Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | October 21,2018 |
Remnant low | November 2,2018 |
Dissipated | November 3,2018 |
Violent typhoon | |
10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
Highest winds | 215 km/h (130 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 900 hPa (mbar);26.58 inHg |
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 280 km/h (175 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 904 hPa (mbar);26.70 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 30 |
Damage | $854 million (2018 USD) |
Areas affected | Caroline Islands,Mariana Islands (particularly Tinian and Saipan),Philippines,South China |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season |
Typhoon Yutu,known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Rosita,was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic destruction on the islands of Tinian and Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands,and later impacted the Philippines. It is the strongest typhoon ever recorded to impact the Mariana Islands,and is tied as the second-strongest tropical cyclone to strike the United States and its unincorporated territories by both wind speed and barometric pressure. It also tied Typhoon Kong-rey as the most powerful tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018. The fortieth tropical depression,twenty-sixth named storm,twelfth typhoon,and the seventh super typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season,Yutu originated from a low-pressure area that formed in the western Pacific Ocean on October 15. The disturbance organized into a tropical depression on the same day,as ocean sea-surface heat content increased. Shortly after becoming a tropical depression,the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assigned the system the identifier 31W. The system continued to strengthen,becoming a tropical storm several hours later,with the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) naming the system Yutu. Increasingly favorable conditions allowed Yutu to explosively intensify,as the system maintained deep convection and subsequently became a severe tropical storm and then a typhoon.
Through October 23,Yutu continued to explosively intensify,quickly reaching Category 5 super typhoon intensity on October 24. On October 25,Yutu made landfall on the island of Tinian and the southern part of Saipan at its peak intensity,with a minimum central pressure of 900 millibars (27 inHg),10-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph),1-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (170 mph),and gusts of up to 305 km/h (190 mph). This made it the most powerful tropical cyclone to make landfall worldwide in 2018. Immediately after making landfall,Yutu underwent an eyewall replacement cycle,causing it to momentarily weaken as it completed the process. Maintaining super typhoon status,Yutu continued to move westward towards the Philippines,entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) whereupon it was assigned the local name Rosita. Intrusions of dry air and lower sea surface temperatures,however,caused Yutu to weaken significantly through October 28,though it remained a strong typhoon. Late on October 29,Yutu made landfall in the Filipino province of Isabela,with 10-minute sustained winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The JTWC estimated 1-minute winds to be 165 km/h (103 mph) at that time.
The storm wrought catastrophic damage across Tinian and Saipan,destroying numerous homes and killing two people. Violent winds destroyed concrete structures in southern Saipan and stripped areas of vegetation. In the Philippines,landslides and flooding killed at least 27 people, [1] while in Hong Kong,one person was killed by high surf. [2]
Early on October 21, 2018, a tropical depression developed to the east of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, with the JMA initiating advisories on the system. Shortly afterward, the JTWC assigned the storm the identifier 31W. [3] The system began to strengthen, becoming a tropical storm several hours later, and the JMA assigned the name Yutu to the storm. [4] Favorable conditions, including low wind shear and high ocean-surface temperatures, allowed Yutu to explosively intensify on the following day, with the storm reaching severe tropical storm strength and then typhoon intensity a few hours later. From October 23 to 24, Yutu continued to organize and explosively intensify, reaching Category 5 super typhoon intensity on October 24. The typhoon continued to strengthen and displayed a healthy convective structure, while moving towards the island of Saipan. [3]
Around 2:00 a.m. local time on October 25, Typhoon Yutu made landfall on Tinian and the southern part of Saipan at peak intensity, [5] [6] as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with a minimum central pressure of 900 millibars (27 inHg) and 1-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph), becoming the most powerful storm on record to impact the Northern Mariana Islands. [7] [8] On October 25, the system underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, causing it to weaken into a Category 4 super typhoon as it continued moving westwards. On the next day, Yutu completed its eyewall replacement cycle, and the system regained Category 5 intensity at 12:00 UTC that day. [9] On October 27, Yutu resumed weakening, and weakened into a Category 4 super typhoon. On the same day, Yutu entered PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility (or PAR), and was named Rosita. Yutu continued to weaken while progressing westward, after encountering more unfavorable conditions, including lower sea surface temperatures, and the storm weakened to a Category 3-equivalent typhoon on October 28. At around 21:00 UTC on October 29, Yutu made landfall as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon on the Philippine province of Isabela, on the island of Luzon. [10]
