Typhoon Wutip (2019)

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Around mid-February 2019, a large mass of cumulonimbus clouds accumulated near the Marshall Islands. Initially disorganized, the slow-moving cluster consolidated into a more cohesive system. [4] On February 16, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) [nb 1] detected the system as a low-pressure area shifting westward. [5] While southeast of Kosrae, vigorous convergence of trade winds north of the tropical disturbance spawned sporadic convection, or thunderstorms. [6] The convection broadened over the system's large but weak circulation, as the disturbance situated over an area of low vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures of 28–29 °C (82–84 °F), conditions which are conducive for tropical cyclogenesis. [7] After more organizing, the JMA identified the system as a tropical depression on February 18, [8] shortly before the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) [nb 2] assigned it the numeral identifier 02W the next day, when the storm had improved its convective banding around the defined circulation. [10] As the storm developed from high ocean heat content (OHC) and outflow, [11] the JMA and JTWC simultaneously ranked the newborn cyclone a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC, with the former giving it the name Wutip. [8] [12]

On February 20, Wutip evolved into a severe tropical storm after attaining 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph), [8] before strengthening into a typhoon by 18:00 UTC, according to the JMA, [8] as a central dense overcast began to surface. [13] With Wutip moving west-northwestward alongside a subtropical ridge to the north, improvement in organization became apparent with an eye formation detected on microwave imagery; on this basis, the JTWC upgraded Wutip to a typhoon early on February 21. [14] The storm continued to significantly intensify over warm waters as rainbands tightened towards the deepened core. Its motion also mitigated the effects of wind shear, [15] and additionally, a ragged eye emerged on satellite imagery. [16] The very compact system then steered in a general northwestward direction, with the eye occasionally appearing throughout February 22. [17] Despite a decrease in sea surface temperatures, low wind shear combined with an excellent poleward outflow channel commenced a period of rapid intensification on February 23. While southwest of Guam, Wutip presented a compact eyewall, [18] and achieved its initial peak intensity at 12:00 UTC; the JMA estimated 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and the lowest barometric pressure of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) around that time. [8] The JTWC operationally estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), re-classifying Wutip as a super typhoon; [19] however, post-season analysis determined that it had attained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph) two hours prior—making Wutip equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [12]

Typhoon Wutip during an eyewall replacement cycle from February 23 to 25 Typhoon Wutip's Eyewall Replacement Cycle(2019).gif
Typhoon Wutip during an eyewall replacement cycle from February 23 to 25

A moat—a clear ring outside the eyewall—separated the inner core from deep banding features, indicating the onset of an eyewall replacement cycle. [18] During the process, the western portion eroded off the well-defined but warming eyewall as the eye cooled down, signaling a weakening trend. [20] Development was further hampered by dry air entrainment and the storm's entrance to an environment of low OHC; conditions in the upper troposphere however, remained favorable. The moat separating the primary and secondary eyewall then became ill-defined. [21] Upon completion the next day, the eyewall thickened, and its associated convection was replenished and reorganized, [22] becoming well-defined and annular, resuming a trend of rapid intensification. [23] Wutip again became a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon in 06:00 UTC of February 25, reaching a secondary peak intensity with 10-minute winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and atmospheric pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) assessed by the JMA, [8] and 1-minute winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) assessed by the JTWC. [12] Although maintaining deep convective rings, Wutip did not hold this intensity for long, [24] and by the following day, weakened to below super typhoon strength. Cloud tops warmed up as the eye became cloud-filled. [25] Following a significant increase in vertical wind shear, Wutip's structure began to rapidly deteriorate, no longer exhibiting an eye. [26]

The storm decelerated from a neutral point as it entered the southern edge of the westerlies, meeting higher levels of unfavorable wind shear. [27] An upper-level trough situated to the west of the storm also reinforced wind shear, further disrupting convection, despite the robust outflow. [28] By 12:00 UTC of February 27, Wutip had weakened back into a severe tropical storm. [8] Convection later decreased significantly, prompting the JTWC to downgrade Wutip to tropical storm status. [29] As Wutip turned west-northwestward, deep convection detached from the storm and dissipated, preventing additional development. [30] By February 28, wind shear had completely exposed the well-organized circulation. [31] The JMA downgraded Wutip to a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC, before downgrading it further to a tropical depression six hours later, [8] though the JTWC had already assessed Wutip as a tropical depression beforehand. [12] On the same day, Wutip crossed the 135°E boundary of the Philippine Area of Responsibility, receiving the local name Betty from the PAGASA—the national weather agency for the Philippines. [32] The JTWC discontinued advisories on Wutip, [33] whereas the JMA continued monitoring the depression until it had dissipated near east of the Philippines on March 2. [8]

