Typhoon In-fa

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Origins

At 06:00 UTC of July 14, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) [nb 1] started to monitor a persistent area of convection, roughly associated with a low-level circulation center, located 484 nmi (895 km; 555 mi) west-northwest of Guam. [6] The disturbance was located in an environment conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, with warm 30–31 °C (86–88 °F) sea surface temperatures and good equatorial outflow due to a favorable configuration of an upper low over the western part of the mainland Japan and a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) to the northwest. [6] Later, it moved through an area of moderate wind shear which made the system's LLC broad while moving west-northwestward: the wind gradient slowly became conducive for the disturbance to slowly intensify. [7] At 20:30 UTC of the next day, the agency upgraded the system's potential trend of intensification to "high" and issued the disturbance's Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA). [8]

In-fa as a severe tropical storm on July 19 In-fa 2021-07-19 0405Z.jpg
In-fa as a severe tropical storm on July 19

At 00:00 UTC, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the disturbance to a depression, [9] [nb 2] followed by the PAGASA's designation of the system as Tropical Depression Fabian as it was now inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility, being the sixth tropical cyclone in the region in the season, three hours later [11] [12] and the JTWC at 09:00 UTC. [13] Located in a complex steering environment, the storm resembled a monsoon depression at that time while moving slowly northwestward before turning northward, both steered by the western periphery of a deep-layered subtropical ridge to the east. [14] [15] [16] Later, a pocket of dry air from the western semicircle and upper-level westerlies disrupted the system, with the LLC becoming broad and exposed while slowly and steadily intensifying, with the evidence of cooling cloud tops. In addition, the depression was being moved northwestward by a compound monsoon gyre pattern and at the same time, a near-equatorial ridge before being guided by another subtropical ridge to the east of Honshu, still caught under a weak steering flow. [17] [18] [19] Four hours later, the PAGASA further designated Fabian to a tropical storm and being followed by the JMA at 18:00 UTC that day, being assigned the name In-fa. [20] [21] The JTWC did the same at 03:00 UTC on July 18, with the storm remaining slow in motion due to now-weakening westerlies. [22] The PAGASA, meanwhile, reported that the system further intensified to a severe tropical storm at that time. [23] Although the low-level circulation center remained exposed while moving to the north-northwest, animated multispectral imageries on that day revealed a well-defined LLC with a symmetric area of large convection on the western edge and further centered on the central core. [24] [25] [26]

Intensification

Two simultaneous tropical cyclones on July 20, Typhoon Cempaka (left) and In-fa (right). Cempaka and In-fa - Jul 20, 2021.jpg
Two simultaneous tropical cyclones on July 20, Typhoon Cempaka (left) and In-fa (right).

The large size of In-fa, combined with the continuous dry air entrainment, together restrained the system's rapid development over the warm waters of the Philippine Sea; however, as the storm continued its trajectory towards the Ryukyu Islands, the curved banding of the system further consolidated on its and a microwave eye feature started to emerge. At the same time, the system began to take a northwest track before moving west-northwestward under a subtropical ridge over Japan by the early hours of July 19. [27] [28] [29] At 00:00 UTC that day, the JMA further upgraded In-fa to a severe tropical storm. [30] The system, decelerates again as it started to impact the Ryukyu's, with In-fa's convection or thunderstorms deepening and an eye further appearing. [31] [32] Six hours later, the PAGASA reported in their bulletins that In-fa further became a typhoon, while located approximately 895 kilometres to the east of extreme Northern Luzon. [33] The JTWC followed suit at 09:00 UTC that day and the JMA, three hours later. [34] [35] As it passed south of Daito Islands, a 35-nautical-mile (65 km; 40 mi) eye was further evident on satellite imageries, which later shrunk; however, In-fa remained a high-end Category 1 system as it started to move westward and later, a west-southwest track. [34] [36] [37] As the eye started to enlarge again, with the Dvorak countings of T4.5-T5.0, the JTWC further upgraded In-fa to a mid-level Category 2 typhoon at 03:00 UTC on July 21 with winds of 175 km/h (110 mph); this made the system's peak intensity according to the JTWC's estimates. [38]

