The 2013 Pacific typhoon season was a devastating and catastrophic season that was the most active since 2004, and the deadliest since 1975. It featured Typhoon Haiyan, one of the most powerful storms in history, as well as one of the strongest to make landfall on record. It featured 31 named storms, 13 typhoons, and five super typhoons. The season's first named storm, Sonamu, developed on January 4 while the season's last named storm, Podul, dissipated on November 15. Collectively, the storms caused 6,829 fatalities, while total damage amounted to at least $26.41billion (USD), making it, at the time, the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, until it was surpassed five years later. As of 2024, it is currently ranked as the fifth-costliest typhoon season.
In mid-July, Typhoon Soulik in July was the strongest tropical cyclone to affect Taiwan in 2013. In mid-August, Typhoon Utor cost US$3.55 billion worth of damage and killed 97 people, after carving a path of destruction across China and the Philippines. In mid-September, Typhoon Usagi struck China's Guangdong province and caused at least $4 billion in total damage. Two weeks later, Typhoon Fitow struck China's Fujian province and wrought over $10 billion worth of damage in total, making it, at that time, China's costliest storm in history; it has since been surpassed by Typhoon Doksuriten years later.
The season's most powerful and deadliest storm was Typhoon Haiyan. Making landfall in the Philippines as a Category 5 super typhoon in early November, it wrought catastrophic damage and devastation across the country, particularly in the islands of Samar and Leyte, where extensive loss of life was recorded. With over 6,300 fatalities, Haiyan is the ninth-deadliest Pacific typhoon on record and the deadliest in Philippine history.
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100°E and the 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones, which often results in a storm having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65km/h (40mph) anywhere in the basin, whilst the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as tropical depressions in their area of responsibility, located between 115°E and 135°E and between 5°N and 25°N, regardless of whether or not the tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix.
During each season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country.[1] These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk(TSR) Consortium of the University College London, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and the Vietnamese National Center for Hydro Meteorological forecasts (VNCHMF).[1][4][5]
In early December 2012, the VNCHMF noted that a tropical depression or a tropical storm could form within December or January and affect Southern Vietnam.[8] Within its January— June seasonal climate outlook, PAGASA predicted that two to three tropical cyclones were likely to develop and/or enter the Philippine area of responsibility between January and March while two to four were predicted for the April to June period.[4] On March 3, the VNCHMF predicted that there would be 11–13 tropical cyclones over the South China Sea during the season, with 5-6 directly affecting Vietnam.[9] Later that month the Hong Kong Observatory, predicted that the typhoon season in Hong Kong would be near normal with four to seven tropical cyclones passing within 500km (310mi) of the territory compared to an average of 6.[10] In late April, the China Meteorological Administration's Shanghai Typhoon Institute (CMA-STI) predicted that between 22 and 25 tropical storms would develop within the basin during the year, while the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) predicted that at least two tropical storms would move towards Thailand during 2013.[2] The first of the two tropical storms was predicted to pass near Upper Thailand in either August or September, while the other one was expected to move to the south of Southern Thailand during October or November.[11] On May 7, the TSR Consortium released their first forecast of the season and predicted that the basin would see a near average season with 25.6tropical storms, 16typhoons, 8.9"intense" typhoons and an ACE index of about 311 units.[nb 1][1]
In late June after a slow start to the season Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau predicted that the season, would be near average of 25.7 with 23–27 tropical storms occurring over the basin during 2013.[5] Between two and four of the systems were also predicted to affect Taiwan compared to an average of around 3.6.[5] Within its July forecast update TSR noted that despite the slow start to the season, they continued to anticipate either near or slightly above-normal activity for the remainder of 2013; however, the ACE index was reduced slightly to 294 units.[2] During July, PAGASA predicted that between eight and eleven tropical cyclones were likely to develop and/or enter the Philippine area of responsibility between July and September while five to eight were predicted to occur between October and December.[6][7][12] Later in the month the VNCHMF, predicted that nine to ten tropical cyclones would be observed within the South China Sea, during the rest of the year.[13] They also predicted that four to five tropical cyclones would directly affect Vietnam, while the CMA-STI predicted that between 22 and 25 tropical storms would develop or move into the basin during the year.[3] On August 6, TSR released their August update and significantly lowered their forecast to 22.3tropical storms, 13.2typhoons, 6.6"intense" typhoons and an ACE index of about 230, which they noted would result in activity about 20% below their 1965–2012 average.[3] This was because the season was running about 60% below the expected year-to-date activity and only one to two typhoons had developed by the end of July.[3] During October 2013, the VNCHMF predicted that one to two tropical cyclones would develop and possibly affect Vietnam between November 2013 and April 2014.[14]
The first two-thirds of the season were very weak, with only two typhoons forming despite the average amount of named storms forming. However, the season became dramatically active since mid-September. The last fourteen named storms formed within approximately two months, yet only three of them were below the typhoon strength. Initially, Typhoon Man-yi made landfall over Japan. Tropical Depression 18W, known in Vietnam as Tropical Storm No.8, flooding triggered by the storm in Vietnam, Laos and Thailand damaged nearly US$80 million and 23 deaths. Typhoon Usagi made landfall over Guangdong, China and cost US$4.6 billion in the country, which was the third strongest storm of the basin in 2013. Later, Typhoon Wutip made landfall over Vietnam. In early October, Typhoon Fitow made landfall over Fujian, China and caused over US$10 billion damage, becoming the costliest tropical cyclone in 2013. Typhoon Danas affected Japan and South Korea, but without significant damage.
Typhoon Nari brought significant damage over the Philippines and eventually made landfall over Vietnam, as well as Typhoon Wipha which killed 41 people in Japan. Typhoons Francisco and Lekima did not directly affect any country, but they were both violent typhoons, especially the latter one becoming the second strongest of this basin in 2013. Typhoon Krosa crossed northern Luzon on October 31 and intensified further, although it dissipated in the South China Sea. In early November, Tropical Depression Wilma formed over the Caroline Islands, moved out of the basin, and ultimately arrived in the Arabian Sea in mid-November.
At the same time in early November, Typhoon Haiyan initially affected Palau significantly. The typhoon later became one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record and immediately made landfall over the Philippines. After arriving at the South China Sea, Haiyan made landfall over Vietnam and also impact Guangxi and Hainan provinces of China. Typhoon Haiyan, also known as Typhoon Yolanda, caused 6,300 fatalities and over US$2 billion damage in the Philippines, becoming the deadliest and costliest typhoon in modern Philippine history.