Records

Wutip was the most powerful typhoon in the month of February on record, surpassing Typhoon Higos of 2015, while also being the longest-lasting typhoon of that month as well. [1] In addition, Wutip is the first and only tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere with Category 5-equivalent winds during the month. [34] Only seven Category 4- or Category 5-equivalent typhoons were recorded in the months of January and February since the late 1940s, [35] including three other storms in February that attained Category 4 strength. [36]

Preparations and impact

Federated States of Micronesia

Typhoon Wutip coursing through Yap and Chuuk State on February 22 Wutip 2019-02-22 0353Z.jpg
Typhoon Wutip coursing through Yap and Chuuk State on February 22

Tropical storm watches and warnings were issued for the states of Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Yap of the Federated States of Micronesia by the National Weather Service (NWS) office in Tiyan, Guam, as Tropical Depression 02W approached the island nation on February 19; [37] the tropical storm warning for Faraulep in Yap was later canceled. [38] The advisories were upgraded to typhoon watches and warnings after the tropical depression had intensified into Tropical Storm Wutip on February 20, with forecasts stating that Wutip would soon strengthen into a typhoon. [39] A Special Weather Statement was also released, advising residents to monitor the situation and take note of instructions. While schools, community halls, and gymnasiums were all used as shelter, some shelters did not provide food and water or proper restrooms. [40]

Wutip passed over Chuuk, Pohnpei and Yap States with winds of more than 160 km/h (100 mph)—equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane—from February 19 to 22, and damaged or destroyed approximately 160 houses and displaced 165 people in Chuuk and Yap. [41] In Pohnpei State, primary and secondary power lines were damaged. [40] Besides having fallen trees, the main island of Pohnpei was entirely left without power before having it restored. [42] The command post of Chuuk State was activated on February 20–21 under an issued executive order, as falling trees, flooding, and damage towards homes were being reported on the 21st. Displaced people were moved to typhoon shelters and also to families residing more inland, away from the shorelines. [40] In Pattiw, 54 homes were destroyed and at least 69 were damaged. [42] Schools were closed down as an effect of major damage as displaced families sheltered in them. In some of the affected islands of Yap, schools also sustained damage. [40] Satellite imagery analysis after the storm revealed extensive damage to vegetation and limited damage to structures of the Northwest Islands. [43]

The Northwest Islands and Mortlock Islands had over 90% of their crops damaged, likewise to Nukuoro of Pohnpei State; the main crop, taro, rottened and became no longer edible, though some of it was salvaged. Water sources for the outer islands of Houk, Puluwat, Tamatam and Pulap, along with the Mortlock Islands, were rendered undrinkable, contaminated by saltwater from the flooding. [40] In Houk, sea water flooding killed vegetation, including taro, breadfruit and coconut—the main diet for the inhabitants besides fish. [44] Wutip flooded a taro plantation in Oneop and downed breadfruit and banana trees with its winds. Structures there were unroofed and one structure had collapsed. [45] Across the state of Yap, infrastructure, including dispensaries, and crops were damaged. Residents of Satawal, Lamotrek, Elato, Faraulep, and Piig necessitated water assistance, as their drinking sources were soon to be exhausted. Despite no casualties, Wutip ruined many crops with the saltwater floods it produced and, with the water sources contaminated, induced a high possibility of disease outbreaks in the affected areas. [40] Overall, Wutip caused heavy preliminary damage in infrastructure and agriculture that cost at least $2 million. [3]

Guam

Radar imagery of Typhoon Wutip approaching the Mariana Islands on February 23 2019 Wutip Guam radar.gif
Radar imagery of Typhoon Wutip approaching the Mariana Islands on February 23

The NWS announced a tropical storm watch for Guam on February 21. [46] Guam was still reeling from Typhoon Mangkhut in the previous year as hundreds fled to emergency shelters; over 430 children and adults sought refuge at five different emergency shelters. [47] Public schools were closed in preparation of Wutip on February 22. [48] The same day, Cope North, an annual military exercise that takes place around Guam, was paused "as a precautionary measure due to hazardous and potentially damaging winds," according to the Pacific Air Forces. [49] The NWS also upgraded the watch to a tropical storm warning on that day. [50] A team of 18 from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assisted Guam with emergencies. [51] Civil defense officials warned Guam residents that winds between 64–72 km/h (40–45 mph) and rainfall up to 15.24 cm (6.00 in) were expected, and advised them to stay indoors until the storm had passed. [52] Lieutenant Governor Josh Tenorio put Guam and the military bases under Condition of Readiness (COR) 2, [53] before upgrading it to COR 1. [54] About 25 flights to and from Guam were canceled, leading to the loss of 4,993 seats. [55]

