite imagery and radar loops showed the rapid erosion and disintegration of convective tops and feeder bands. [32] Owing to its interaction with rugged terrain, Shanshan weakened to a minimal tropical storm. [33] It then turned eastward along the northern periphery of a subtropical high, [34] quickly crossed the Seto Inland Sea, and made landfall over the northern tip of Shikoku on August 30. [35] By that time, its convection had diminished, and the low-level circulation center had become disorganized; [36] however, convection slightly increased after six hours as Shanshan's circulation moved back over open water and began moving east-southeastward due to the interaction with a mid-latitude trough. [37] [38] Around 09:00 UTC on August 31, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system as it had become an exposed circulation center surrounded by stratocumulus clouds. [39] On September 1, Shanshan re-intensified into a weak tropical depression with 25 km/h (16 mph) winds and a well-defined circulation in the eastern semicircle, leading the JTWC to resume advisories as it drifted poleward along the northwestern edge of a low to mid-level subtropical ridge. [40] However, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system as it moved inland over Japan. [41] The JMA continued to monitor the system until it dissipated at 18:00 UTC that day. [42]

Preparations

Notifications of Tokaido Shinkansen cancellations due to the typhoon Attention of cancel operating Tokaido Shinkansen by typhoon, Aug '24 - 01.jpg
Notifications of Tokaido Shinkansen cancellations due to the typhoon

In advance of Shanshan, storm warnings were issued for 14 communities in the Satsuma and Ōsumi areas of Kagoshima Prefecture. [43] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued special weather warnings for Kagoshima Prefecture at 13:00 on August 28. [44] This was the first emergency warning issued for Kagoshima Prefecture since Typhoon Nanmadol in 2022. [45] An emergency storm warning and an emergency high tide warning were also issued for the entirety of Kagoshima Prefecture with the exception of the Amami Islands. A Level 5 emergency warning—the highest level of warning—was issued for Mishima, affecting 369 residents. Across parts of Kagoshima and Miyazaki prefectures, Level 4 evacuation notices were posted, which included 27 cities in Kagoshima Prefecture and the city of Miyazaki. [46]

Evacuation orders were issued for 996,299 people in Miyazaki Prefecture and 982,273 people in Kagoshima Prefecture. [47] Level 4 evacuation alerts were also issued for portions of Aichi Prefecture and Shizuoka Prefecture; [46] a total of 342,666 people in Shizuoka Prefecture were given evacuation orders. [1] The threat of mudslides caused the JMA to began issuing landslide and rockslide warnings in Kagoshima, Miyazaki, and Shizuoka prefectures. [48] The Tokaido Shinkansen route was closed between Tokyo Station and Shin-Ōsaka Station, as well as between Hamamatsu Station and Toyohashi Station, due to rainfall amounts exceeding the regulatory limits for operation. The entire Kyushu Shinkansen route closed on August 29. [49] [50] Japan Airlines cancelled 402 domestic flights and ten international flights between August 28 and August 30. All Nippon Airways also cancelled 210 domestic flights for the same timeframe. Over 18,400 airline passengers were affected by these cancellations. [51] In South Korea, a strong wind and heavy rain advisory were issued for the island of Jeju. [52] Expressways and toll stations were briefly closed at some locations, though services were restored. Commuters were advised to be aware of traffic disruptions. [45]

The Japan Post suspended postal and delivery services in Kyushu. [53] Classes were cancelled at schools in Fukuoka, [54] Kagoshima, [55] and Yamaguchi prefectures. [56] The Super GT announced that the second Suzuka round would be postponed to December 7–8. [57] Multiple factories ceased operations for the duration of the typhoon, affecting companies such as Toyota which closed 14 plants, Nissan which closed a facility in Kyushu, Honda which closed a facility in Kumamoto, and Mazda which announced a potential closure of factories in Hiroshima and Hōfu. [51] Department stores and other commercial facilities in Kagoshima and Aira were closed. [58] Supermarkets also planned to close early across Kyushu. [53] Overall, 5,210,258 people were ordered to evacuate across 12 prefectures. [1]