Early on January 1, a tropical depression developed about 1,090km (675mi) southwest of Guam.[15] Over the next couple of days, the depression moved northwestward and gradually developed in an area of moderate windshear.[15][16] Late on January 2, the center passed over the Philippine island of Mindanao but maintained its deep convective banding, which prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA).[17] During the next day, PAGASA named the depression Auring. The system moved westwards into the Sulu Sea, and the JTWC initiated advisories on the system as 01W.[18][19][20] The JMA reported later that day that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Sonamu, before the JTWC followed suit early on January 4 as the system continued to consolidate.[15][21] After further strengthening, Sonamu intensified into a severe tropical storm on January5, with 10-minute sustained winds of 95km/h (60mph).[15] Early on January 8, the JMA and JTWC reported that Sonamu weakened into a tropical depression. The system dissipated on January 10 about 110km (70mi) west of Bintulu in Sarawak.[15]
Within the Philippines, 1 person drowned while another person died after being hit by a coconut tree.[22] A passenger ship was stranded near the coast of Dumaguete City on January 3 before being rescued.[23]
Early on January 6, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed, about 480km (300mi) to the southeast of Melekeok, Palau.[24] Over the next few days the JMA continued to monitor the system as a tropical depression, before PAGASA named it Bising during January 11.[25][26][27] Over the next few days the system moved towards the north-northeast, before it was last noted during January 13, as it weakened into an area of low pressure.[25][26][28]
On February 18, a tropical depression formed about 650km (405mi) east of southern Mindanao,[31] with PAGASA naming it Crising.[32] With low to moderate wind shear,[33] the depression developed further. On February19, the JTWC initiated warnings on Tropical Depression 02W,[34] but discontinued advisories two days later after the circulation became poorly defined and convection was sheared. However, the JMA reported that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Shanshan on February21.[31][35] The next day, Shanshan weakened into a tropical depression before dissipating east of Natuna Islands.[31]
Heavy rains from the storm triggered flooding in the southern Philippines that killed eleven people and left two others missing. The storm damaged 1,346 houses, while crop damage estimated to be ₱11.2million (US$275,000).[36] On February 20, classes in three cities in Cebu were suspended due to heavy rains.[37]
On June 6, a tropical depression formed southeast of the Philippines within an area of moderate wind shear.[38][39] Located along the western edge of the subtropical ridge, the system gradually intensified while moving to the northeast, aided by strong divergence.[39][40] On June7, PAGASA named the system Dante, and the next day the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Yagi.[38][41] Later, the JTWC initiated advisories and quickly upgraded to tropical storm status after the system consolidated.[40][42] Slow strengthening continued, and Yagi peaked with winds of 85km/h (55mph) on June10.[38] However, the storm was soon impacted by northwesterly wind shear, causing the system to become disorganized and weaken in intensity.[43] Early on June 12, Yagi became extratropical to the south of Japan, and four days later it dissipated about 1,600km (995mi) southeast of Tokyo, Japan.[38]
After Yagi had enhanced the southwest monsoon which brought heavy rain to parts of the Philippines, PAGASA declared that the rainy season had begun on June 10, 2013.[44] Yagi also brought some rain to parts of Japan, including the island of Honshu.[45]
Early on June16, a tropical depression formed southeast of the Philippines, which PAGASA named Emong.[46][47] Late on June17, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 04W. The next day, the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Leepi on June18 after further organization and a general northward movement.[46][48] Interaction with a tropical upper tropospheric trough(TUTT) cell to the east of Leepi sheared the convection to the southwest of the center, which consisted of several smaller circulations. Based on this occurrence, the JTWC downgraded the system to tropical depression intensity early on June20,[49] and early the next day, the JMA declared Leepi as extratropical near southwestern Japan. The storm fully dissipated early on June 24.[46]
Due to heavy rainfall from the precursor system, PAGASA issued a flash flood warning for parts of Mindanao.[50] Heavy precipitation was reported in Davao City,[51] as well as Greater Manila, where the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority offered free rides to stricken commuters.[52] This system caused rains over parts of the Philippines including Southern Luzon, Visayas and Northern Mindanao. Later, the outer rainbands of Leepi caused downpours over eastern Taiwan.[53] In Okinawa, sustained winds reached 55km/h (35mph) and gusts peaked at 87km/h (54mph).[54] Despite losing much of its convection before reaching Japan, the remnants of Leepi continued to drop heavy rainfall. In Umaji, Kōchi, a station recorded 354.5mm (13.96in) of rain in a 24-hour period, more than half of the average June rainfall for the station.[55]
In mid-June, strong but disorganized convection persisted in the South China Sea approximately 1,110km (690mi) south of Hong Kong.[56] The disturbance gradually organized, and was classified as a tropical depression by the JMA at 1800UTC on June 19;[57] PAGASA followed suit six hours later, naming the system Fabian.[58] Despite wind shear generated by a subtropical ridge, the depression maintained a well-defined circulation, allowing the system to intensify.[59] At 0000UTC on June21, the JMA upgraded the cyclone to Tropical Storm Bebinca.[60] Following this upgrade in strength, however, Bebinca failed to intensify further, and leveled out in intensity prior to making landfall on Hainan on June 22. Bebinca's passage weakened the system to tropical depression strength, and, despite moving over the Gulf of Tonkin, failed to restrengthen before making a final landfall on June 23 east of Hanoi.[61]
Due to the potential effects of Bebinca, Sanya Phoenix International Airport cancelled or delayed 147inbound and outbound flights, leaving 8,000passengers stranded.[62] In Beibu Bay, a fishing boat with four fishermen on board lost communication contact with the mainland, but were found the subsequent day.[63][64] Rainfall in Hainan peaked at 227mm (8.9in) in Sanya. A total of 21.7 million people were affected, and damage amounted to ¥10 million (US$1.63 million).[65] Heavy rains affected several provinces in northern Vietnam, peaking at 356mm (14.0in) in Hon Ngu, Nghệ An Province.[66]
In late June, a low-pressure area persisted within the ITCZ east of the Philippines. Initially tracking southward, the disturbance moved east and then recurved to the west.[67] Steadily organizing, the disturbance became a tropical depression on June 27,[68] moving to the northwest due to a nearby ridge.[69] On June 28, the disturbance strengthened into Tropical Storm Rumbia, and the next day made its first landfall on Eastern Samar in the Philippines.[68][70] Rumbia spent roughly a day moving across the archipelago before emerging into the South China Sea,[71][72] where it resumed strengthening to a peak of 95km/h (60mph) on July 1, a severe tropical storm.[68] The storm weakened slightly before moving ashore the Leizhou Peninsula in China late that day. Due to land interaction, Rumbia quickly weakened into a low-pressure area on July 2 and dissipated soon after.[73]
Upon landfall in the Philippines, Rumbia caused extensive flooding across multiple islands, which disrupted transportation and displaced thousands of people.[74]Power outages resulted from the heavy rain and strong winds,[75] and seven deaths were reported within Concepción, Iloilo after an unnamed motorbanca capsized.[76] At its landfall in China, Rumbia damaged large swaths of agricultural cropland and destroyed at least 112buildings, causing ¥7.68million in damage.[77]
In early July, an upper-level cold-core low persisted well to the northeast of Guam.[78] Gaining tropical characteristics, the system soon developed a surface low and became Tropical Depression 07W early on July 7.[79] Tracking generally westward, a motion it would retain for its entire existence, the depression underwent a period of rapid intensification starting on July 8 that culminated in Soulik attaining its peak strength early on July 10.[80] At that time, the system had sustained winds estimated at 185km/h (115mph) and barometric pressure of 925hPa (27.32inHg).[79] Thereafter, an eyewall replacement cycle and cooler waters weakened the system.[81] Though it passed over the warm waters of the Kuroshio Current the following day,[82] dry air soon impinged upon the typhoon.[83] Soulik later made landfall late on July 12 in northern Taiwan before weakening in to a tropical storm.[79] Briefly emerging over the Taiwan Strait,[84] the storm moved onshore for a second time in Fujian on July 13.[79][85] The system was last noted on July 14, as it dissipated over land.[79]
Striking Taiwan as a strong typhoon, Soulik brought gusts up to 220km/h (140mph) and torrential rains. Numerous trees and power lines fell, leaving roughly 800,000without electricity. Severe flooding prompted thousands to evacuate as well. Four people died on the island while 123more were injured. In East China, more than 162million people were affected by the storm. Heavy rains and typhoon-force winds caused extensive damage and killed 11 people.
