Typhoon Gaemi

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Gaemi can be traced back to July 17, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a low-pressure area had formed east of Palau. [1] Environment was generally favourable for tropical cyclogenesis, with warm sea surface temperatures of 27–28 °C (81–82 °F), low vertical wind shear and excellent poleward and equatorward outflow. Satellite imagery indicated that formative convective banding had begun to wrap into the centre of circulation. [2] After slowly consolidating for two days, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert for the system on July 19, due to its rapidly consolidating broad low-level circulation center. [3] Shortly after, both the JMA and the JTWC followed suit and upgraded the tropical depression, with the latter designating the system as 05W. [4] [5] The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration followed suit a few hours later, upgrading the system from a low-pressure area to a depression and assigning it the name Carina. [6] Early the following day, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Gaemi by the JMA. [7]

Satellite loop of Typhoon Gaemi making landfall in the northeastern coast of Taiwan on July 24 2024 CIMSS 05W Gaemi visible infrared satellite loop.gif
Satellite loop of Typhoon Gaemi making landfall in the northeastern coast of Taiwan on July 24

Gaemi's deep convection later began to consolidate into a small central dense overcast, with cloud tops reaching temperatures of −90 °C (−130 °F). [8] It then intensified into a severe tropical storm due to being in a conducive environment for development on July 21. [9] The storm displayed convective banding features around its western periphery, wrapping into a low-level center of circulation. [10] Around 00:00 UTC on July 22, the JMA then reported that Gaemi had intensified into a typhoon due to good upper-level outflow, warm sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content. [11] Gaemi then turned north-northwestward, along the western periphery of a subtropical ridge. [12] As it remained quasi-stationary six hours later, due to a weak steering environment between the subtropical ridge to the northwest and east, the JTWC upgraded Gaemi to minimal typhoon-equivalent status around 21:00 UTC that day. [13]

After undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle and developing a pinhole eye, Gaemi rapidly intensified and peaked at Category 4-equivalent intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale at 21:00 UTC on July 23, with 1-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph). [14] The JMA reported that Gaemi reached its peak intensity at 06:00 UTC on July 24, with 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) and a central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg). [15] [16] A study by World Weather Attribution in August 2024 suggests that Gaemi's extreme winds and heavy precipitation were exacerbated by climate change. [17] After stalling and executing a tight counter-clockwise loop near the coast, [18] Gaemi slightly weakened into a below-equivalent typhoon status due to land interaction before it made landfall on the northeastern coast of Taiwan on July 24. [19] Gaemi accelerated as it moved across the island and emerged into the Taiwan Strait just six hours after making landfall. [20] The system quickly weakened to a minimal tropical storm as it made its closest approach offshore of eastern China. [21] Soon after, [22] the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on the system as it made its final landfall at Xiuyu, Putian in Fujian Province. [23] Once inland, the JMA downgraded Gaemi into a tropical depression on July 26 and continued tracking the system until it dissipated at 00:00 UTC on July 29. [15] [24]

Preparations

Philippines

Highest Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal issued by the PAGASA for Gaemi (Carina). Gaemi TCWS PSWS (Carina).png
Highest Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal issued by the PAGASA for Gaemi (Carina).

As Gaemi developed in the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the PAGASA began issuing weather advisories on the system, as it interacted with the southwest Tropical Storm Prapiroon over the South China Sea. [25] Initial forecasts issued by the agency projected that Gaemi would not make landfall on the Philippines, however, moisture from the storm would be drawn into the southwest monsoon and bring heavy rainfall and strong winds to the archipelago. [26] Therefore, on July 22, the PAGASA issued a Signal No. 1 wind warning in parts of the Babuyan Islands, Batanes, Cagayan, and Isabela. The PAGASA expected winds of up to 61 km/h (69 mph) in these provinces. [27] On the morning of July 23, PAGASA raised to Signal No. 2 warning in Batanes as Gaemi's outer rainbands began to affect the province. [28] Classes in all levels and several local government units were suspended in some areas of Luzon including Metro Manila on July 23 due to the storm. [29] [30] Several commercial flights were cancelled at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, as well as flights in Basco, Cagayan, and Tuguegarao. Ship travel was suspended in Itbayat. [31] The Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (PDRRMO) in La Union raised a red alert on July 21, requiring all personnel to be readied for deployment. Emergency staff were deployed to operations centers where stockpiles of supplies and vehicles were prepared. Government offices in the province closed on the afternoon of July 23, with only emergency staff remaining. Immuki Island was isolated as a result of suspended sailing. Beaches in San Juan were closed to visitors, as well as Tangadan Falls in San Gabriel. [32]