Radar imagery from Okinawa Island showed a large and clear eye, though at the same time, another satellite imagery revealed an eyewall that was disrupted due to continuous dry air intrusions while moving westward. [39] Later, as it shifted its motion west-southwestward, In-fa's eye became ragged due to another intrusion of dry air. Furthermore, dry northerlies suppressed the system as it dived southward. [40] [41] At 03:00 UTC of the next day, In-fa started an eyewall replacement cycle while its northern quadrant started to weaken as it changed its motion yet again to the south-southwest. In addition, the system is being steered by the southern periphery of a high-amplitude ridge over the Sea of Japan. Six hours later, the typhoon started to weaken with its eye expanding and weakening banding on the system while tracking westward and further, northwestward at a slow motion rate. [42] [43] [44] Its steering movements were caused by a subtropical ridge to the north and another one over the east coast of North Korea. As it continued to approach the Ryukyus while traveling from the northwest, In-fa further weakened to a high-level Category 1 system due to continuous upwelling, its suppressed outflow and slowly cooling sea surface temperatures. [45] [46] By 15:00 UTC of July 23, In-fa passed between the Tarama Island and Miyako-jima Island, with its remaining large eye passing over the latter as it slightly shifted its movement towards the north-northwest. The system further degraded to a tropical storm according to the estimates of JTWC, six hours later as it slowly moved away from the Ryukyu Islands and the convection on the eye was not continuous while subsequently entering the East China Sea. [47] [48] By 03:00 UTC on the next day, In-fa reintensified to a low-end Category 1 system as it reformed its convective depths and continued to maintain a ragged eye while moving northward. [49] Six hours later (23:00 PST of July 23), In-fa left the PAR, with the PAGASA issuing its last bulletin while located, 640 kilometres to the north-northeast of Itbayat, Batanes. [50] The JMA then analysed that In-fa further reached its peak with maximum sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg), three hours later. [51]

China landfalls and demise

In-fa started to move north-northwestward under the periphery of a mid-level ridge over the Sea of Japan as it started to remain at a low-end Category 1 intensity due to continuous marginal waters and upwelling. [52] At 04:30 UTC on the next day, the system made its first landfall in the eastern Chinese province of Zhejiang, over Putuo District, a major port area in the city of Zhoushan. [53] Four and a half hours later, the JTWC quickly downgraded the system to a tropical storm as its eye became ill-defined and the central dense overcast further became evident on satellite imageries instead of the former. [54] The JMA, in the other hand reported that the storm weakened to a severe tropical storm in their analysis, another four hours later. [55] Although tracking inland south of Shanghai, In-fa's overall structure remained compact and its gale-force winds further expanded, although as it reentered the East China Sea from Zhoushan, the core of the system slowly eroded. [56] [57] At 01:30 UTC of July 26, the large storm made its second coastal landfall over Pinghu, Jiaxing with maximum sustained winds of 40 knots (75 km/h; 45 mph) from the west-northwest. [58] [59] Shortly after the landfall, the JTWC discontinued warnings on In-fa as it had moved well inland, having no chances to redevelop. In their last warning on the system, the agency assessed the system as a weak tropical storm. [60] Meanwhile, the JMA downgraded the system to a tropical storm by 12:00 UTC of that day due to further weakening of the storm by the means of land interaction. [61] At 00:00 UTC of the next day, the JMA reported that In-fa further degraded to a tropical depression while moving west-northwest, with its center located at Shou County, Anhui Province. [62] Over the next few days, it moved north and subsequently entered Shandong before turning north-northeast while subsequently slowing down. [63] [64] By 06:00 UTC of July 29, the system turned northward yet again before being further downgraded by JMA as a low-pressure area, twelve hours later as it shifted its movement northeastward. [65] [66] The remnants of In-fa entered the Bohai Sea later that night. [67]

Preparations

The threat of storm surge and high waves caused concern for those out at sea. [68]

Japan

In the Ryukyu Islands, the Okinawa Meteorological Observatory held a meeting on July 17 to discuss the storm, warning people to be cautious of the approaching system. [69] Strong winds and heavy rains were also expected due to the storm. [70] [71] In addition, wave warnings were also issued by the JMA from different meteorological stations in the Japanese island group particularly in the islands of Okinawa, Miyako Islands and Amami Islands, while lightning and wind warnings was placed on Daitō Islands due to the approaching system. [72] [73] [74] [75] Later, sea warnings and alerts were imposed in these areas, including the East China Sea and further on the coastal areas of Kagoshima Prefecture and the island of Shikoku. [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] Rainfall amounts up to 50 mm (2.0 in) were forecasted in the area, 100 mm (3.9 in) - 200 mm (7.9 in) in the main island of Okinawa and 100 mm (3.9 in) - 150 mm (5.9 in) in the Maejima Islands. [81] The Sakishima Islands were forecast to get up to 180 mm (7.1 in) of rain. [82]

A school in Kitadaitō, Okinawa was temporarily closed due to the storm while roadways on the village were shut down, starting on July 19. Marine activities in the area were also affected, with fishermen forced to tie their boats as they cannot fish due to In-fa. Sugarcane industries also feared that they will run out of food supply in their area due to the ongoing cancellation of vessels. [83] Japan Airlines, Ryukyu Air Commuter, Japan Transocean Air, All Nippon Airways, Jetstar Japan canceled their flights in different airports across the Ryukyus and mainland Japan which were expected to affect over 16,600 people. In addition, the Okinawa Passenger Ship Association reported that 50 ships were also halted to bound across the mainland due to the storm. The city of Nanjō also postponed their vaccination activities from July 21–23 as the storm neared. [84]