A tropical disturbance formed east of the Philippines on July 15. Later that day, it was given the name Isang by the PAGASA.[86] Early the next day, it intensified into Tropical Storm Cimaron as it made several thunderstorms. Its remnants stayed east of Taiwan on July 19 and it finally dissipated on July 20.[87]
On July 17, a lightning incident within the Philippine province of Ilocos Sur, left two people dead and two others injured.[88] Torrential rains over southern Fujian Province triggered significant flooding, with areas already saturated from Typhoon Soulik less than a week prior. A 24-hour peak of 505.3mm (19.89in) was measured in Mei Village, with an hourly maximum of 132.3mm (5.21in).[89] Many homes were inundated and several roads were washed out.[90] Some areas experienced 1-in-500-year flooding. Approximately 20.28million people were affected by the storm, 8.92million of whom were temporarily relocated. At least one person was killed and another was reported missing.[91] An unusually intense thunderstorm associated with Cimaron produced a prolific lightning event over Xiamen, with 406strikes recorded in two hours.[92]
On July 26, a low-pressure area was observed 600km (375mi) east of General Santos and was embedded along the Intertropical Convergence Zone that brought heavy rains to Mindanao.[93] During the next three days, the low-pressure area crossed the Philippines and arrived on the West Philippine Sea on July 30, located west of Batangas.[94] After favorable conditions, both PAGASA and JMA upgraded the system into a tropical depression and was named Jolina. On July 31, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and was given the international name Jebi.[95] On September 2, The JMA upgraded Jebi into severe tropical storm. Jebi weakened into tropical storm and made landfall over Northern Vietnam On September 3, as well as the JTWC and JMA downgraded into tropical storm. Jebi weakened into tropical depression, as the JMA and the JTWC issued their final warning.
In Cotabato City, incessant rains caused by the low-pressure area in Mindanao submerged 25 of its 37 villages. The floods forced the city government to suspend classes for elementary both public and private schools. Heavy rains also flooded areas around the Liguasan marshland, including 14 low-lying towns in Maguindanao and seven towns in North Cotabato.[96]
At least 7 people were killed in Vietnam. The most extensive losses took place in Quảng Ninh Province where 320homes and 200 hectares of crops were damaged. Losses in the area amounted to VND10billion (US$476,000).[97]
Early on August 5, the JMA and PAGASA reported that a tropical depression had developed within a favourable environment for further development, about 145km (90mi) to the northeast of Puerto Princesa in Palawan with the latter naming it as Kiko.[98][99][100] Later that day as the system consolidated further the JMA reported that the depression had developed into a tropical storm and named it Mangkhut, before the JTWC initiated advisories and designated it as Tropical Depression 10W.[98][101][102] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the north-northwest before it made landfall in Northern Vietnam during August 7 before it was last noted early the next day as it dissipated over Laos.[98]
Downpours throughout Wednesday night till Thursday were recorded at 80mm (3.1in) deep on streets of the capital, causing difficulties for many people to go to work. Meanwhile, rainfall went up to about 300mm (12in) in central Thanh Hóa and northern Hai Phong city amid wind with a speed hitting 62–88km/h (40–55mph).[103][104] Total damage in the country reached 1.3 trillion dong (US$56.1 million).[105][106]
On August 8, the JMA, JTWC, and PAGASA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 560km (350mi) to the north of Palau, with the latter naming it as Labuyo as it approached the Philippine Area of Responsibility.[107][108][109] During the next day, the JMA reported that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Utor.[107] Shortly thereafter, Utor began undergoing explosive intensification, achieving typhoon status early on August 10, as an eye developed.[110] At 1200 UTC on August11, Typhoon Utor attained peak intensity by the ten-minute maximum sustained winds reaching 195km/h (121mph) and the atmospheric pressure decreasing to 925mbar (27.3inHg). The system became exceptionally symmetrical, as the convective bands had further deepened, which prompted JTWC upgrading Utor to a super typhoon.[111] Continuing westward, Utor made landfall over Casiguran, Aurora that evening.[112] It emerged into the South China Sea as a weakened storm,[113][114] and Utor failed to re-intensify significantly.[115] At 07:50 UTC on August 14, Utor made landfall over Yangjiang in Guangdong, as a minimal typhoon.[116]On August 15, after Utor made landfall in China, its remnants continued to travel slowly in a northerly direction.[citation needed]
The Aurora province suffered the most damage from the typhoon, especially the coastal town of Casiguran.[117] The capital of Manila received heavy rain but no significant damage was reported. 80 percent of the infrastructure was believed to be destroyed at Casiguran (about 2,000 homes). A total of over 12,000 homes were damaged. The town was isolated from the rest of the area when Utor's wind toppled transmission lines and cut off power.[118] 158,000 residents were evacuated in southern China. Hong Kong was hit by winds of up to 85km/h (53mph) while neighbouring Macao was battered with gusts of 70km/h (43mph). One person was killed in China, and hundreds of flights were either cancelled or delayed. A 190-metre (210yd) long cargo ship was sunk off the coast of Hong Kong due to waves reaching up to 15 metres (16yd) high. The crew abandoned the vessel and were saved by rescue workers.[119][120][121][122]
On August 15, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 1,275km (790mi) to the southeast of Taipei.[123] After interacting with Trami, the depression hit the Eastern Chinese coast and dissipated on August 18 and its remnants continued to move westerly track.[124]
On August 16, a tropical depression had developed within a marginal environment for further development about 340 kilometres (210mi) southeast of Taipei, Taiwan.[125][126] During that day, the low level circulation consolidated while moving to the southeast, given the name Maring by PAGASA.[125][126][127] It interacted with another depression to the north, exhibiting the Fujiwhara effect.[128] On August 18, the depression also known as Maring strengthened into a Tropical Storm Trami according to the JMA, while steadily tracking generally eastwards.[129] Trami weakened below typhoon intensity on August 23. The remnants of the system continued to move inland in a westerly direction. Trami made landfall in the Fujian province of China on August 22, 2:40a.m. local time.[130][131]
On August18, officials in Luzon closed classes and government buildings in some cities due to heavy rainfall. Majors areas in Metro Manila and nearby provinces reported severe flooding. The Marikina River rose as high as 19m (62ft), forcing authorities evacuate nearby residents. Four provinces and Metro Manila were declared a state of calamity,[132][133][134][135][136] and there were 18deaths.[131][137][138] The Yaeyama and Miyako Islands of Japan were battered with gusts from Trami as the system headed for Taiwan and China.[139][140] In Taiwan, the storm produced gale-force winds and heavy rainfall in northern Taiwan, with Taipei receiving 12in (300mm) of rain. Trami injured 10people and forced 6,000 to evacuate, but damage was minor in Taiwan.[137][141] In Fujian in eastern China, winds peaked at 126km/h (78mph), and heavy rainfall occurred in several cities, forcing over 100,000people to evacuate.[131][138] The system also intensified floods brought by earlier monsoonal rains in China, wreaking havoc.