On July 21, the government of Iloilo City began a preemptive evacuation. Documentation began to prepare funding of ₱10,000 (US$171) to occupants of destroyed dwellings and ₱7,000 (US$120) to those of partially destroyed dwellings. [33] In the Cordillera Administrative Region, ₱73.6 million (US$1.2 million) worth of family food packages, totaling 25,357, were propositioned at multiple warehouses. In addition, approximately ₱52.7 million (US$899,000) worth of non-food supplies were gathered at these warehouses. [34] The PDRRMO office in Pangasinan issued a red emergency alert, allocating 64,564 packages of supplies, as well as a standby fund of ₱86.75 million (US$1.48 million). [35] The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) prepared their stock fund of ₱2.5 billion (US$42.8 million) for assistance during the typhoon. A total of 129,735 family food packages were positioned at warehouses and resource centers in Pasay, 93,516 packages were positioned in Mandaue, and 442,125 packages were made available at DSWD Offices No. 3, 5, and 6. The Philippine Air Force readied three Tactical Operations Group for response to the typhoon, including water rescue crews and helicopters for search and rescue and to serve as air ambulances. Rapid response teams trained for recovery efforts and damage assessments were also readied in Clark, Davao City, Laoag, Mactan, and the Zamboanga Peninsula. [36]

Taiwan

Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te conferencing on preparations for the typhoon at the Central Disaster Response Center. 07.24 Zong Tong Shi Cha Zhong Yang Zai Hai Ying Bian Zhong Xin .jpg
Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te conferencing on preparations for the typhoon at the Central Disaster Response Center.

The Central Weather Administration issued numerous typhoon and torrential rain warnings in anticipation of Gaemi. Ferry services were suspended, [37] and the annual Han Kuang military exercises were cancelled. Domestic flights from the airlines Mandarin Airlines and Daily Air were also cancelled, alongside 201 international flights. [38] [39] Cancelled sea and air travel stranded around 10,000 visitors in Penghu. [40] The Taiwan Stock Exchange ceased operations in preparation for the typhoon. The Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, a major computer chip manufacturer for brands such as Apple Inc. and Nvidia planned to continue normal operations amidst the storm, however, an emergency response team was placed on standby. [41] The government of Taiwan placed 29,000 military personnel on standby for recovery efforts. Over 2,000 residents of mountainous areas on the island were evacuated. [39] Evacuations also took place in Heping District, Taichung; 385 residents were evacuated from nine flood-prone districts of Tainan. [40] Overall, a total of 8,569 people had evacuated to shelters prior to the typhoon's impact. [42]

The Highway Bureau closed the Central Cross-Island Highway between Guanyuan and Taroko and the Suhua Highway between Chongde and Suao. [43] The Forestry and Nature Conservation Agency closed ten recreational areas due to safety concerns. Yushan National Park banned hiking activities and forced 45 hiking groups to descend from mountains in the park. The Yilan International Children's Folklore and Folkgame Festival and Dongshih Summer Festival were halted due to the typhoon. [44] The Wenhu line of the Taipei Metro, connecting Neihu District and Wenshan District, shut down on the afternoon of July 24. All other metro lines remained in operation. [45] Schools and government offices were closed nationwide on July 25. [46]

Japan

The Japan Meteorological Agency said that rainfall on July 25 could reach 8 in (200 mm) in the Yaeyama Islands, 5.9 in (150 mm) on Okinawa Island and nearby areas, and 4 in (100 mm) in Miyako-jima within a 24-hour period. [47] Authorities in Okinawa Prefecture warned residents of the Sakishima Islands to remain indoors and for boats to not leave port. [48] Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways cancelled 100 flights in and out of Ishigaki, Miyako-jima, and Naha. [49]

Impact and aftermath

Typhoon Gaemi (Carina)
Gaemi 2024-07-24 0500Z.jpg
Gaemi at peak intensity while off the coast of Taiwan on July 24
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Casualties and damages by country
CountryDeathsInjuriesMissingDamage cost (USD)Ref.
Philippines48165 [50]
Taiwan109022 [51] [52]
China49635 [52] [53]
Total10792442 [54]

Philippines

Flood in Quiapo, Manila. Quiapo, Manila Floods Habagat-Carina 2024-1.jpg
Flood in Quiapo, Manila.
Flooding in Angono, Rizal. PBBM aerial inspection rizal-ph3.jpg
Flooding in Angono, Rizal.