Philippines

Despite the depression being far away from any landmasses in the Philippines, the storm (locally known as Fabian in the country) was forecasted to enhance the prevailing southwest monsoon, causing rains over Luzon and the Visayas. [85] [86] Brought by the enhanced southwest monsoon from the system and Cempaka, heavy rainfall warnings were put in effect by PAGASA for Metro Manila and several other provinces nearby. [87] As the typhoon moved southwest towards the Philippine Sea, PAGASA raised Signal No. 1 warning for islands of Batanes and Babuyan for preparation of strong winds and heavy rainfall. [88]

Taiwan

The Central Weather Bureau issued a heavy rainfall warning for Kaohsiung, Pingtung County and the Hengchun Peninsula, and a sea warning for the northern and eastern coasts of the country as In-fa's periphery neared; the former was canceled at 02:05 UTC (10:05 TST). [89] [90] The mountainous terrain of Taiwan was warned to lead to catastrophic flooding and landslides due to the rainfall that In-Fa may bring. Up to 12 to 20 inches of rainfall was forecasted. [91] By the evening of July 21, the CWB issued a sea warning for the country. On the next day, a heavy rain advisory was issued by the CWB for the northern portion of the country (except Yilan County) and later, the area was further included. [92] [93] [94] COVID-19 vaccination appointments were also canceled on July 23 due to the storm. [95] Different offices and schools in the northwest portion of the country were forced to close temporarily due to the threats of landslides and heavy rains. [96] The sea warning was lifted on July 24 as In-fa veered away from the country. [97]

China

"We will make every effort to ensure the safety of people's lives and property, and do everything to minimize disaster losses, and strive to achieve the goal of no deaths and few injuries and economic losses,"

Yuan Jiajun, Zhejiang province Communist Party secretary, during an inspection of preparations on July 24. [98]

The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) issued a blue typhoon warning for the eastern part of the country on July 22 as In-fa approached, which were later upgraded to an orange warning on the next day. [99] [100] The need for food and water was in high demand. [101]

Typhoon In-fa nearing landfall in China on July 24. 2021 CIMSS 09W In-fa visible infrared satellite loop.gif
Typhoon In-fa nearing landfall in China on July 24.

Maximum rainfall totals of 460–610 mm (18–24 in) were forecasted, along with 100–130 km/h (62–81 mph) wind gusts. An isolated area of 1,220 mm (48 in) was forecasted for areas in Zhejiang and Jiangsu. [102] Widespread damage mostly due to flooding was of particular concern, and many power outages were expected. Low-lying beaches were also a source of worry, due to high storm surge possibly eroding and severely damaging them. Possible impacts were said to be "catastrophic". Port operations in Shanghai and Ningbo were also forecasted to possibly be temporarily stopped. [103]

Several dams and reservoirs had been drained in preparation in Zhejiang, and the province upgraded its emergency response for In-fa to level 3. [104] Up to 510 mm (20 in) of rain was expected for many areas of China. [105] Over 100 trains were cancelled, and other ports and railways were shut down temporarily. Officials in Shanghai warned residents to stay inside, closing down various parks and museums. They advised against large-scale gatherings. All container ship docks were shut down in Yangshan port south of Shanghai, with 150 vessels being evacuated from the area. [106] [107] [108] Shanghai also canceled international flights due to In-fa. [109] At least 815,000 people have been evacuated by the 2021 Henan floods, which partly related to Typhoon In-fa. [110] [111]

It was estimated that over 200 million people were at risk of Typhoon In-fa's impacts, [112] including almost all to all of Shanghai's population. [102] Officials feared that In-fa's impacts would hamper any ongoing recovery efforts from the flooding. Mudslides were also of concern. It was advised for coastal areas to "guard against the combined impact of 'wind, rain, and tides'". [107] Shanghai Disneyland was closed from July 25 to the next day. [98] About 330,000 residents of Fengxian District were evacuated when wind speeds reached over 90 km/h (56 mph) on July 25. Hundreds of other flights at Shanghai Pudong and Hongqiao, with more expected to be canceled on the 26th. The riverfront Bund district, a major tourist area, was closed. [113] [114] All in all, over 1.5 million people were evacuated. [115] Six large construction projects had their personnel evacuated. [116]

Impact

Overall, In-fa caused widespread impacts across several countries due to its large size and area of effect. Flooding of some kind had affected a myriad of provinces, prefectures, and regions in countries, with thousands of buildings being damaged in some way over the course of the typhoon, along with severe impacts to agriculture. Winds exacerbated much of the destruction In-fa brought. According to Aon Benfield Inc., In-fa caused over US$1 billion in damage. [4]

Japan

Rough waves started to impact the coastal areas of the Daitō Islands, starting on July 18. [117] Rains began to pound Minamidaitō and Kitadaitōjima on July 19 while gusts of 25 m/s (90 km/h) were also reported. [83] On July 21, sustained winds of 34 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) with gusts of 42 knots (80 km/h; 50 mph) were felt over Kadena Air Base. [39] Three days later, gusts of 36.5 m/s (130 km/h) were reported on Kumejima Airport. Kumejima collected 310.5 mm (12.22 in) on that day and 286.5 mm (11.28 in) on Kumejima-cho. [118]