During August 18, the JMA and the JTWC reported that Tropical Storm Pewa, had moved into the Western Pacific basin from the Central Pacific, about 1,640km (1,020mi) to the southeast of Wake Island.[142][143] During August 20 the JTWC reported that Pewa had become equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the SSHS, before reporting that the system had weakened into a tropical storm. Later that day, it was classified as a severe tropical storm by the JMA but wasn't classified as a typhoon. Pewa moved northwest as weak vertical windshear caused it to slowly weaken on August 22. On August 23, vertical windshear caused Pewa to weaken as it moved north. Pewa was then downgraded to a tropical storm later that day. Very early on August 25, Pewa was downgraded to a storm by the JMA. The next day, Pewa's circulation became exposed as it became a depression.[144] On August 26, Pewa fully dissipated.[142]
During August 19, the JMA and JTWC reported that Tropical Storm Unala had moved into the Western Pacific basin from the Central Pacific, as it rapidly weakened and moved westwards into the periphery of Severe Tropical Storm Pewa.[145][146] The system was last noted by the JMA later that day as it weakened into a tropical depression and dissipated.[146][147]
On August 23, an area of convection persisted southeast of Manila. As indicated in global models, the system is forecast to consolidate as it moves poleward to more favorable environment conditions.[148] On August 25, the JMA announced the formation of a tropical depression to the east of the Philippines[149] and PAGASA allocated the designation Nando.[150] The next day, the JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical depression, designating it as 14W. Later that day, the JMA upgraded Nando to a tropical storm, naming it Kong-rey.[151] Kong-rey brought heavy showers and gusty winds in the Philippines as the storm continued to intensify.[152] On August 28, Kong-rey reached Severe Tropical Storm strength. It was then later has an exposed circulation shortly then it was downgraded to a tropical storm on August 29 as it is reported that 3 were killed in Taiwan.[153] Both agencies downgraded Kong-rey to a weak tropical depression, until they made their final advisory on August 30.[154]
Damage in East China reached ¥130 million (US$21.2 million).[65]
Late on August 29, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 1,145km (710mi) to the northeast of Wake Island.[155] Moving northeast, over the next three days the depression gradually developed further before the JMA named it Yutu on September 1.[155] Later that day, as dry air wrapped into the circulation and strong vertical wind shear affected the system, the JTWC declared it a subtropical low. Meanwhile, the JMA reported that Yutu had weakened into a tropical depression.[155][156] Over the next few days, Yutu performed a small loop and started to move westwards.[157] The system was subsequently last noted by both agencies on September 5, as it dissipated, while it was located about 1,425km (885mi) to the northeast of Wake Island.[155][158]
Late on August 30, a disturbance formed west of Taiwan from the outer rainbands of Kong-rey. Early on August 31, the JMA upgraded it to a tropical depression that had developed about 60km (35mi) to the north of Taipei, Taiwan.[159] It was then later, designated as 15W by the JTWC as it moved towards the east of Taiwan. Favorable conditions of strengthening to a tropical storm as it heads to wards warm waters. Just nearly the same time when Yutu was declared a tropical storm, Tropical Depression 15W rapidly intensified into Tropical Storm Toraji. Toraji entered the southern islands of Japan as it intensified.[160] On September 2, Toraji created a small unbalanced eye as it rapidly races towards Japan. On September 3, moderate wind shear occurred as the JMA upgraded Toraji to a severe tropical storm as it enters the southern coast of Japan killing 3. Strong vertical wind shear made Toraji weaken to a depression. The JMA reported on September 4, that Toraji had degenerated into an extratropical low, before it dissipated during the next day.[159]
A large disturbance formed near the Northern Mariana Islands late on September 9. Late on September 11, it developed into a tropical depression about 565km (350mi) to the northeast of Saipan.[161] It was designated as 16W by the JTWC and upgraded to Tropical storm Man-yi on September 12, moving northwestward. Man-yi intensifying and grew larger as the pressure dropped 20mbar (0.59inHg).[162] Late on September 14, Man-yi became a severe tropical storm, forming a small eye, and the next day strengthened briefly into a typhoon.[161] Man-yi turned northward toward Japan, making landfall on September 16 near Toyohashi.[163] Around that time, the storm became extratropical, and on September20 Man-yi dissipated near the Kamchatka Peninsula.[161]
Across western Japan, hundreds of thousands of people were ordered to evacuate, including 260,000 in Kyoto. The JMA issued a "special warning" for three western Japan prefectures of Fukui, Kyoto, and Shiga. Over 70 people were injured and at least one person was killed. The government of Japan set up emergency task forces and employed rescue teams. Many homes were flooded and about 80,000 were without electricity in western and central Japan. Trains in Tokyo and its vicinity were suspended and hundreds of flights were grounded.[164]
On September 15, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed within an area of low to moderate vertical windshear, about 1,000km (620mi) to the southeast of Hà Nội, Vietnam.[165][166] Over the next two days the depression gradually developed further as it moved westwards, before the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert late on September 17, as vertical windshear over the system decreased slightly.[167] During the next day after the depressions low level circulation center had started to consolidate, the JTWC initiated advisories and designated it as Tropical Depression 18W.[168] During that day the system moved westwards along the southern edge of the subtropical ridge of high pressure, before the JTWC issued its final warning on the system later that day after the depression had made landfall in Vietnam.[168][169] Over the next couple of days the system continued to move westwards and moved through Vietnam, Laos and Thailand, before it was last noted on September 21, over the Thai province of Phetchabun.[170]
In Vietnam, flooding triggered by the storm killed at least seven people and 5,000homes were damaged or destroyed. Severe flooding took place in neighboring Laos where at least 10,000structures were damaged and losses reached $61million.[171]
From the southwest monsoon combined with the outflow of Typhoon Man-yi, a couple of disturbances was created on September 14. Early on September 16, it became a tropical depression which developed within an area of low wind shear about 1,300km (810mi) east of Manila in the Philippines.[172][173] During that day as the circulation became better defined, PAGASA named the system "Odette",[174][175] and later JMA upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Usagi.[176] On September 17, JTWC upgraded Usagi to a tropical storm,[177] and the next day both JMA and JTWC upgraded Usagi to a typhoon due to a developing eye.[178] On September 19, Usagi began explosive intensification and formed a round eye; as the result, JTWC upgraded Usagi to a Category 4 super typhoon on the SSHWS, and the typhoon reached its peak intensity at 18Z.[179] On September 20, Usagi began an eyewall replacement cycle and weakened due to land interaction between Taiwan and Luzon.[180] When Usagi entered the Bashi Channel early on September 21, JTWC downgraded it to a typhoon due to weakening convection.[181] At 11:40 UTC (19:40 CST) on September 22, Usagi made landfall over Shanwei, Guangdong, China.[182] Soon, JTWC issued the final warning of Usagi, and JMA downgraded it to a severe tropical storm at 18Z.[183] On September 23, JMA downgraded Usagi to a tropical depression in Guangxi.[184]
On September 19, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 325km (200mi) to the southeast of the Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan.[185] over the next couple of days the system moved towards the northwest before the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Depression 19W during September 21. Later that day, the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm as the JMA named it Pabuk very early on September 22.[185][186] Pabuk just maintained its strength as it created a weak eye on September 23. Pabuk also enhanced the southwest monsoon which brought heavy floods in the Philippines and created a disturbance which will later be Typhoon Wutip. The eye became bigger as it headed towards warm waters the next day. Pabuk was upgraded to a Category 2 typhoon by the JTWC but the JMA still has called this as a severe tropical storm on September 24. After reaching its peak intensity the following day, Severe tropical storm Pabuk weaken to a Category 1 typhoon on early on September 26. It gradually weakened before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 27. Pabuk fully dissipated as it crossed the International Date Line on September 29.[187]
A tropical disturbance formed from the southwest monsoon which was enhanced by Pabuk on September 23. On September 25, it became a tropical depression and slowly deepened off the west coast of the Philippines and named it Paolo by the PAGASA and classified as 20W by the JTWC early the next day.[188] The system tracked west and strengthened into a tropical storm and named it Wutip on September 27 as it brought rainfall across Luzon. Tropical Storm Wutip became a severe tropical storm as it moved westwards on September 28, and rapidly became a typhoon. On September 29, Wutip became a Moderate Typhoon as it created an eye towards Thailand.[189][190]It was rapidly downgraded by a tropical storm as it moved westwards on September 30. It slowly dissipated and crossed the 100th meridian very early on October 2.[citation needed]
As of September 29, 74 Chinese fishermen were missing after the storm sunk 3 fishing boats in the South China Sea near the Paracel Islands as Thailand and Vietnam braced for torrential rain and flooding. Fourteen survivors had been rescued. Rain reached Vietnam on September 30 and then Thailand the following day, killing 42 people in Vietnam.[191] Wutip killed 77 people in southeastern Asia during late September and early October.[192]
A very weak low-pressure area formed on September 27. During September 28, the JTWC started to monitor and classified it as a subtropical system under strong wind shear about 2,270km (1,410mi) to the southeast of Tokyo, Japan.[193] After transitioning into a tropical cyclone,[194] the JMA reported that the system had become a tropical depression during the next day.[195] After consolidating,[194] the JMA reported that the system had become a tropical storm early on September 30.[195] The JTWC subsequently designated the system as Tropical Depression 21W later that day, as they initiated advisories on the system.[196] It impacted Japan on October 2 without any damages and casualties. Tropical Storm Sepat entered cool waters later that day and became extratropical.[197]
A large tropical disturbance formed east of Palau late on September 26. It intensified to a tropical depression on September 29, and the PAGASA named it Quedan and JTWC designated it with 22W later that day. On September 30, deep convection wrapped around Quedan as it became a tropical storm, and it was named Fitow on October 1.[198] Fitow rapidly intensified into a Category 2 typhoon as it moved north on October 3. A large eye developed as Fitow slammed into the southern Japanese Islands late on October 4, killing two people.[199] Chinese authorities recalled some 65,000 fishing boats as 200km/h (120mph) wind gusts battered Wenzhou. 574,000 people were evacuated from Zhejiang and 177,000 from Fujian.
