Tropical Storm Linda (1997)

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Linda were from an area of convection that were first noted east of the Philippines on October 26. A subtropical ridge persisted to the north, which caused the disturbance to move generally westward. On October 29, the system crossed the Philippines and entered the South China Sea. It subsequently began to organize, and late on October 31, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 30W. At that time, the system was located off the northwest coast of Borneo. [1] The PAGASA organization named it "Openg". [2]

Shortly after developing, the depression intensified into a tropical storm, and was named "Linda" by the JTWC. It continued to intensify, reaching winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) as it approached southern Vietnam. At 0900 UTC on November 2, Linda made landfall in the Vietnamese province of Cà Mau. It maintained its strength over land, and the storm quickly reached typhoon status after entering the Gulf of Thailand; a typhoon is a tropical cyclone with winds of at least 75 mph (121 km/h), although Linda did not intensify beyond minimal typhoon status. Turning northwestward, Linda deteriorated to tropical storm strength, and struck Thailand late on November 3 with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). [1]

Linda weakened further over the mountainous terrain of the Malay Peninsula, and the storm emerged into the Andaman Sea with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). This made Linda the first tropical cyclone since Tropical Storm Forrest in 1992 to cross from the western Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean. [1] Additionally, upon reaching the Indian Ocean, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classified the storm as Cyclonic Storm BOB 08, with winds of 40 mph (64 km/h). [3] With warm waters, Tropical Storm Linda gradually re-intensified as it slowed down, due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge. On November 6, it again attained typhoon status while located off the southwest coast of Burma (Myanmar). [1] Initially, it was expected to cross the Bay of Bengal and make landfall near the India/Bangladesh border. [4] The cyclone only maintained peak strength for 18 hours, due to an increase in wind shear from a mid-latitude trough. Linda's motion became nearly stationary, and it gradually weakened for several days. On November 9, Linda dissipated about 375 miles (604 km) southwest of Yangon, Burma. [1] That day, the IMD also terminated advisories. [3]

Impact and aftermath

Severe Tropical Storm Linda (Openg)
Linda Nov 3 1997 0717Z.png
Linda at peak intensity nearing the Malay Peninsula on November 3
Deaths by country
Vietnam 3,111
Thailand 164
Total3,275
Satellite image of broader Indochina, including Vietnam on the right and Thailand to the left Thailand BMNG.png
Satellite image of broader Indochina, including Vietnam on the right and Thailand to the left

Prior to the arrival of the storm, officials in Vietnam issued warnings to the residents, although its approach was faster than expected, and the region rarely experiences tropical cyclones. Tropical Storm Linda dropped heavy rainfall across southern Vietnam, peaking at 9.17 inches (23.3 cm) in Cần Thơ. [5] The storm caused heavy damage in the country, particularly in the southernmost province of Cà Mau where it struck, [1] but also in Bạc Liêu, Sóc Trăng, and Kiên Giang. [6] The most severely affected regions were poor fishing communities. [7] Overall, the storm damaged 139,445 houses and wrecked 76,609 more, [8] which left 383,045 people homeless. [9] Thousands of schools were damaged, and 130,815 dykes were breached. [5] Additionally, the storm destroyed at least 3,122 boats. [8] The rainfall also flooded 1,750 square miles (4,500 km2) of rice paddy crop, about half of which in Cà Mau. [10] A preliminary damage total was estimated at 7.18 trillion dongs (US$385 million). [11]

Typhoon Linda caused considerable deaths in Vietnam. Many fishermen and sailors were caught at sea in the path of the storm, [1] unable to escape its path. [5] Within three days, the death toll in Vietnam was set at over 150, with thousands missing, [4] many of them fishermen. [10] By the fourth day after the storm, the toll reached 390, [6] and on November 14, eight days after the storm, the death toll reached 464. [8] Ultimately, the death toll was set at 3,111. [11] Eight days after Linda's passage, a United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) report indicated 857 people were injured by the storm. [8] The government quickly established search and rescue teams, particularly for missing fishermen, and a total of 3,513 people were rescued after the storm. [5] In the weeks after the storm, hundreds of dead bodies washed ashore in Vietnam and Thailand. [12]