Combined with moisture from the southwest monsoon, the influence of Gaemi produced heavy rainfall across parts of the Philippines. Heavy rainfall occurred in Albay, Aklan, Antique, Bataan, Batangas, Cavite, Capiz, Oriental Mindoro, Rizal, and Zambales. Residents of Romblon received flood warnings and a yellow warning for heavy rainfall. Two thoroughfares in the Zamboanga Peninsula and Cordillera Administrative Region, respectively, were blocked due to rockfalls, with access only possible to small vehicles. [55] The Angat Dam saw water level increases of up to 3.8 m (12 ft) amidst rainfall from Gaemi. [56] Downstream, the reservoir of La Mesa Dam in Quezon City also rose up causing water to overflow. [57] On July 24, the third and highest alarm was raised on the Marikina River after it rose to 18.4 m (60 ft) before peaking at 20.7 m (68 ft), prompting evacuations. [58] Strong water currents along the river also caused several barges to collide into the F. Manalo Bridge in Pasig. [59] In Taguig, floodwaters reached waist-level. [60] Houses in coastal villages of Orani, Bataan were inundated by floodwaters. Homes were also inundated by floodwaters in Samal, where rice and other crops received partial losses due to the flooding. Soil erosion occurred in Baguio, damaging a riprap. Strong winds impacted Olongapo, toppling electrical poles. [31] A downed tree also blocked traffic in Quezon City. [61] Several sections of the North Luzon Expressway were rendered impassable due to the torrential rain brought by the two weather conditions. [62] Highways connecting Nueva Vizcaya with Benguet and Pangasinan were blocked by landslides, [63] with 34 houses in Kayapa also damaged. [64] Severe weather conditions forced vessels to remain in ports, stranding 70 people in Southern Tagalog and Bicol Region, combined. An additional 48 passengers were stranded in Pasacao, Camarines Sur. [56] A total of 224 families were affected by the storm across Bataan, Camarines Sur, Iloilo City, Masbate, and Pampanga. [61] A total of 1,215 schools were forced to postpone the start of the school year on July 29 due to damage or conversion into evacuation shelters. [65] [66] A state of calamity was declared in Metro Manila and in the provinces of Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Oriental Mindoro and Pampanga [67] [68] [69] due to the widespread floods that occurred in various areas of the region. [70] The monsoon enhanced by Gaemi's impact on Luzon led to comparisons to 2009's Typhoon Ketsana, which was known locally as Tropical Storm Ondoy. [71] [72] [73] The oil tanker MT Terra Nova, carrying around 1.5 million liters of industrial fuel, capsized and sank in 34 m (112 ft) depth of water [74] in Manila Bay off the coast of Limay, Bataan, causing an oil spill with a length of four kilometers. [75]

As of August 26,2024, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council reported that 6,498,918 people were affected by Gaemi, along with the impacts of the southwest monsoon and nearby Tropical Storm Prapiroon (Butchoy), resulting in 1,141,926 individuals displaced from their homes, 108 cities experiencing power outages, and 9,790 houses damaged. At least 48 fatalities and five missing persons were reported, along with 16 injuries, while the agricultural damage reached ₱5.98 billion ( US$ 121.47 million) and infrastructure damage was estimated at ₱4.39 billion ( US$ 89.06 million), leading to a total damage of ₱10.37 billion ( US$ 210.53 million). [50]

Taiwan

Rainfall totals across the island of Taiwan from Typhoon Gaemi. 2024Nian 7Yue 24Ri Ji 25Ri Zhong Hua Min Guo Zi You Di Qu Lei Ji Yu Liang .jpg
Rainfall totals across the island of Taiwan from Typhoon Gaemi.