70% of downtown Yuyao was flooded, which led to damage valued at over 20 billion yuan[200] as well as riots and action by riot police.[201]
Chinese authorities reported one person killed in Wenzhou and two dock workers missing.[202]
On October 1, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed within an area of moderate vertical windshear, about 900km (560mi) to the northeast of Hagåtña, Guam.[203][204] Over the next 2 days the system gradually developed further as the low level circulation consolidated and became better defined, before the JTWC initiated advisories and designated the system as Tropical Depression 23W during October 3.[205][206][207] During the next day both the JTWC and the JMA reported that the depression had developed into a tropical storm with the latter naming it as Danas.[204][208] On October 5, Danas became a severe tropical storm and rapidly became a Category 1 typhoon as it races west towards warm waters.
Late on the same day, some agencies reported that it would reach Category 5 strength because of explosive intensification occurring as more convection wraps the storm. Early on October 6, Typhoon Danas was classified as a Category 2-3 typhoon as a small eye developed as the PAGASA gave it the name Ramil as it passed through the corner of the Philippine area of responsibility later that day as a strong Category 3 typhoon.[209] Typhoon Danas underwent explosive intensification as it steadily and slowly enters warm waters and it became a Category 4 typhoon.[210] Its eye became wider and was classified as an annular typhoon and impacted the Ryukyu Islands on October 7.[211][212] Typhoon Danas then rapidly weakened as it entered cool waters near Japan on October 8,[213] and on October 9, Danas became extratropical as it headed toward the northern part of Japan.[214][215]Its remnants continued to be a low-pressure area and entered southern Alaska and Canada on October 13.[citation needed]
On October 8, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression, that developed within an area of low to moderate vertical windshear, about 1,350km (840mi) to the west of Manila on the Philippine island of Luzon.[194][217] During that day the system moved westwards along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge of high pressure, as it gradually developed further, before it was named Santi by PAGASA.[194][218][219]It gradually intensified into a tropical storm, gaining the international name Nari on October 9.[citation needed] Nari continued to intensify, and reached Category 3 status on October 11 as it moved west towards the Philippines and made landfall in Dingalan, Aurora. Power outages affected much of Central Luzon as the typhoon crossed the region.[220] Five people were killed by falling trees and landslides from Nari as it weakened to a Category 2 typhoon on October 12.[221]With land interaction, Nari weakened to a Severe Tropical Storm during October 13. Late on October 14, the system affected Vietnam and made landfall later that day. Due to land interaction, Nari weakened to an remnant low. Early on October 16, both the JMA and JTWC issued their final warnings on Nari, as the system dissipated.[citation needed] Within the Philippines a total of 15 people were left dead while 5 were missing, while total economic losses were amounted to be Php 12.3 billion (US$277.34 million).[222]
On October 8, 2013, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression, that developed within an area of low to moderate vertical windshear, about 670km (415mi) to the east of Hagåtña on the island of Guam.[223][224] Tropical Depression 25W formed 696 nautical miles south of Iwo Jima, Japan on October 10.[225][226][227] It strengthened into Tropical Storm Wipha, then continued to intensify into a severe tropical storm[228] and later a typhoon.[229][230] Wipha then rapidly intensified into a Category 4 typhoon on October 13.[231] During the morning of October 14, Wipha entered the Philippine area of responsibility, and PAGASA promptly named it Tino as it created an eyewall replacement cycle becoming a Category 4 typhoon later that day.[232]Early on October 15, Wipha rapidly weakened as it approached cooler waters near Japan. Late on October 16, Wipha transitioned into an extratropical storm. The remnants of Wipha continued to accelerate towards the northeast, and was located southeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula on October 17. Soon afterwards, Wipha turned to the east, and crossed the International Date Line on October 18.[citation needed]
On October 15, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 465km (290mi) to the northeast of Hagåtña, Guam.[233] During that day the depression gradually developed further before later that day the JTWC designated it as Tropical Depression 26W.[234] It was subsequently named Francisco by the JMA as it very rapidly became a severe tropical storm early on October 17.[235][236]Explosive intensification occurred, and Francisco evolved to a Category 5 super typhoon late on October 19 and reached peak intensity early later that day.[237] Francisco slowly weakened as it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle. At noon on October 21, Francisco rapidly weakened to a Category 3 typhoon and became an annular typhoon. Very early on October 22, Francisco entered the Philippine area of responsibility and it was given the name Urduja, as convection around Francisco started to weaken later that day.[238]On October 23, Francisco was downgraded to a severe tropical storm as it impacted the Ryukyu Islands. On October 26, Francisco impacted Japan as a tropical storm. It then rapidly dissipated southeast of Japan also interacting with extratropical storm Lekima the same day.[citation needed]
Early on October 17, a tropical depression developed about 900km (560mi) northeast of Guam.[239] The system gradually developed further within an area of moderate windshear that was off-set by an outflow mechanism,[240][241] and early on October 19, the JTWC designated it as Tropical Depression 27W.[242] During that day, the system moved northeastwards within an area of strong wind shear, along the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge.[243] The JTWC issued their final advisory on the system early on October20, after convection diminished.[244] The system was last noted by the JMA on October 23 southeast of Tokyo, Japan.[245]
Early on October 19, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a tropical depression had developed, within an area of strong vertical windshear, about 730km (455mi) to the northeast of the Micronesian island of Pohnpei.[246][247] During that day as the system moved slowly westwards, upper level divergence helped to offset the vertical windshear and enhanced the atmospheric convection surrounding the system.[247] As a result of this increase in convection and a consolidating low level circulation centre, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on the system later that day.[248] During October 20, the system continued to develop as it moved around the outer edge of a low level reflection of the subtropical ridge of high pressure.[249] Later that day the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Depression 22W, before the JMA named the system Lekima at 1800UTC after it had developed into a tropical storm.[246][249] Early on October 21, JMA upgraded Lekima to a severe tropical storm.[250] Although a weak trough east of the cyclone was causing subsidence, vigorous eastward and equatorward outflow were helping sustain the convection.[251] Late on the same day, JTWC upgraded Lekima to a typhoon.[252]
After JMA upgraded Lekima to a typhoon early on October 22, the system began to undergo rapid deepening, developing a well-defined eye with a symmetric eyewall and further improved deep convective banding owing to weak vertical wind shear and radial outflow.[253][254] When Lekima was tracking along the southwestern periphery of a deep-layered subtropical ridge late on the same day, JTWC upgraded the system to a super typhoon with category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, as an anticyclone was providing very favourable dual-channel outflow.[255] Early on October 23, JMA reported that Typhoon Lekima had reached peak intensity, with 10-minute maximum sustained winds at 115 knots (215 km/h, 130 mph) and atmospheric pressure at 905hPa (26.7inHg).[256] Since then, the typhoon has maintained its peak intensity for over one day, with a larger and sharply defined eye surrounded by a thick eyewall of deep convection.[257] However, morphed integrated microwave imageries at CIMSS (MIMIC) depict that Lekima underwent an eyewall replacement cycle late on October 23 and completed it one day later.[258]