The Vietnamese government identified basic supplies that it needed in response to the storm; those included various foods, clothing, medicine, shelter supplies, and sanitation equipment. [6] The country made a formal request for international assistance, noting that the storm was the worst in 100 years, and officials had limited resources due to the unexpected destruction. [5] Prior to the request, the government of Switzerland sent about 500,000 Swiss francs (US$360,000) for immediate relief assistance. [10] Subsequently, ten other countries sent cash or relief supplies worth $2.6 million, including medical shelters from the United States, clothing from the United Kingdom, tents from Russia, and transport goods from Japan. [5] Red Cross workers had to travel by riverboat to bring aid to the most affected communities, [7] due to the poor state of the roads. [12] After two months, the Red Cross distributed 65,401 roofing sheets, 390 metric tons of rice, 11,990 mosquito nets, 6,871 blankets, 3,664 medical kits, and abundant clothing supplies to about 150,000 affected people; the supplies were purchased in Ho Chi Minh City. Eventually, the food supply and health status of the storm victims proved not as bad as originally feared. After the assistance was distributed, the Red Cross shifted focus toward reconstruction. Reconstruction was slow, partly due to a slowdown in economic activity from the Vietnamese New Year. Additionally, the two primary factories responsible for making iron and construction frames were only intermittently open, due to machines failing. [13] [14]

Elsewhere, moderate damage was also reported in Thailand, [1] where at least 12 casualties were reported on land, [12] and at least 152 fishermen were killed at sea. [15] Flash flooding occurred in six districts, which damaged about 88 square miles (230 km2) of croplands and destroyed 12 houses. Land transportation was affected, with 184 roads and 14 bridges damaged. The government of Thailand sent 20 medical teams to the most affected areas. [16] Following the storm, about 10,600 people became sick from flood related diseases. [17] Heavy rains fell in Tanintharyi Division in southeastern Burma (Myanmar), although because the winds were not strong, there was little damage. The typhoon increased smog and haze in Indonesia and Malaysia, which had been occurring for weeks. In Indonesia, the typhoon also removed atmospheric moisture, which lowered the chance for rain in areas affected by wildfires. [4] Cambodia was also affected by the outskirts of the storm. [10]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2001). "1997 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  2. ↑ The United Nations Task Force on El Niño; et al. (1999). "The 1997-1998 El Niño Event: A Scientific and Technical Retrospect" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-11. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  3. 1 2 India Meteorological Department (2008). "Best Tracks Data ( 1990 - 2008)". Archived from the original (XLS) on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  4. 1 2 3 International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (1997). "Typhoon Linda Information Bulletin No. 1". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (1997). "Viet Nam Typhoon Linda Situation Report No. 3". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  6. 1 2 3 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (1997). "Viet Nam Typhoon Linda Situation Report No. 2". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  7. 1 2 International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (1997). "Devastation caused by Typhoon Linda". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  8. 1 2 3 4 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (1997). "Vietnam Typhoon Linda Situation Report No. 4". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  9. ↑ Le Truong Giang (2005). "Damage Caused by Strong Wind & Wind Loads Standards for Building in Vietnam" (PDF). Tokyo Polytechnic University. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  10. 1 2 3 4 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (1997). "Viet Nam Typhoon Linda Situation Report No. 1". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  11. 1 2 United Nations Development Programme (2003). "Summing-up report on disaster situations in recent years and preparedness and mitigation measures in Vietnam". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  12. 1 2 3 "Typhoon Victims' bodies found on Vietnam shores". Reuters. 1997. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  13. ↑ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (1997). "Typhoon Linda Information Bulletin No. 2". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  14. ↑ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (1997). "Typhoon Linda Information Bulletin No. 3". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  15. ↑ The Nation (1997). "The Nation" . Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  16. ↑ Agence France-Presse (1997-11-08). "Hanoi's Help Sought to Establish Seamen's Fate" . Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  17. ↑ Staff Writer. "Hanoi's help sought to establish seamen's fate". The Nation. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
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