As Yutu entered the South China Sea, it was exposed to the cold and dry air of the northeastern monsoon from China and further weakened into a tropical depression. Late on November 1, Yutu turned towards the south-southwest while rapidly weakening, due to wind shear. On November 2, Yutu degenerated into a remnant low without making another landfall, before dissipating early on the next day. [3]
In the month prior to Yutu, Typhoon Mangkhut struck the Mariana Islands, prompting emergency officials to stockpile supplies. With relief supplies largely unused, storage facilities on Guam had 220,000 liters of water and 260,000 meals readily available. [11] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) personnel deployed to both Tinian and Saipan ahead of the storm. U.S. President Donald Trump declared an emergency for the Northern Islands on October 24. [12]
On October 25, PAGASA began issuing severe weather bulletins in anticipation of Typhoon Yutu entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility. [13] The agency subsequently raised Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) No. 1 for the majority of Luzon north of Metro Manila on October 28. [14] Following a slightly more southerly track than initially anticipated, PSWS No. 1 later extended to Quezon. PSWS No. 3, indicating winds of 121–170 km/h (75–106 mph) were anticipated, was raised for Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quirino, and northern Aurora provinces on October 29. Furthermore, PSWS No. 2, indicating tropical storm-force winds, covered large swaths of northern Luzon. [15] [16] [17]
More than 10,000 people, still reeling from the devastating effects of Typhoon Mangkhut in September, evacuated the mountainous areas in northern provinces of Luzon. [18]
PSWS# | Luzon | Visayas | Mindanao |
---|---|---|---|
3 | Isabela, Quirino, Northern Portion of Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya, Ifugao, Benguet, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mt. Province, Pangasinan | None | None |
2 | Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Northern Portion of Quezon including Polillo Island, Rest of Aurora, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan | None | None |
1 | Metro Manila, Batanes, Babuyan Islands, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Bataan, Cavite, Camarines Norte | None | None |
On November 1, Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Wind Signal No. 3, the first time Strong Wind Signal No. 3 has been issued in November since Typhoon Ira in 1993. [19]
Strongest U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones† | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name‡ | Season | Wind speed | ||
mph | km/h | ||||
1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 185 | 295 | |
2 | Karen | 1962 | 175 | 280 | |
Camille | 1969 | ||||
Yutu | 2018 | ||||
5 | Andrew | 1992 | 165 | 270 | |
6 | "Okeechobee" | 1928 | 160 | 260 | |
Michael | 2018 | ||||
8 | Maria | 2017 | 155 | 250 | |
9 | "Last Island" | 1856 | 150 | 240 | |
"Indianola" | 1886 | ||||
"Florida Keys" | 1919 | ||||
"Freeport" | 1932 | ||||
Charley | 2004 | ||||
Laura | 2020 | ||||
Ida | 2021 | ||||
Ian | 2022 | ||||
Source: Hurricane Research Division [20] | |||||
†Strength refers to maximum sustained wind speed upon striking land. | |||||
‡Systems prior to 1950 were not officially named. |
Striking Tinian and Saipan on October 24 as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, Yutu became the strongest tropical cyclone to ever impact the Mariana Islands and the second-strongest to strike the United States or its territories as a whole, tied with Typhoon Karen in 1962 and Hurricane Camille in 1969. [21] [22] Only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane impacted the country at a greater strength. [12] Saipan International Airport recorded wind gusts of 103 mph (166 km/h). [8] Yutu's eyewall also knocked out Saipan's doppler radar on October 25, during the storm's landfall. [8]
On Saipan, the typhoon killed two people; a woman when it wrecked the building she was staying in, [23] and another woman who died of carbon monoxide poisoning caused by inhaling the fumes of a generator. [24] At least 133 other people were left injured, three of whom were injured severely. [23] The entirety of both islands were left without electricity. The majority of buildings in southern Saipan lost their roofs or were destroyed, including Hopwood Middle School, which suffered extensive damage. [23] Low-lying vegetation in southern parts of the island were shredded or ripped from the ground. [11] Saipan International Airport sustained significant damage; terminals flooded and navigation aids were rendered inoperable. [25]