As Lekima began to approach mid-latitude westerlies and stronger vertical wind shear, JMA reported that the typhoon north of the Northern Mariana Islands started to slowly weaken at noon on October 24, yet JTWC analysed it had weakened earlier.[259][260] JTWC best track data indicated that Lekima weakened into a typhoon at noon, for elongation becoming evident along the northern flank.[261] On October 25, when Lekima was located east of the Bonin Islands, it crested the western periphery of the subtropical ridge and was poised to accelerate northeastwards. Meanwhile, a point source anticyclone continued to provide favorable radial outflow, but convection became more shallow over the system.[262] Under moderate to strong westerly vertical wind shear and interacting with the mid-latitude westerlies in the afternoon, Lekima has begun extratropical transition; as the result, the typhoon lost the eyewall structure, but it still maintained tightly curved banding wrapping into a well-defined centre.[263]
A non-tropical system formed late on October 23. It became a low-pressure area on October 26. On October 27, the JMA started to classify it as a tropical depression that had developed within a moderately favourable environment for further development, about 380km (235mi) to the southeast of Hagåtña, Guam.[264] On October 28, the system was given the designation 29W by the JTWC and named Vinta by the PAGASA.[265] It became Tropical Storm Krosa by the JMA as it slowly intensified nearing the Philippines early on October 30. The next day, Krosa reached Category 1 typhoon intensity. Later that morning, the typhoon made landfall over Santa Ana, Cagayan. The typhoon intensified into a Category 2 typhoon soon after its Cagayan landfall. It is reported that 1 person died by heavy floods.[266]On November 1, Krosa weakened to a Category 1 typhoon, but on early November 2, its eye expanded as it was in the South China Sea and became a Category 2 again. It maintained its strength and became a Category 3 typhoon later that day as vertical windshear occurred north of it.[citation needed]
Portions of the Pan-Philippine Highway were blocked, and in Lal-Lo, Cagayan, a car crashed into a gasoline truck due to power outages.[267] Agriculture damage was estimated at ₱273million (US$6.31million),[268][nb 2] occurring just before the start of the harvest.[267] Across the island, the typhoon damaged 37,523houses, including 3,897 that were destroyed,[268] forcing 65,648people to evacuate to storm shelters. Overall, Krosa killed four people in the Philippines, and left ₱277million (US$6.4million) in damage.[268][nb 2] After the storm, workers quickly restored power lines, while the government provided monetary assistance to storm-ravaged families,[270] after Cagayan was declared a state of calamity. Members of the Philippine military and Department of Public Works and Highways worked to clean up following the storm.[271]
A broad circulation formed early on October 31. On November 1, the JMA reported that it was upgraded to a tropical depression that had developed, about 280km (175mi) to the south of Palau. On November 2, the tropical depression weakened into a low-pressure area.[272][273] On November 3, the system regenerated into a tropical depression, and the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. The storm was then given the name Wilma by the PAGASA, and the designation 30W by the JTWC, as it impacted northern Mindanao. On November 4, Wilma weakened, and spawned a waterspout that caused minor damage.[274][275] On November 6, the system impacted Vietnam, before it became a remnant low late on November 7. Then on November 8, the remnants of the storm continued to move west, crossing the 100th meridian east, and affecting Myanmar.[276] The storm crossed the Malay Peninsula into the Bay of Bengal later on the same day.
On November 3, a low-pressure area formed 45 nautical miles south-southeast of Pohnpei. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. A few hours later, the JTWC designated the depression as "31W". At 10 AM JST the next day, the JMA named 31W as Haiyan. Haiyan rapidly intensified as it headed towards Palau and the Philippines. Rapid deepening occurred and it became a Category 5 super typhoon as it entered the Philippine area of responsibility,[clarification needed] and was named Yolanda. Haiyan reached a barometric pressure below 900 mbars (895 mbars), the first since Typhoon Megi in 2010.[citation needed]On November 8, Haiyan weakened to a Category 4 typhoon as it entered the South China Sea. An eyewall replacement cycle occurred to Haiyan as it became a Category 3 typhoon. On November 9, the outer rainbands of the storm were felt in Cambodia and Vietnam. It weakened to a moderate typhoon as it impacted Laos. Haiyan rapidly weakened to a severe tropical storm as it killed 12 people in China on November 10, dissipating inland the following day.[citation needed]
Within the Philippines, Haiyan was the worst tropical cyclone to impact the island nation, as it became both the deadliest and most damaging typhoon since reliable records started in 1970.[277] According to The Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, a total of 6,300 people were reported to have died in Haiyan, with 5,902 or 93% of the deaths occurring in Eastern Visayas.[277] The cause of most of these deaths was attributed to trauma and people drowning, however, other causes included being electrocuted and hit by uprooted trees.[277] A total of 8000 deaths were associated with the storm and total damages were estimated at Php571 billion (US$13 billion).[278]
In Vietnam, 14 people were killed indirectly by the storm. Haiyan also triggered floods in Mainland China, leaving 30 people dead and damages of CN¥4.58 billion (US$750 million).[65]
Early on November 9, the JMA reported that a disorganized tropical depression had developed to the southeast of Koror, Palau.[279][280] Following an increase in organization,[281] the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system during November 10, as it was named Zoraida by PAGASA.[281][282] Early on November 12, Tropical Depression Zoraida made landfall over Davao Oriental province in Eastern Mindando, before it moved into the Sulu Sea later that day.[283][284]
On November 14, the system intensified to a tropical storm, and it was named Podul by the JMA.[citation needed]
Early on November 15, the JTWC issued their final warning on Podul, as the remnants of the system's low level circulation center made landfall over Vietnam.[285] After moving westwards through Vietnam and Cambodia and into the Gulf of Thailand, Podul was last noted by the JMA and the Thai Meteorological Department during the next day.[286][287][288] The remnants of Podul later entered the Bay of Bengal and regenerated into Severe Cyclonic Storm Helen.[289]
Tropical Depression 33W was a short lived tropical depression that was first noted during as a tropical disturbance during December 2, while it was located about 685km (425mi) to the northeast of Hagåtña, Guam.[290] Over the next day, the system quickly developed into a tropical depression, within marginal environment for further development, before it was declared to be a tropical depression during December 3.[290][291] However, the system quickly weakened and was last noted as it dissipated over the Pacific Ocean to the northwest of Guam during the next day.[290]
Other systems
A tropical depression near the Philippines on March 20, 2013
Early on March 20, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 1,470km (915mi) to the southeast of Manila, in an area of moderate vertical wind shear.[292][293] Over the next two days the system moved towards the west-northwest, before it was last noted by the JMA during March 22, as it dissipated over Southern Mindanao.[292][294][295]
During April 11, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had briefly developed within the Gulf of Thailand, about 440km (275mi) to the southeast of Ho Chi Minh City.[296][297]
On June 14, the CMA reported that a tropical depression had developed within a broad circulation that spanned most of the South China Sea, about 420km (260mi) to the southwest of Hong Kong.[298][299] Over the next day the system moved towards the north-east and in conjunction with an area of high pressure located over south-eastern China, brought strong winds to south-eastern China and Hong Kong.[300] The system was subsequently last noted by the CMA during the next day while it was located over Hainan Island.[301][302]