An office in Nanjō suffered power, internet signal and telecommunication loss due to In-fa, while a disaster headquarters at Naha urged people to evacuate as the conditions started to become rough as the storm neared. [119] [120] Winds up to 32.1 miles per hour (50 km/h) were recorded on Nanjō on the early hours of July 21, 28.1 miles per hour (45 km/h) at Uruma and 26.9 miles per hour (45 km/h) at Naha, enough to down power lines that affected 860 people in the main island of Okinawa and the villages of Iheya and Izena as of July 21 and many sugarcane crops. A vinyl house was reported to have collapsed in Yonagusuku, Yaese, while a telephone line in Nanjō City office were cut due to the storm. [121] [122] 4,720 households ran out of power on July 23, according to the Okinawa Electric Power. [123] A stone pile, which were around for 10 years also collapsed and the 250-year old historic Nakadou no San-ban Akou tree's large branches in Ishigaki Island were downed due to strong winds from In-fa. [124] [125] Walls of an empty building were also crumbled by heavy rains and further fell on the streets; no one was reported to be injured. [126]

According to authorities, a death from In-fa was reported on the next day when an individual discovered a male security guard bleeding; the person was rushed to the hospital but recorded "dead on the spot" according to authorities. [121] Nine individuals were reported injured in the other hand, including an elderly woman on July 20 when she fell in the parking lot of a hotel in Minama, Chatan and two more in Miyako-jima. [127] [118] Damages in Okinawa Island and Daitō Islands totaled JP¥46.5 million (US$421,000), with the majority are due to sugarcane losses. [118] Total agricultural loss across Okinawa Prefecture fell at JP¥430 million (US$3.89 million). [128]

Philippines

Heavy rainfall was recorded by the PAGASA as In-fa together with Cempaka influenced the southwest monsoon in the country. From July 20 until the next day, Iba in Zambales recorded 198 mm (7.8 in), Subic Bay - 163 mm (6.4 in), Port Area in Manila - 124 mm (4.9 in) and Sangley Point in Cavite City - 101.4 mm (3.99 in). [129] From July 19–23, Iba recorded 711.5 mm (28.01 in) of rainfall, Abucay in Bataan at 626.0 mm (24.65 in), Subic Bay at 544.7 mm (21.44 in) and Baguio at 447.8 mm (17.63 in). [130]

Some roadways in Metro Manila were flooded in the early hours of July 21 due to the prolonged rains; however, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) reported that the existing floods were only gutter and knee-deep. Light vehicles were stranded as a result. In addition, the Supreme Court of the Philippines suspended its work on that day due to the floods. The Prinza Dam San Nicolas 1's waters in Cavite were confirmed to be overflowed, also in that day. [131] Two fishermen in Calatagan, Batangas were rescued by authorities when their motor banca capsized in the rough waters. [132] Continuous rainfall in Zambales caused 11 families in Castillejos to evacuate while a landslide triggered another four to leave their shelters in Olongapo. Widespread flooding also forced the cancellations of work in Freeport Area of Bataan and other government-related services in the area. Different rivers in Pampanga overflowed due to downpours, while 25 COVID-19 patients in Batac, Ilocos Norte were relocated from a makeshift hospital to a different area due to the worsening rain conditions. [133] On July 24, the Marikina River overflowed its banks, reaching 16 meters high as the combined effects of In-fa and the southwest monsoon continued to pour rainfall over the region. [134]

5 deaths were reported due to In-fa in the country, with two in Aguilar, Pangasinan when they were caught up in a swelling river, [133] two more in Ilocos Region due to lightning strikes and the other in a vehicular accident in Kennon Road. In the accident, two more were also injured. [135] [136] 202,213 individuals (50,676 families) and 480 barangays across Luzon and Visayas were reported by the NDRRMC to be affected by the southwest monsoon rains, [137] while damages from agriculture sectors were estimated to be ₱100 million (US$1.98 million). Infrastructure damages were ₱2.4 million (US$47,707). [138]

572 houses were damaged, with 447 partially and 143 totally. 26 cities and municipalities experienced power interruption of some sort. Seven ports were rendered inoperational. 72,239 people were displaced. 38,472 people were placed in 365 evacuation centers. [137]

Taiwan

The large circulation of In-fa caused heavy rains in Taiwan, causing numerous landslides and rockfalls. [139] [96] Trees were downed due to strong winds, damaging cars and disrupting traffics. [96] Power outages were also reported in Shilin and Beitou districts. [140] Many boats and ships stranded in the seas off the country were escorted to ports to shelter from In-fa. [141] From July 21–22, Hsinchu County recorded 269.5 mm (10.61 in) amount of rainfall, Miaoli County at 208.5 mm (8.21 in) and Yilan County at 199 mm (7.8 in). 5 meters of waves were seen on Matsu Islands, in the other hand. [142] From July 21–24, Mt. Niaozui in Hsinchu County collected 714.5 mm (28.13 in) amount of rain and Yangmingshan, Taipei City reported 485.5 mm (19.11 in) at the same period. [96]

China

Pre-landfall

The airflow and moisture from In-fa caused record-high rainfall and devastating floods in Henan, killing 302 people and 50 were missing, [2] [3] 14 of whom in a flooded metro line in Zhengzhou. [143] [91] [144] [145] A subtropical high was combined with In-fa to create large quantities of atmospheric water in the province. The phenomenon was compounded by the topography in Zhengzhou. [110] A years worth of rain fell in the city in just over 3 days. [101] At least 215,200 hectares have been damaged. Over 90 villages were flooded in the city of Xinxiang. A dam on the Wei River had reportedly burst on the morning of 23 July.