As Wutip's rainbands began affecting the island, a heavy outer rainband remained largely in place over the southern side for several hours, and exhibited the meteorology phenomena training. [4] Wutip was the first typhoon to affect Guam in the month of February since Typhoon Irma in 1953. On February 23, Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport recorded 107 mm (4.21 in) of rain from the storm, resulting in a flash flood warning being announced, while also setting a record for that date. [1] The Guam Power Authority reported isolated power outages occurring across Guam. [56] Wutip made its closest point of approach on the 24th, when it was about 266 kilometers (165 mi) southwest of the island. Wutip dumped 430 mm (17 in) of rain in Inarajan, 300 mm (12 in) in Dandan, and 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in) elsewhere on the island. Maximum sustained winds of 65–70 km/h (40–45 mph) and gusts of 115 km/h (70 mph) persisted throughout the night into early February 25, as seas remained hazardous. [57] In Santa Rita, manholes were overflowed by flooding. Merizo also endured inundation, though it was noted as "nothing too bad" by its mayor's office. Inarajan experienced more significant damage, with obstructed roads and many downed trees and power lines along with major flooding. [58] Preliminary damage in infrastructure for Wutip totaled over $1.3 million. [2] No injuries or serious damages were reported, and the COR 1 was canceled by the lieutenant governor along with brigadier general Gentry Boswell, placing Guam under COR 4, the normal condition of readiness. The Guam Department of Education later reopened all of its 41 schools. [57]

Northern Mariana Islands

Tropical storm watches were in effect across the islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. Families were still residing in tents due to the effects from Typhoon Yutu of last year, and were encouraged to seek emergency shelter; [38] a total of 83 individuals took shelter during Wutip's passage. [59] President of the Asian Football Confederation, Salman bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa, was set to visit Saipan on February 25, but postponed the visit in precaution of Wutip. [60] The tropical storm watch in Rota was later upgraded to a typhoon warning but was canceled by Lieutenant Governor Arnold Palacios on February 24, when Wutip headed towards a different direction from the islands and no longer posed a threat. Winds of 55–70 km/h (35–45 mph) and gusts of 70–90 km/h (45–55 mph) swept across the village of Songsong and waves of 4.9–6.1 m (16–20 ft) to as high as 7.6 m (25 ft) surfed along the east- and south-facing reefs, leading to coastal flooding. [61] No injuries were reported, and public roadways across the islands remained clear of debris. [59] As a result, schools were reopened across the Mariana Islands on February 25. Palacios stated that climate change is a reality as demonstrated by Wutip, for the typhoon season for the region was not until another month. [62]

Aftermath

U.S. Army soldiers at the Lower Mortlock Islands of Chuuk State moving a water tank as part of Pacific Partnership 2019 PostWutipmilitary.jpg
U.S. Army soldiers at the Lower Mortlock Islands of Chuuk State moving a water tank as part of Pacific Partnership 2019

The Governor of Chuuk Johnson Elimo and the Governor of Yap Henry Falan both declared a state of emergency on February 22, in addition to a declaration from the President of the Federated States of Micronesia Peter M. Christian. On February 26, a team of 13 from the government of Chuuk was deployed at Pattiw to supply food and water, with the support of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Red Cross. Elimo later revised his declaration on March 2, emphasizing the extensive damages Wutip had caused to infrastructure, food crops, and water sources. Damage assessments were commenced throughout the affected areas. [40] On March 11, FSM President Christian issued a disaster declaration and requested international assistance, releasing $100,000 from the country's emergency fund. U.S. Chargé d'affaires Heather Coble declared a disaster the following day, allowing the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), FEMA, and the federal government of the FSM to initiate a damage assessment and relieve activities supporting agriculture and food security. [63]