Gaemi killed 10 people in Taiwan as it approached the island; [51] a woman killed by a falling tree in Kaohsiung, and another death caused by a falling excavator in Sanxia District, New Taipei. [76] Additionally, a woman was killed and her son was critically injured after a wall collapsed and struck their car in Hualien City, [77] three more died in Chiayi County, [78] an elderly man was killed by a landslide in Cishan District, [79] another was killed in a related car accident in Yunlin County, [80] and one more death occurred in Tainan. [81] While docked in southern Taiwan, the freighter Fu Shun capsized, [75] killing the ship's captain. [82] Three other vessels ran aground near Tainan. [83] Across the island, 902 people were injured, two others were missing and 262,000 were left without power. [84] [40] [85] Up to 1,204.5 mm (47.4 in) of rainfall was observed in the Maolin District of Kaohsiung. [86] A total of 1,232 people were displaced by the typhoon and were placed into 279 emergency camps. [87] Initial estimates indicate that Gaemi caused economic losses of US

China

Gaemi made landfall in China as a tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of around 120 km/h (75 mph) in the Xiuyu District of Putian in Fujian Province. There were 49 deaths confirmed in the country, 48 of them in Hunan Province, where 35 others were missing; [88] 15 people were killed, 21 were missing and six more were injured after a mudslide struck a homestay in Hengyang, Hunan. Additionally, a delivery driver was killed by a falling tree in Shanghai. [89] About 1,000 homes were damaged and 1,345 road collapses were reported in Zixing, [90] where 30 people died. [88]

Heavy rainfall occurred in more than ten provinces and cities, including the cities of Fuzhou, Shenyang, Wuzhou, and Zhengzhou. [91] A maximum rainfall accumulation of 512.8 mm (20.19 in) was observed in Luoyuan County in Fujian. [92] Precipitation was reported in over 72 townships in Fujian. [93] Across Fujian, a total of 85 hectares (210 acres) of crops were damaged, and initial estimates indicate that Gaemi caused economic losses of US

North Korea

Gaemi's remnants also hit North Korea, [90] resulting in heavy flooding in North Pyongan Province which stranded 5,000 people. [96] In the city of Sinuiju and the neighboring Uiju County, about 4,100 houses, 3,000 hectares (7,410 acres) of agricultural fields and numerous public buildings, roads and railways were flooded. [97] North Korean media covered the disasters much more prominently compared to previous disasters or incidents, with North Korea's state newspaper calling it a "grave crisis", as well as television showing footage of flooded areas. [98] North Korean state media reported that Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un traveled to flooding sites to survey damages. [99] State media stated that he "personally directed the battle" towards rescuing civilians, and declared sections of three provinces as disaster zones. [100] By September 4, 30 officials were reportedly executed after being charged with "corruption and dereliction of duty". [54] [ dubious – discuss ]

A government meeting agreed on constructing 4,400 new houses in Sinuiju and Uiju, while also reinforcing embankments and restoring damaged infrastructure in Jagang province. [101] South Korea offered to give humanitarian aid to North Korea following the downpours, which the DPRK indicated that it would reject it. [99] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed condolences to North Korea for damage caused by the flooding, and offered to provide humanitarian support. [99]

In August, TV Chosun reported that between 1,000 and 1,500 people could have been killed or left missing due to the floods. However, North Korean state media said there were casualties but did not provide figures. [102] There was no official mention of deaths from the state government. [103] On September 4, reports circulated that Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un may have ordered the execution of 30 officials in a purge. At the same time, TV Chosun reported the death toll may have been 4,000. [54] The Korean Central News Agency estimated some 5,000 people were rescued. [104]

Elsewhere

In Japan, the island of Yonaguni recorded wind speeds of up to 50 m/s (180 km/h; 110 mph) on July 24. [47] In Indonesia, the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency warned of heavy rainfall in North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, North Maluku, and Maluku, due to the influence of Gaemi. Large waves of up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in height affected the Molucca Sea, North Natuna Sea, Natuna Sea, and the areas between the Sitaro Islands and Bitung, and between the Sangihe Islands and Talaud Islands. [105]