Early on July 18, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed within the monsoon trough in an unfavorable environment for further development, about 710km (440mi) to the southwest of Manila.[303][304] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards Hainan Island and Northern Vietnam, before it was last noted on July 20, as it dissipated about 250km (155mi) to the southeast of Hanoi, Vietnam.[305][306]
On August 10, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 500km (310mi) to the southeast of Manila in the Philippines.[307]
Tropical Depression Three-C moved into the Western Pacific basin, from the Central Pacific during August 20.[308] However, the system quickly dissipated within the Western Pacific, as it suffered from increased vertical wind shear, which was caused by the outflow of Typhoon Pewa.[308] Early on August 27, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 685km (425mi) to the south of Hong Kong.[309] Early on August 28, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed despite strong vertical wind shear about 925km (575mi) northwest of Anderson Air Force Base in Guam.[310][311] Remaining nearly stationary, dry air started to wrap in to the system's fully exposed low level circulation center.[312][313]The system dissipated two days later on August 30.[citation needed]
A tropical depression in the South China Sea on August 28, 2013
Early on September 6, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 420km (260mi) to the northeast of Manila.[314] The system moved towards the west-northwest before it was last noted by the JMA later that day, as a new tropical depression developed about 1,400km (870mi) to the southeast of Wake Island.[315][316] The next day, the depression moved towards the west-northwest before it was last noted by the JMA later that day.[317][318] On September 23, the JMA noted that a tropical depression had briefly developed about 1,600km (995mi) the north of Wake Island.[319] Late on October 2, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed about 900km (560mi) to the northeast of Wake Island.[320] Over the next day, the system remained nearly stationary before it was last noted on October 4.[321][322][323] On October 4, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression, that had developed within the Gulf of Thailand.[324][325] Over the next couple of days, the system moved westward within an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear, before it passed over the Malay Peninsula and moved out of the Western Pacific Basin on October 6, and later developed into Cyclone Phailin.[245][326]
On November 18, the JMA noted that a tropical depression had developed, about 215km (135mi) to the west of Bandar Seri Begawan.[327] During that day it moved westwards, but was last noted by the JMA later that day.[328][329] During the next day the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed, about 365km (225mi) to the west of Kuala Lumpur.[330] Over the next few days the system moved towards the west-northwest and moved into an extremely favorable environment, for further development while located over the Malay Peninsula during November 21.[331] The next day, it crossed 100°E and moved into the North Indian Ocean, where it later developed into Cyclone Lehar.[332][333]
Within the North-western Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names.[334] The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo— Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65km/h (40mph).[335] While the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N-25°N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it.[334] The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee.[335] Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in gray.
During the season 31 tropical storms developed in the Western Pacific and 29 were named by the JMA, when the system was judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65km/h (40mph). The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. During the season the names Leepi and Mangkhut were used for the first time, after they had replaced the names Xangsane and Durian, which were retired after the 2006 season.
Additionally, Pewa and Unala entered the Western Pacific basin from the Central Pacific basin after crossing the International Date Line (180°E) as a tropical cyclone. As the system crossed between basins intact, it retained the name assigned to it by the National Hurricane Center.
Retirement
After the season the Typhoon Committee retired the names Sonamu, Utor, Fitow and Haiyan from its naming lists, and in February 2015, the names were subsequently replaced with Jongdari, Barijat, Mun and Bailu for future seasons.[336]
During the season PAGASA used its own naming scheme for the 25 tropical cyclones, that either developed within or moved into their self-defined area of responsibility.[337] This is the same list used during the 2009 season, except for the names Fabian, Odette, and Paolo, which replaced Feria, Ondoy, and Pepeng, respectively. All three names were used for the first time, as well as the names Wilma, Yolanda, and Zoraida (and only in the case of Yolanda).
Retirement
After the season the names Labuyo, Santi and Yolanda were retired by PAGASA, as they had caused over 300 deaths and over PhP1 billion in damages.[338] They were subsequently replaced on the list with Lannie, Salome and Yasmin.
Season effects
This table lists all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 2013. It includes their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damage totals. Classification and intensity values are based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures are in 2013USD. Damages and deaths from a storm include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.
The 2008 Pacific typhoon season was a below average season which featured 22 named storms, eleven typhoons, and two super typhoons. The season had no official bounds; it ran year-round in 2008, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
This timeline documents all the storm formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, as well as dissipation during the 2008 Pacific typhoon season. The 2008 Pacific typhoon season officially started on January 1, 2008 and ended on January 1, 2009.
The 2012 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average season that produced 25 named storms, fourteen typhoons, and four intense typhoons. It was a destructive and the second consecutive year to be the deadliest season, primarily due to Typhoon Bopha which killed 1,901 people in the Philippines. It was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones form in the western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2012, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Pakhar, developed on March 28, while the season's last named storm, Wukong, dissipated on December 29. The season's first typhoon, Guchol, reached typhoon status on June 15, and became the first super typhoon of the year on June 17.
The 2009 Pacific typhoon season was a below average season that spawned only 22 named storms, 13 typhoons, and five super typhoons. Despite this, it was a very deadly season, with the Philippines having experienced its deadliest season in decades due to the impact of typhoons Ketsana and Parma, while typhoon Morakot went on to become the deadliest storm to impact Taiwan in its modern history. The first half of the season was very quiet, whereas the second half of the season was extremely active. The season's first named storm, Kujira, developed on May 3, while the season's last named storm, Nida, dissipated on December 3.
The 2010 Pacific typhoon season, with 14 named storms, was the least active Pacific typhoon season on record. Seven of them strengthened into typhoons while one reached super typhoon intensity. All of the 14 named storms developed west of 150°E.
This timeline documents all of the events of the 2009 Pacific typhoon season which was the period that tropical cyclones formed in the Western Pacific Ocean during 2009, with most of the tropical cyclones forming between May and November. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. Tropical storms that form in the entire Western Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Tropical depressions that form in this basin are given a number with a "W" suffix by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center. In addition, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.