The majority of homes on Tinian were severely damaged or destroyed. Some concrete structures sustained significant damage, with a few completely destroyed, and residents reported that those buildings shook during the typhoon. Storm shutters were torn from windows, leaving the interior of structures exposed to wind and water damage. In one instance, a door was ripped from a building and hurled 30 m (100 ft) into a pigsty. [11] The island's only health center sustained major damage; however, no patients were being treated at the time. [12] Tinian International Airport suffered significant damage. [25] Total damage estimated by FEMA reached $800 million. [26]
Meteorologist Brandon Aydlett at the National Weather Service described the typhoon as "the storm which sets the scale for which future storms are compared to". [11]
Striking Luzon on October 30, Typhoon Yutu, which was known in the Philippines as Typhoon “Rosita”, produced torrential rain across the mountainous region. Numerous landslides caused significant damage, engulfing homes and blocking roads. Yutu killed a total of 27 people in the Philippines. [1] Five people died after landslides occurred in Banaue and Lubuagan, while flooding claimed one life in Perez. A landslide in Natonin buried a government building, leaving 14 dead. [27] Significant effects were felt in Benguet, La Union, and Nueva Vizcaya, where more than 100 people died during Typhoon Mangkhut in September. [18] As of November 8, 2018, agricultural damage were counted to be ₱2.9 billion (US$54.1 million). [27]
On October 31, a 25-year-old man died when surfing in Big Wave Bay, Hong Kong Island, due to high surf, while the standby typhoon signal No. 1 was hoisted. [2]
Before the typhoon's impact, Governor Ralph Torres requested for a presidential emergency declaration in anticipation of the typhoon's projected devastation. U.S. President Donald J. Trump approved his request on October 23, 2018. Immediately after the typhoon's impact, Governor Torres requested for a presidential disaster declaration, which was approved on October 26 by President Trump. Immediately following the typhoon's impact, the Congressional Delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands, Gregorio Sablan, made a request for aid. With the scale of destruction far exceeding Typhoon Soudelor in 2015, power was not expected to be fully restored for months. President Trump signed a major disaster declaration on October 26, enabling the islands to receive federal funding. [28]
Daytime operations at Saipan International Airport resumed by October 27; however, damaged navigation equipment prevented safe operation during the night. The Coast Guard reopened the port of Saipan on October 27, allowing vessels to travel in and out of it. FEMA and the Red Cross established five relief distribution sites on the island which began operations on October 28. [29]
FEMA scheduled aircraft to deliver relief supplies by October 26. In accordance with changes implemented after Hurricane Maria in 2017, the agency established specific task forces to handle smaller scale facets of the recovery: transportation, communications, food and water, and energy and fuel. [11]
Emergency shelters quickly filled to capacity on both islands by October 25. The same day the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared a public health emergency for the affected areas and deployed 50 health personnel. [12] [28] The USCGC Sequoia and USCGC Kiska ported in Guam sailed for Saipan and Tinian, respectively, with relief supplies. [28]
Direct Relief worked with Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation and with other health facilities damaged by the storm to coordinate medical aid shipments to the Northern Mariana Islands. A shipment of 40,000 liters of drinking water along with other essential items was delivered in late October. [30]
On October 26, Matson, Inc. provided $125,000 in funds and deployed its vessel Mana loaded with bottled water and ice. [28]
On October 27, South Korea began airlifting approximately 1,000 stranded tourists from Saipan. [28]
Due to the severe damage in the Northern Mariana Islands, the name Yutu was retired during the 52nd annual session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in February 2020. In February 2021, the Typhoon Committee subsequently chose Yinxing as its replacement name. [31]
In addition, PAGASA officially retired the name Rosita from the rotating lists of tropical cyclone names after the typhoon caused over ₱1 billion in damage on its onslaught in the country, and it will never be used again as a typhoon name within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), despite this being the first time the name was used in the PAGASA Naming List. It was replaced with Rosal, which was used for the first time in 2022. [32]
The 2003 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly below average yearlong period of tropical cyclogenesis exhibiting the development of 45 tropical depressions, of which 21 became named storms; of those, 14 became typhoons. Though every month with the exception of February and March featured tropical activity, most storms developed from May through October. During the season, tropical cyclones affected the Philippines, Japan, China, the Korean Peninsula, Indochina, and various islands in the western Pacific.