The floods caused 29 of the 30 reservoirs in Zhengzhou to overflow. [101] Many areas were clogged with mud-like material, and many more embankments had been breached. Some people were trapped without food or water for up to a couple of days. [146] The floods have caused over 69 deaths and the estimated damage is upwards of 82 billion Yuan ($12.7 billion). At least 1.1 million were relocated, and over 9.3 million people had been affected. [111] [110] Its likely that up to tens of millions have been affected. [107] The Jiangguang Road Tunnel flooded in just over five minutes during extreme rainfall, with hundreds of vehicles being trapped. A bridge in an area also collapsed. [147]

Landfall

Overcast skies associated with In-fa at Suzhou Industrial Park hours before the storm made landfall Precipitation at Suzhou Industrial Park under In-fa influence.jpg
Overcast skies associated with In-fa at Suzhou Industrial Park hours before the storm made landfall
Typhoon In-fa (Fabian)
In-fa 2021-07-21 0445Z.jpg
Typhoon In-fa near its peak intensity south of Okinawa on July 21
IBTrACS
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Mainland China
Highest-known totals
PrecipitationStormLocationRef.
Rankmmin
11629.064.13 Nina 1975 Banqiao Dam [148]
2951.037.4 In-fa 2021 Yuyao [149]
3831.132.72 Fitow 2001 Changjiang County [150]
4806.031.73 Soudelor 2015 Wenzhou [151]
5744.829.32 Doksuri 2023 Wangjiayuan Reservoir [152] [153]
6662.026.01 Chanthu 2021 Dinghai District, Zhoushan [154]
7600.024.00 Haikui 2012 Anhui Province [155]
8555.021.85 Chanchu 2006 Zhangpu County [156]

Coastal villages and towns experienced major flooding problems due the motion of In-fa. [102] Subway networks had their above-ground operations and routes suspended, along with roads inundated in many areas. [157] An overpass' roof outside of a subway station blew off, which landed on a train connection grid, causing traffic disruptions. Workers in many businesses and jobs had problems presented to them due to trouble getting to their offices from In-fa's winds and torrential rainfall. Much of Shanghai was shut down. The municipal Meteorological Bureau said the city received over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rainfall from July 25 to 26, nearly beating the total rainfall for the city (120 mm) in July in just one day. The municipal's anti-flood commanding office reported that among the 654 meteorological monitoring stations around the city, 30 recorded 70 mm (2.8 in) of rainfall in 12 hours. 311 more saw 30–69 mm (1.2–2.7 in) of rainfall in 12 hours. A meteorological station at Dalan, Yuyao reported a rain accumulation of over 951 mm (37.4 in) from July 22–26, an equivalent of 37 West Lakes. [149] More than 4,700 trees were uprooted. Pudong and Minhang districts experienced power outages and other issues. [158] [159]

Warehouses in Zhengzhou were forced to stop container loading, as well as deliveries to terminals. A large amount of cargo stuck at Pudong, according to Metro Shipping, with weather conditions preventing carriers to recover the material. Traffic and road transport had been affected by flooding in the whole region, with at least 6 km of road inundated by storm surge. [116] A rail freight train going from China to Europe was disrupted while cargo was being reconfigured to other substitute terminals, adding pressure to already heavy-hit shipping industry. Rail, air, and ocean freight was also disrupted. [160] [161] [162] In Shanghai, 268 signs and billboards were felled by July 26. Many businesses were temporarily closed due to the storm while nearly 500,000 people were moved to shelters on the same day. 12,700 people were also still out of power, with upwards of 100,000 without power in total. [115] Losses to agriculture were expected to be heavy. [163]

Several meter-high waves were reported on the Qiantang river in Haining. Heavy rain and gales also affected coastal areas in Qidong, Jiangsu, damaging properties there. The six ultra-large offshore engineering platforms that were under construction were also affected by In-fa. Waterlogging was recorded in streets in Shanghai. [116] Pictures showed floodwaters reaching the tops of cars. [164] Up to 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall fell in Jiangsu province. An underground parking structure was flooded. [165]

Aftermath

Philippines

$58,200 worth of Family Food Packs were distrusted to the affected population in Calabarzon, Central Luzon, Mimaropa, and Western Visayas on July 26. $16.6 million worth of quick response funds were put in place, and $3.3 million was set aside for future packs. Local disaster management authorities closely worked with government units to help with recovery. [137]

China

There were questions about China's preparedness for damaging meteorological events in the country due to climate change. [107]