See also

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Tropical Storm Ewiniar was a tropical cyclone in early June 2018 that brought prolonged heavy rains to Vietnam and South China, causing damaging floods and landslides. The fourth named storm of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Ewiniar developed as a tropical depression just east of Vietnam on June 2. The system moved generally northwards over the South China Sea, before intensifying into a tropical storm near the Qiongzhou Strait on June 5. Ewiniar proceeded to stall over the region as steering currents collapsed, making landfall over the Leizhou Peninsula and later over northern Hainan. Ewiniar accelerated to the northeast on June 7 and moved back over open sea, allowing it to strengthen slightly and reach peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 km/h (47 mph) and a central pressure of 998 hPa. The storm made landfall in eastern Guangdong shortly thereafter and weakened into a tropical depression on June 8. The system ultimately dissipated east of Taiwan on June 11.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 2023 Pacific typhoon season was the fourth consecutive below-average season and became the third-most inactive typhoon season on record in terms of named storms, with just 17 named storms developing, only ahead of 2010 and 1998. Despite the season occurring during an El Niño event, which typically favors activity in the basin, activity was abnormally low. This was primarily due to a consistent period of negative PDO, which typically discourages tropical storm formation in this basin. The season was less active than the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season in terms of named storms, the fourth such season on record, after 2005, 2010 and 2020. The season's number of storms also did not exceed that of the 2023 Pacific hurricane season. Only ten became typhoons, with four strengthening further into super typhoons. However, it was very destructive, primarily due to Typhoon Doksuri which devastated the northern Philippines, Taiwan, and China in July, becoming the costliest typhoon on record as well as the costliest typhoon to hit mainland China, and Typhoon Haikui in September, which devastated China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The season was less active in Southeast Asia, with no tropical storm making landfall in mainland Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 2024 Pacific typhoon season is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the fifth-latest starting Pacific typhoon season on record, as well as the deadliest since 2013, and the fourth-costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, mostly due to Yagi. The season runs throughout 2024, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Ewiniar, developed on May 25, and eventually intensified into the first typhoon of the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon In-fa</span> Pacific typhoon in 2021

Typhoon In-fa, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Fabian, was a very large and costly tropical cyclone that brought record amounts of rainfall to China in July 2021, becoming the second-wettest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the country. It was also the first storm to impact the city of Shanghai since Typhoon Mitag of 2019. The ninth depression, sixth tropical storm and third typhoon of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, the system was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center as an area of low pressure, located east of the Philippines on July 14. Favorable conditions helped the storm to intensify, becoming a tropical depression, two days later and a tropical storm on July 17, being assigned the name In-fa by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Located in a weak steering environment, the system struggled to organize under dry air and moderate wind shear before organizing further. It continued to move mostly westward, strengthening into a typhoon and deepening quickly. The storm struggled to organize itself significantly due to continuous dry air intrusions and its frequent motion changes. On July 21, it reached its peak intensity according to the JTWC with winds of 175 km/h (110 mph); the JMA estimated a lower numbers of 150 km/h (90 mph) on the system. Nevertheless, the system reached its minimum barometric pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg), three days later after passing through the Ryukyu's. As the system entered the East China Sea, marginal conditions started to take toll on the system, with In-fa weakening steadily and slowly, until it made its consecutive landfalls over Putuo District of Zhoushan and Pinghu on July 25 and 26, respectively, as a tropical storm. For the next couple of days, the storm slowly moved inland while gradually weakening, before turning northward on July 29. Later that day, In-fa weakened into a remnant low over northern China. The remnants continued their northward trek for another couple of days, before dissipating near North Korea on July 31.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2024 Pacific typhoon season</span>

This timeline documents all of the events of the 2024 Pacific typhoon season. Most of the tropical cyclones form between May and November. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. Tropical storms that form in the entire Western Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Tropical depressions that form in this basin are given a number with a "W" suffix by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center. In addition, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Prapiroon (2024)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2024

Severe Tropical Storm Prapiroon, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Butchoy was a compact tropical cyclone that made landfall in Hainan and Vietnam in July 2024. The fourth named storm of the annual typhoon season. Prapiroon was first identified as an area of persistent convection southeast of Manila, Philippines. It then drifted northward over the South China Sea, strengthening into a severe tropical storm on July 22. The storm's eye became visible on microwave satellite imagery before making landfall in Wanning, Hainan. It soon reached its peak intensity that day, with 10-minute sustained winds of 100 km/h (65 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 980 hPa (28.94 inHg). Land interaction prevented further intensification, and it crossed into Quảng Ninh, Vietnam becoming the first tropical cyclone to hit mainland Vietnam in 640 days before weakening on July 25.

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