The 2011 Pacific typhoon season was a below average season that produced a total of 21 named storms, 8 typhoons, and four super typhoons. This season was much more active than the previous season, although both seasons were below the Pacific typhoon average of 26. The season ran throughout 2011, though most tropical cyclone tend to develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Aere, developed on May 7 while the season's last named storm, Washi dissipated on December 19.
The 2014 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly below average season in terms of named storms, but featured the highest amount of Category 5 typhoons since 1997. This was mainly due to a developing El Niño that favors multiple powerful storms to form in the basin. The season formed twenty-three tropical storms, eleven typhoons, eight super typhoons, and seven Category 5 typhoons. The season's peak months August and September saw minimal activity caused by an unusually strong and a persistent suppressing phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The season ran throughout 2014, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season began with the development of Tropical Storm Lingling on January 18, and ended after Tropical Storm Jangmi which dissipated on January 1 of the next year.
The 2015 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average season that produced twenty-seven tropical storms, eighteen typhoons, and nine super typhoons. The season ran throughout 2015, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and November. The season's first named storm, Mekkhala, developed on January 15, while the season's last named storm, Melor, dissipated on December 17. The season saw at least one named tropical system forming in each of every month, the first time since 1965. Similar to the previous season, this season saw a high number of super typhoons. Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) during 2015 was extremely high, the third highest since 1970, and the 2015 ACE has been attributed in part to anthropogenic warming, and also the 2014-16 El Niño event, that led to similarly high ACE values in the East Pacific.
The 2016 Pacific typhoon season is considered to have been the fourth-latest start for a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began. It was an average season, with a total of 26 named storms, 13 typhoons, and six super typhoons. The season ran throughout 2016, though typically most tropical cyclones develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Nepartak, developed on July 3, while the season's last named storm, Nock-ten, dissipated on December 28.
The 2018 Pacific typhoon season was at the time, the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, until the record was beaten by the following year. The season was well above-average, producing twenty-nine storms, thirteen typhoons, seven super typhoons and six Category 5 tropical cyclones. The season ran throughout 2018, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Bolaven, developed on January 3, while the season's last named storm, Man-yi, dissipated on November 28. The season's first typhoon, Jelawat, reached typhoon status on March 29, and became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day.
This timeline documents all of the events of the 2010 Pacific typhoon season. Most of the tropical cyclones forming between May and November. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. Tropical storms that form in the entire Western Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Tropical depressions that form in this basin are given a number with a "W" suffix by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center. In addition, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.
Typhoon Son-Tinh, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Ofel, was a powerful, late-forming typhoon that devastated the Philippines with tropical storm strength, and battered Northern Vietnam with hurricane-force winds at landfall on October 28, 2012. Originating from a broad area of low pressure over Palau on October 20, the system strengthened into a tropical depression by October 21, and on October 22, it became the 23rd named storm of the season.
Most of the tropical cyclones of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season formed between May and November of that year. The scope of this article is the Pacific Ocean north of the equator, between 100°E and the International Date Line. Tropical storms which form in the Western Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Tropical depressions forming in this basin are given a number with a "W" suffix by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility, but these names are not in common use outside the Philippines.
This timeline documents all of the events of the 2014 Pacific typhoon season. Most of the tropical cyclones forming between May and November. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. Tropical storms that form in the entire Western Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Tropical depressions that form in this basin are given a number with a "W" suffix by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center. In addition, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.
This timeline documents all of the events of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. During the season, 34 systems were designated as tropical depressions by either the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), or other National Meteorological and Hydrological Services such as the China Meteorological Administration and the Hong Kong Observatory. Since the JMA runs the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) for the Western Pacific, they assigned names to tropical depressions which developed into tropical storms in the basin. PAGASA also assigned local names to systems which are active in their area of responsibility; however, these names are not in common use outside of the Philippines.
This timeline documents all of the events of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season. Most of the tropical cyclones formed between May and November. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. This area, called the Western Pacific basin, is the responsibility of the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA). They host and operate the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC), located in Tokyo. The Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) is also responsible for assigning names to all tropical storms that are formed within the basin. However, any storm that enters or forms in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) will be named by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) using a local name. Also of note - the Western Pacific basin is monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), which gives all Tropical depressions a number with a "W" suffix.
Typhoon Koppu, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Lando, was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone that struck Luzon in October 2015. It was the twenty-fourth named storm and the fifteenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season. Similar to Goni earlier in the year, Koppu originated from a tropical disturbance east of the Mariana Islands on October 10. Moving briskly west, the system consolidated into a tropical depression the following day and further into a tropical storm on October 13. Situated over the warm waters of the Philippine Sea, Koppu quickly deepened. The storm reached its peak intensity on October 17 with ten-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) according to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed Koppu to have been a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph). The storm subsequently made landfall at this strength near Casiguran, Philippines. Rapid weakening ensued due to interaction with the mountainous terrain of Luzon and the disheveled core of Koppu emerged over the South China Sea on October 19. Unfavorable environmental conditions inhibited reorganization and the system diminished to a tropical depression on October 21.
The 2021 Pacific typhoon season was the second consecutive season to have below average tropical cyclone activity, with twenty-two named storms, and was the least active since 2011. Nine became typhoons, and five of those intensified into super typhoons. This low activity was caused by a strong La Niña that had persisted from the previous year. The season's first named storm, Dujuan, developed on February 16, while the last named storm, Rai, dissipated on December 21. The season's first typhoon, Surigae, reached typhoon status on April 16. It became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day, also becoming the strongest tropical cyclone in 2021. Surigae was also the most powerful tropical cyclone on record in the Northern Hemisphere for the month of April. Typhoons In-fa and Rai are responsible for more than half of the total damage this season, adding up to a combined total of $2.02 billion.
The 2022 Pacific typhoon season was the third consecutive season to have below average tropical cyclone activity, with twenty-five named storms forming. Of the tropical storms, ten became typhoons, and three would intensify into super typhoons. The season saw near-average activity by named storm count, although many of the storms were weak and short-lived, particularly towards the end of the season. This low activity was caused by an unusually strong La Niña that had persisted from 2020. The season's first named storm, Malakas, developed on April 6, while the last named storm, Pakhar, dissipated on December 12. The season's first typhoon, Malakas, reached typhoon status on April 12. The season ran throughout 2022, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. Tropical storms Megi and Nalgae were responsible for more than half of the casualties, while typhoons Hinnamnor and Nanmadol both caused $1 billion in damages.
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1 2 3 Tropical Storm Leepi (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. July 16, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
↑ Tropical Storm Bebinca (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Invest 99W Location File". Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
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1 2 3 Tropical Storm Mangkhut (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. August 20, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
1 2 Typhoon Utor (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
↑ 强台风"尤特"在广东阳江登陆 海南风雨逐渐减弱 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. August 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
1 2 Severe Tropical Storm Trami (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
1 2 Tropical Storm Unala (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 27, 2013. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 Tropical Storm Yutu (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. October 1, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
1 2 Severe Tropical Storm Toraji (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. October 1, 2013. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
1 2 3 Typhoon Man-yi (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. October 16, 2013. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
1 2 Severe Tropical Storm Pabuk (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
1 2 Tropical Storm Sepat (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. October 28, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
1 2 Typhoon Danas (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 18, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
1 2 RSMC Tokyo— Typhoon Center (November 20, 2013). Typhoon Lekima (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
↑ "Tropical Depression "Zoraida" November 10, 2013 21z" (Tropical Cyclone Warning). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
↑ "Tropical Depression "Zoraida" November 12, 2013 03z" (Tropical Cyclone Warning). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. November 12, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
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