As the floods began to slowly abate before the typhoon's landfall, authorities gradually came to help clean up the floods. Li Changxun, a Henan emergency response official, stated on July 24 that the province would need a large-scale cleaning and disinfecting to prevent epidemics after floods (the “epidemic” here refers to common outbreaks that always happen after floods, [166] not related to COVID-19). Various pictures published by state media and government social media accounts on the same day showed workers shoveling mud and removing uprooted trees. [106] At least 12,000 temporary shelters had opened across Zhejiang Province. [167] Emergency anti-typhoon vessels were put in place to protect the six construction projects, including two high-horsepower tugboats. Strengthening to chains and cables was also done. As of July 25, a total of 97,915 people were evacuated to safe areas in Jiangsu when the typhoon hit. [116] Photos that surfaced showed migrant workers in shelters during In-fa. [164]

Due to In-fa's impacts, Salmon's prices in Shanghai had jumped to 135 yuan ($20.75) per kilogram. [168] Firefighters rescued those who had been trapped by flooding in Zheijang province. Footage showed firefighters saving 45 trapped locals. Another part of the video was released that showed crews saving a motorist trapped in an overturned vehicle. [169] Various pumps were used to drain out rainwater from floods in Weihui city. [170] Health authorities started a campaign on July 28 to help Mosquito prevention. Due to In-fa's flooding bringing highly moist conditions, many areas became ripe breeding grounds for the insects. It was said to be going from July 29 to 31. Wet markets, old residential complexes, and construction sites were of particular concern. [171]

Coal mining in the country was prioritized after the typhoon made landfall, due to large-scale blackouts. State run miners had collectively sent increased supplies of thermal coal to 27 different power plants around Henan province. Over 340,000 tons of thermal coal reached the province during July 26, highly exceeding the daily amount needed. Coal operations were also quickened in other regions, such as the Yangtze River Delta Area. [172] Footage released by Jiangsu Fire shows efforts by rescue crews to drain floodwater around the province. [165]

China's top economic planner collected 795 million yuan ($122.4 million) for reconstruction in regions of several provinces impacted by the typhoon and floods. Earlier, China allocated over 3 billion yuan to help support flood control and disaster recovery. [173]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy  – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions. [5]
  2. ↑ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean. [10]

See also

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The 2015 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average season that produced twenty-seven tropical storms, eighteen typhoons, and nine super typhoons. The season ran throughout 2015, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and November. The season's first named storm, Mekkhala, developed on January 15, while the season's last named storm, Melor, dissipated on December 17. The season saw at least one named tropical system forming in each of every month, the first time since 1965. Similar to the previous season, this season saw a high number of super typhoons. Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) during 2015 was extremely high, the third highest since 1970, and the 2015 ACE has been attributed in part to anthropogenic warming, and also the 2014-16 El Niño event, that led to similarly high ACE values in the East Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 2016 Pacific typhoon season is considered to have been the fourth-latest start for a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began. It was an average season, with a total of 26 named storms, 13 typhoons, and six super typhoons. The season ran throughout 2016, though typically most tropical cyclones develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Nepartak, developed on July 3, while the season's last named storm, Nock-ten, dissipated on December 28.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 2018 Pacific typhoon season was at the time, the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, until the record was beaten by the following year. The season was well above-average, producing twenty-nine storms, thirteen typhoons, seven super typhoons and six Category 5 tropical cyclones. The season ran throughout 2018, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Bolaven, developed on January 3, while the season's last named storm, Man-yi, dissipated on November 28. The season's first typhoon, Jelawat, reached typhoon status on March 29, and became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Bolaven (2012)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2012

Typhoon Bolaven, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Julian, was regarded as the most powerful storm to strike the Korean Peninsula in nearly a decade, with wind gusts measured up to 186 km/h (116 mph). Forming as a tropical depression on August 19, 2012, to the southwest of the Mariana Islands, Bolaven steadily intensified as it slowly moved west-northwestward in a region favoring tropical development. The system was soon upgraded to a tropical storm less than a day after formation and further to a typhoon by August 21. Strengthening became more gradual thereafter as Bolaven grew in size. On August 24, the system attained its peak intensity, with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a barometric pressure of 910 mbar. Weakening only slightly, the storm passed directly over Okinawa on August 26 as it began accelerating toward the north. Steady weakening continued as Bolaven approached the Korean Peninsula and it eventually made landfall in North Korea late on August 28 before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants rapidly tracked northeastward over the Russian Far East before turning eastward and were last noted on September 1 crossing the International Dateline.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Sanba</span> Pacific typhoon in 2012

Typhoon Sanba, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Karen, was the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2012. The sixteenth named storm and tenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Sanba formed as a tropical depression east of the Philippines on September 10. The storm gradually intensified as it moved generally northward in an area favorable for tropical development. The system was soon upgraded to a tropical storm less than a day after formation and subsequently further to a typhoon on September 12. Later that day, Sanba entered a phase of rapid intensification, and quickly strengthened. On September 13, the system attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), and a barometric pressure of 900 mbar, becoming the strongest typhoon in the Western Pacific Ocean since Megi in 2010. Accelerating towards more northerly latitudes, a period of gradual weakening ensued afterwards as its eye expanded. It made landfall on South Korea late on September 17 as a typhoon before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone the following day. Sanba's remnants tracked into the Primorsky Krai region of eastern Russia before they were last noted on September 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Jelawat (2012)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2012