Impact

Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands

Shanshan approaching the coast of Kyushu on August 28 Shanshan 2024-08-28 0525Z.jpg
Shanshan approaching the coast of Kyushu on August 28

As Shanshan brushed the islands of Amami Ōshima and Kikaijima at Category 4-equivalent intensity, maximum sustained wind gusts near 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) were measured at Kikai Airport on the latter island. [59] This was the strongest wind speed observed on Kikaijima in the month of August. [60] One person was injured in Amami after strong winds knocked him down while he was riding a motorcycle. [59] In Yakushima, where maximum gusts of 105 miles per hour (169 km/h) were recorded in the evening of August 28, a 3,000-year-old Yakusugi cedar tree named the Yayoi-sugi (弥生杉) was blown down. [61] As Shanshan moved ashore in Kyushu, a wind gust of 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) was recorded in Makurazaki, Kagoshima. [59] Due to the typhoon's slow movement, a linear precipitation zone developed over Kagoshima, Miyazaki, and Oita prefectures, resulting in prolonged torrential rainfall across the region. [62] Overall, one person died and 29 others were injured in Kagoshima, four of them seriously, and 53 buildings were damaged in the prefecture. [1] Strong winds in Miyazaki Prefecture caused 39 injuries and damaged 886 houses, [1] including 160 in the city of Miyazaki. [62] A metal sign at a clothing store was downed onto a vehicle, though no injuries occurred. [63] Heavy rainfall in Oita Prefecture resulted in the overflowing of the Miyakawa River in Yufu, which prompted the issuance of a Level 5 emergency warning, affecting 2,311 residents. [62] In Fukuoka Prefecture, two people died, 22 others were injured, one house was completely destroyed and six structures were damaged by the typhoon. One death and five injuries were reported in Saga Prefecture. There were also nine injuries in Nagasaki Prefecture, six in Kumamoto Prefecture and two in Ōita Prefecture. [1] More than 260,000 residences in Kyushu lost access to electricity due to the storm. [64]

Elsewhere

In Aichi Prefecture, the city of Gamagōri observed record breaking rainfall amounts as Shanshan neared Japan on August 26 and 27, [65] resulting in a mudslide that killed three people and injured two others. [45] [66] Across the prefecture, 29 structures were damaged. Shanshan caused flooding which damaged 545 buildings in Shizuoka Prefecture, 100 in Gifu Prefecture, 72 in Kanagawa Prefecture, 27 in Iwate Prefecture, 26 in Saitama Prefecture, 25 in Tottori Prefecture and three more in Hokkaido. Two people were injured in Mie Prefecture. [1] One person died after a roof collapsed in Tokushima Prefecture. [67] Heavy rainfall affected the South Korean island of Jeju, reaching a maximum total of 154.5 millimetres (6.08 in) near Hallasan. [52]