The 2002 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average Pacific typhoon season, producing twenty-six named storms, fifteen becoming typhoons, and eight super typhoons. It had an ACE over 400 units, making it one of the most active seasons worldwide. It was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones form in the western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2002, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Tapah, developed on January 11, while the season's last named storm, Pongsona, dissipated on December 11. The season's first typhoon, Mitag, reached typhoon status on March 1, and became the first super typhoon of the year four days later.
The 1997 Pacific typhoon season was a record-breaking season featuring 11 tropical cyclones reaching super typhoon intensity, tying the record with 1965 with the most violent tropical cyclones globally, and was the ninth and last consecutive year of above-average tropical cyclone activity that started in 1989. Its extremely high activity produced a total of 570 ACE index, which is the highest ever index recorded in a single tropical cyclone season. In addition, this season had 10 Saffir-Simpson Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclones, the most ever recorded, even greater than the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which had nearly half of the amount. The 1997–98 El Niño event was a contributing factor to this unusually high activity. Despite this, the season produced an average number of tropical storms, spawning 29 tropical storms.
The 1991 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above-average season with 29 tropical storms, 17 typhoons and five super typhoons forming. It was quite a catastrophic season – Typhoon Yunya impacted the Philippines in mid June while in the same time experiencing a volcanic eruption, Typhoon Mireille severely impacting Japan, which became known for being the costliest typhoon on record with US$10 billion worths of damages, and Tropical Storm Thelma on November which became one of the deadliest storms to strike the Philippines, killing at least over 5,000 people.
The 1990 Pacific typhoon season was another active season. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1990, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
The 1974 Pacific typhoon season was the first season on record to not feature a Category 5 equivalent super typhoon; a feat later repeated by the 1977 and 2017 seasons. Even so, the season was overly active, with 32 tropical storms and 16 typhoons being developed this year. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1974, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
Typhoon Patsy, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yoling, was the twenty-seventh named storm, twelfth typhoon, and seventh super typhoon of the 1970 Pacific typhoon season.
Typhoon Melor, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Quedan, was the second category 5 super typhoon in 2009. It interacted with Typhoon Parma in the first week of October southeast of Taiwan.
Typhoon Mirinae, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Santi, was the 34th depression and the 14th typhoon in the 2009 Pacific typhoon season. It came several weeks after Typhoons Ketsana and Parma devastated the Philippines, thus adding additional damage wrought by the two preceding typhoons.
The 2018 Pacific typhoon season was at the time, the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, until the record was beaten by the following year. The season was well above-average, producing twenty-nine storms, thirteen typhoons, seven super typhoons and six Category 5 tropical cyclones. The season ran throughout 2018, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Bolaven, developed on January 3, while the season's last named storm, Man-yi, dissipated on November 28. The season's first typhoon, Jelawat, reached typhoon status on March 29, and became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day.
Typhoon Lynn, more commonly known in the Philippines as Typhoon Pepang, was responsible for the worst flooding in Taiwan in 40 years. Typhoon Lynn originated from an area of disturbed weather in the central north Pacific in mid-October 1987. On October 15, the system was upgraded into a tropical storm. Moving west-northwest, it slowly deepened over the next few days, though the intensification process briefly stopped on October 15. Two days later, Lynn was upgraded into a typhoon, while passing northwest of Guam. Lynn maintained low-end typhoon strength until October 19, when the storm began to rapidly intensify. On October 21, Lynn attained its peak intensity while tracking towards the west. Weakening then commenced soon after Lynn interacted with Luzon. However, the core of the typhoon remained well offshore both the Philippines and Taiwan. On October 25, Lynn weakened to a severe tropical storm. Three days later, it dissipated, though its remains later brought rain to China.