Typhoon Jelawat, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Lawin, was the most intense tropical cyclone of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season in terms of ten-minute maximum sustained winds, tied with Typhoon Sanba. Following Bolaven and Sanba, Jelawat was the third typhoon directly hitting Okinawa Island in 2012. Jelawat, which means carp in Malaysian, is a type of freshwater fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Neoguri (2014)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2014

Typhoon Neoguri, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Florita, was a large and powerful tropical cyclone which struck Japan in 2014. The eighth named storm and the second typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Neoguri developed into a tropical storm on July 3 and then a typhoon on July 4. It rapidly deepened on July 5, reaching peak intensity late on July 6. Neoguri began to decay on July 7 and passed through Okinawa on July 8 and then making landfall over Kyushu as a severe tropical storm late on July 9. After Neoguri passed through the southern coast of Honshū on July 10, it became extratropical on July 11.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Vongfong (2014)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2014

Typhoon Vongfong, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Ompong, was the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2014, and struck Japan as a large tropical system. It also indirectly affected the Philippines and Taiwan. Vongfong was the nineteenth named storm and the ninth typhoon of the 2014 Pacific typhoon season. Estimates assess damage from Vongfong to have been over US$160 million, mainly for striking mainland Japan. At least 9 people were killed along the path of the typhoon in those countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Chan-hom (2015)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2015

Typhoon Chan-hom, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Falcon, was a large, powerful and long-lived tropical cyclone that affected most countries in the western Pacific basin. The ninth named storm of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season, Chan-hom developed on June 29 from a westerly wind burst that also spawned Tropical Cyclone Raquel in the southern hemisphere. Chan-hom slowly developed while moving to the northwest, aided by warm waters but disrupted by wind shear. The storm meandered near the Northern Marianas Islands, passing over the island of Rota before beginning a steady northwest track. While near the island, the storm dropped heavy rainfall on neighboring Guam, causing flooding and minor power outages. Chan-hom intensified into a typhoon on July 7, and two days later passed between the Japanese islands of Okinawa and Miyako-jima. There, strong winds left 42,000 people without power, while 27 people were injured. Around that time, the storm caused a surge in the monsoon trough, in conjunction with Tropical Storm Linfa, which caused flooding and killed 16 people in the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Halola</span> Pacific typhoon in 2015

Typhoon Halola, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Goring, was a small but long-lived tropical cyclone in July 2015 that traveled 7,640 km (4,750 mi) across the Pacific Ocean. The fifth named storm of the 2015 Pacific hurricane season, Halola originated from a Western Pacific monsoon trough that had expanded into the Central Pacific by July 5. Over the next several days, the system waxed and waned due to changes in wind shear before organizing into a tropical depression on July 10 while well southwest of Hawaii. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Halola on the next day as it traveled westward. Halola crossed the International Date Line on July 13 and entered the Western Pacific, where it was immediately recognized as a severe tropical storm. The storm further strengthened into a typhoon over the next day before encountering strong wind shear on July 16, upon which it quickly weakened into a tropical depression as it passed south of Wake Island. However, the shear relaxed on July 19, allowing Halola to reintensify. On July 21, Halola regained typhoon status and later peaked with 10-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (93 mph) and a minimum pressure of 955 hPa. From July 23 onward, increasing wind shear and dry air caused Halola to weaken slowly. The system fell below typhoon intensity on July 25 as it began to recurve northwards. Halola made landfall over Kyushu on July 26 as a tropical storm and dissipated in the Tsushima Strait shortly after.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Malakas (2016)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2016

Typhoon Malakas, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Gener, was a powerful tropical cyclone which affected Taiwan and Japan in mid September 2016. It was the sixteenth named storm and the sixth typhoon of the annual typhoon season in 2016. Malakas formed on September 11, just south of Guam. The system gradually organized and improved its outer bands, which prompted JTWC to give its identifier as Tropical Depression 18W. A few hours later, JMA received its name Malakas for 18W. On September 13, Malakas entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, which gained the name Gener by PAGASA. Despite its marginal conditions for further development, Malakas continued to intensify into a typhoon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 2021 Pacific typhoon season was the second consecutive to have below average tropical cyclone activity, with twenty-two named storms, and was the least active since 2011. Nine became typhoons, and five of those intensified into super typhoons. This low activity was caused by a strong La Niña that had persisted from the previous year. The season's first named storm, Dujuan, developed on February 16, while the last named storm, Rai, dissipated on December 21. The season's first typhoon, Surigae, reached typhoon status on April 16. It became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day, also becoming the strongest tropical cyclone in 2021. Surigae was also the most powerful tropical cyclone on record in the Northern Hemisphere for the month of April. Typhoons In-fa and Rai are responsible for more than half of the total damage this season, adding up to a combined total of $2.02 billion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Kong-rey (2018)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2018