See also

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References

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  2. ↑ Steve Evans (August 30, 2024). "Typhoon Shanshan seen as unlikely to trouble cat bonds or ILS positions". Artemis.bm. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
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  7. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 11W (Six) Warning No. 1 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 21 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 21, 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
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  9. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning No. 7 for STS Shanshan (2410) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 22, 2024. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  10. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 9 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 24 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  11. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Advisory for TY Shanshan (2407) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 23, 2024. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2024.
  12. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 11 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 24 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  13. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning No. 15 for TY Shanshan (2410) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 24, 2024. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2024.
  14. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 17 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 25 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 25, 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  15. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 18 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 25 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  16. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 21 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 26 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  17. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 19 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 26 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  18. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 20 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 26 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  19. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning No. 23 for TY Shanshan (2410) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 26, 2024. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  20. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 21 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 26 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  21. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 22 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 27 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  22. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 24 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 27 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  23. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 25 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 27 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  24. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 26 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 27 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  25. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Advisory for TY Shanshan (2410) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 27, 2024. Archived from the original on August 28, 2024. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  26. ↑ "JTWC Best Track on Typhoon Shanshan (11W)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  27. ↑ "Climate Change Intensified Typhoon Shanshan, Study Says". Bloomberg.com. 2024-08-30. Archived from the original on 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  28. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 28 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 28 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 28, 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  29. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning No. 31 for TY Shanshan (2410) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 28, 2024. Archived from the original on August 28, 2024. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  30. ↑ "Typhoon Shanshan makes landfall in Kagoshima, southwestern Japan | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD. Archived from the original on 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  31. ↑ "Powerful Typhoon Shanshan slams into southern Japan". www.spacedaily.com. Archived from the original on 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  32. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 32 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 29 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  33. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 33 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 29 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  34. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 36 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 30 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  35. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 37 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 30 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  36. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 39 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 30 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  37. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 38 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 30 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  38. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning No. 41 for TY Shanshan (2410) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 31, 2024. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
  39. ↑ Tropical Depression 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 40 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 31 August 2024. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  40. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 41 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1 September 2024. Archived from the original on September 1, 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  41. ↑ Tropical Depression 11W (Shanshan) Warning No. 42 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1 September 2024. Archived from the original on September 1, 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  42. ↑ Warning and Summary 011800 (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. September 1, 2024. Archived from the original on September 1, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  43. ↑ "薩摩・大隅地方の14市町に暴風警報が発表 鹿児島". Minaminihon Broadcasting (in Japanese). TBS Broadcasting. August 28, 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  44. ↑ "鹿児島県に暴風・波浪の特別警報発表 台風10号で気象庁". 毎日新聞 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 28, 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  45. 1 2 3 Hisako Ueno; Yan Zhuang (August 28, 2024). "Typhoon Shanshan Barrels Into Japan, Triggering Rare Warnings" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  46. 1 2 Yakana Inoue; Jessica Speed; Daniel Traylor; Kanako Takahara (August 28, 2024). "Typhoon Shanshan batters Kyushu ahead of likely landfall". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on August 28, 2024. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  47. ↑ 令和６年台風第１０号による被害及び 消防機関等の対応状況（第５報) (PDF) (Report) (in Japanese). Fire and Disaster Management Agency. 28 August 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  48. ↑ "颱風珊珊將登陸 日本氣象廳發布暴風及波浪特報籲最高警戒". Yahoo! Kimo (in Traditional Chinese). August 28, 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  49. ↑ "【台風10号】JR九州 29日（木）の計画運休を発表 （九州新幹線・特急・在来線など）【台風情報】※28日午後6時現在 | 熊本のニュース｜RKK NEWS｜RKK熊本放送 (1ページ)". RKK熊本放送 (in Japanese). 2024-08-28. Archived from the original on 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
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  51. 1 2 Andy Gregory (August 28, 2024). "Japan Typhoon Shanshan live updates: 800,000 people evacuated as region braces for one of biggest ever storms". The Independent. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  52. 1 2 "Typhoon Shanshan brings heavy rain, strong wind to Jeju". Yonhap News Agency. August 28, 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  53. 1 2 Mari Yamaguchi (August 28, 2024). "Typhoon Shanshan begins dumping rain on parts of Japan, leaving 1 dead and several injured" . The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
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  67. ↑ "Powerful storm Shanshan kills at least 4, injures over 90". NHK. August 30, 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
Typhoon Shanshan
Shanshan 2024-08-27 0425Z.jpg
Shanshan during an eyewall replacement cycle over the Ryukyu Islands on August 27
Tropical cyclones of the 2024 Pacific typhoon season
2024 Pacific typhoon season summary.png
TY
Ewiniar
TS
Maliksi
TD
03W
STS
Prapiroon
VSTY
Gaemi
VSTY
Ampil
STS
Maria
TS
Son-Tinh
TS
Wukong
TS
Jongdari
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
VSTY
Shanshan
TD
TD
VITY
Yagi
TD
Hone
TS
Leepi
TD
TD
TY
Bebinca
TS
Soulik
TS
Pulasan
TD
Igme
TS
Cimaron
TS
Jebi
TD
TD
VITY
Krathon
TS
Barijat
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
STS
Trami
VSTY
Kong-rey
VSTY
Yinxing
TY
Toraji
VITY
Man-yi
VSTY
Usagi
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