Typhoon Soudelor, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Hanna, was the third most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2015 after Hurricane Patricia and Cyclone Pam as well as the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season. Soudelor had severe impacts in the Northern Mariana Islands, Taiwan, and eastern China, resulting in 40 confirmed fatalities. Lesser effects were felt in Japan, South Korea and the Philippines. The thirteenth named storm of the annual typhoon season, Soudelor formed as a tropical depression near Pohnpei on July 29. The system strengthened slowly at first before entering a period of rapid intensification on August 2. Soudelor made landfall on Saipan later that day, causing extensive damage. Owing to favorable environmental conditions, the typhoon further deepened and reached its peak intensity with ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph) and a central atmospheric pressure of 900 hPa on August 3. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed one-minute sustained winds at 285 km/h (177 mph), making Soudelor a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. Steady weakening ensued thereafter as the storm moved generally west-northwest. Soudelor made landfall over Hualien, Taiwan, late on August 7 and emerged over in the Taiwan Strait early the next day. The typhoon soon moved inland over eastern China and degraded to a tropical depression by August 9.
The 2023 Pacific typhoon season was the fourth consecutive below-average season and became the third-most inactive typhoon season on record in terms of named storms, with just 17 named storms developing, only ahead of 2010 and 1998. Despite the season occurring during an El Niño event, which typically favors activity in the basin, activity was abnormally low. This was primarily due to a consistent period of negative PDO, which typically discourages tropical storm formation in this basin. The season was less active than the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season in terms of named storms, the fourth such season on record, after 2005, 2010 and 2020; and the first during an El Niño event. The season's number of storms also did not exceed that of the 2023 Pacific hurricane season. Only ten became typhoons, with four strengthening further into super typhoons. However, it was very destructive, primarily due to Typhoon Doksuri which devastated the northern Philippines, Taiwan, and China in July, becoming the costliest typhoon on record as well as the costliest typhoon to hit mainland China, and Typhoon Haikui in September, which devastated China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The season was less active in Southeast Asia, with no tropical storm making landfall in mainland Vietnam.
Typhoon Wutip, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Betty, was the most powerful February typhoon on record, surpassing Typhoon Higos of 2015. The third tropical cyclone, second tropical storm, and the first typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, Wutip originated from a low-pressure area on February 16, 2019, that generally tracked westward, passing just south of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), before organizing into a tropical depression on February 18. The depression was later classified a tropical storm a day later, attaining the name Wutip from the Japan Meteorological Agency. The storm gradually intensified as it turned northwest, before it underwent rapid intensification on February 23, while passing to the southwest of Guam, and reached its first peak intensity. With winds of 270 km/h (165 mph) estimated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Wutip became the first Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on record in the month of February. Wutip underwent an eyewall replacement cycle shortly afterward and weakened. The storm finished its cycle on February 24, rapidly intensifying once again. Wutip reached a secondary peak intensity the following day, again attaining Category 5-equivalent winds. Thereafter, Wutip rapidly weakened for the rest of its lifespan from strong vertical wind shear, before dissipating over the Philippine Sea on March 2.
Typhoon Kammuri, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Tisoy, was a powerful typhoon which impacted the Philippines in early December 2019. Kammuri, which means crown or Corona Borealis in Japanese, the twenty-eighth named storm and sixteenth typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, Kammuri developed from a tropical wave situated a couple hundred kilometers south of the Mariana Islands. From November 25 to 27, the system tracked westward at a steady pace and rate of intensification, first making minor impacts in Guam. On November 28, the system intensified into a typhoon as environmental conditions became marginally conducive for significant development. From November 29 to December 1, Kammuri was unable to strengthen to previous estimates due to its near stationary movement as a result of weak steering currents, upwelling itself consequently. On December 2, the system tracked westward at a much faster speed of 19 km/h (12 mph) and rapidly intensified over warm Philippine Sea waters, before making landfall in the Bicol Region of the Philippines at peak intensity as a category 4-equivalent typhoon.
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