Typhoon Kong-rey, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Queenie, was a large and powerful typhoon that was tied with Typhoon Yutu as the most powerful tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018. The twenty-fifth tropical storm, eleventh typhoon and 6th super typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Kong-rey originated from a tropical disturbance in the open Pacific. For a couple days, it went westward, organizing into a tropical depression on September 27. Then it intensified into a powerful Category 5 super typhoon early on October 2. Kong-rey underwent an eyewall replacement cycle after its peak intensity, causing it to weaken into a Category 3 typhoon under unfavorable conditions. Kong-rey then struck South Korea on October 6 as a tropical storm. Kong-rey transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day while impacting Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Lekima</span> Pacific typhoon in 2019

Typhoon Lekima, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Hanna, was the fourth costliest typhoon in Chinese history. The ninth named storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, Lekima originated from a tropical depression that formed east of the Philippines on 30 July. It gradually organized, became a tropical storm, and was named on 4 August. Lekima intensified under favorable environmental conditions and peaked as a Category 4–equivalent Super typhoon. However, an eyewall replacement cycle caused the typhoon to weaken before it made landfall in Zhejiang early on 10 August, as a Category 2–equivalent typhoon. Lekima weakened subsequently while moving across Eastern China, and made its second landfall in Shandong on 11 August.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Ampil</span> Pacific severe tropical storm in 2018

Severe Tropical Storm Ampil, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Inday, was a tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in the Ryukyu Islands and East and Northeast China in late July 2018. The tenth named storm of the annual typhoon season, Ampil developed into a tropical depression east of Luzon on July 17. The system gradually strengthened over the following days amid a marginally favorable environment and became a severe tropical storm late on July 19 as it moved northwest. Maintaining its strength, Ampil passed over Okinawa Island from July 20 to 21. Thereafter, Ampil weakened slightly while crossing the East China Sea, before making landfall in Shanghai, China, on July 22. The system weakened slowly over land and degraded to a tropical depression on July 23. The system turned eastwards as it continued weakening over land, diminishing to a remnant low on July 25 and dissipating fully a day later over the Russian Far East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Maysak (2020)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2020

Typhoon Maysak, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Julian, was a deadly, damaging and powerful tropical cyclone that struck the Ryukyu Islands and the Korean Peninsula in September 2020. The third typhoon of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season, Maysak formed from a tropical disturbance. The disturbance gradually organized, receiving the name Julian from PAGASA as it became a tropical depression. As the depression strengthened, the JMA subsequently named the system Maysak. Maysak rapidly intensified into a strong typhoon before weakening and making landfall in South Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Prapiroon (2018)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2018

Typhoon Prapiroon, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Florita, was a Category 1 typhoon that worsened the floods in Japan and also caused impacts in neighboring South Korea. The storm formed from an area of low pressure near the Philippines and strengthened to a typhoon before entering the Sea of Japan. The seventh named storm and the first typhoon of the annual annual typhoon season. Prapiroon originated from a low-pressure area far off the coast of Northern Luzon on June 28. Tracking westwards, it rapidly upgraded into a tropical storm, receiving the name Prapiroon due to favorable conditions in the Philippine Sea on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Maliksi (2018)</span> West Pacific Tropical storm in 2018

Severe Tropical Storm Maliksi, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Domeng, was a tropical cyclone in June 2018 that brought rainfall to the Philippines and Japan. It caused 2 deaths and prompted the PAGASA to declare the beginning of the rainy season in the Philippines. The fifth named storm and 4th tropical cyclone in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), it was first noted as an area of convection in the South of Palau on May 31.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Kompasu</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2021

Severe Tropical Storm Kompasu, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Maring was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines, Taiwan, and southeast China. Part of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Kompasu originated from an area of low pressure east of the Philippines on 6 October 2021. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression that day. A day later, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) classified it as a tropical depression, naming it Maring. The cyclone was initially heavily disorganised, competing with another vortex, Tropical Depression Nando. Eventually, Maring became dominant, and the JMA reclassified it as a tropical storm, naming it Kompasu. Kompasu made landfall in Cagayan, Philippines, on 11 October 2021, and two days later, the storm made landfall in Hainan, China. The cyclone dissipated on 14 October 2021 while located over Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Hinnamnor</span> Pacific typhoon in 2022

Typhoon Hinnamnor, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Henry, was a very large and powerful tropical cyclone that impacted Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Russia. The eleventh named storm, fourth typhoon, and the 1st super typhoon of the 2022 Pacific typhoon season, Hinnamnor originated from a disturbed area of weather first noted on August 27 by the JTWC. This area soon formed into Tropical Storm Hinnamnor on the next day. The storm rapidly intensified and became a typhoon on the August 29. Overnight, Hinnamnor cleared a small eye along with a well-defined CDO, and intensified into a high-end Category 4-equivalent super typhoon.

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