The damage assessment took place from March 18 to April 4, with assistance from the IOM. It found along with infrastructure damage, that agriculture production was damaged across 30 islands, leaving 11,575 people food insecure. Shipments containing rice, vegetables, and cooking oil were sent to the Mortlock Islands of Chuuk State. Approximately $450,000 from USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, New Zealand Embassy, and Australian Aid, was mobilized to contribute efforts and for purchasing food baskets, aiding 9,295 people and the other 2,280 who suffered moderate crop damage. [64] On March 31, a multinational team aboard USNS Brunswick arrived at the Lower Mortlock Islands to support recovery efforts as part of Pacific Partnership 2019. [65] Because of their Compact of Free Association between the national governments, U.S. President Donald Trump declared Wutip a disaster on May 7, making funding for emergency relief and reconstruction assistance available, after Christian had requested a disaster declaration on April 17. [66] With this funding, the Catholic Relief Services provided agricultural rehabilitation and the IOM gave food assistance to the areas affected by Wutip. The USAID division in the Philippines reconstructed 136 homes and 39 public structures. Relief and reconstruction funding from USAID totaled more than $22.3 million. [63]

Guam Governor Lou Leon Guerrero requested a major disaster declaration on March 25, due to the impact the Mariana Islands had from Wutip during February 23–25. Between April 2–5, damage assessments were conducted around areas of Guam, determining if the damage was severe enough for the necessity of federal assistance. On May 7, Donald Trump approved the disaster declaration, and made public assistance towards Guam available for eligible local governments and certain non-profit organizations to support the relief efforts. [67] Tracy A. Haynes was appointed by Trump as the Federal Coordinating Officer for recovery operations across Guam. [68] FEMA gave $722,298.51 in public assistance and $146,376.80 for hazard mitigation. [69]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.
  2. ↑ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy  – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions. [9]

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Typhoon Bualoi was a tropical cyclone that formed during October 2019. The fortieth tropical depression, and the eleventh typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, Bualoi originated from a disturbance east of the Marshall Islands on October 17, 2019, that quickly organized to a tropical depression on October 19, earning the designated name 22W. Favorable conditions strengthened the depression into a tropical storm. The Japan Meteorological Agency gave it the name Bualoi in response. Bualoi rapidly intensified and became a typhoon on October 20, before its rate of strengthening was stopped by a tropical upper tropospheric trough the following day. The rate was later recommenced through rapid intensification, making Bualoi reach its peak on October 22 as a Category 5-equivalent typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). Bualoi rapidly weakened on October 23 due to wind shear and continued before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone and dissipating on October 25.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Surigae</span> Pacific typhoon in 2021

Typhoon Surigae, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Bising, was the strongest Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone to form before the month of May, one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record and the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2021. The second named storm, first typhoon and first super typhoon of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Surigae originated from a low-pressure area south of the Micronesian island of Woleai that organized into a tropical depression on April 12. At 18:00 UTC that day, it strengthened to a tropical storm and was named Surigae by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The formation of an eye and increasing winds prompted the JMA to upgrade the system to a severe tropical storm on April 13. The storm continued to gradually strengthen, and late on April 15, Surigae became a typhoon. Very favorable environmental conditions then allowed Surigae to begin a bout of rapid intensification; Surigae became a super typhoon the next day, and by April 17, the storm reached its peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (196 mph), and a minimum pressure of 895 hPa (26.4 inHg). This made it the strongest pre-May typhoon on record. Afterward, the storm's weakening outflow and an eyewall replacement cycle caused Surigae to gradually weaken as its track shifted north-northwestward in the Philippine Sea. Following the eyewall replacement cycle, Surigae became an annular tropical cyclone on April 19, and restrengthened slightly. On April 22, the storm began to rapidly weaken as it accelerated northwestward into unfavorable environmental conditions, transitioning into a subtropical storm the next day. The subtropical system subsequently underwent extratropical transition, which it completed by April 24. Afterward, Surigae's extratropical remnant accelerated northeastward. On April 27, Surigae's remnant explosively intensified into a bomb cyclone near the Aleutian Islands, attaining hurricane-force winds. Afterward, the system gradually weakened as it turned eastward, slowing down in the process, before crossing the International Date Line on April 30 and fully dissipating on May 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Jelawat (2018)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2018

Typhoon Jelawat, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Caloy, was a powerful typhoon that affected the Caroline Islands in March 2018. The third tropical storm and the first typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Jelawat originated as a tropical disturbance that struck the Federated States of Micronesia before organizing into a tropical depression on March 24. It further intensified into a tropical storm on the following day, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency, receiving the name Jelawat. Drifting northward, the storm remained unorganized while staying east of the Philippines, though environmental conditions became more favorable along its path. On March 29, Jelawat took an unexpected sharp turn east as it intensified into a typhoon. Upon shifting northeast, Jelawat rapidly intensified on March 30 due to low vertical wind shear and substantial outflow, peaking as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon. Shortly afterward, the storm began to weaken as wind shear sharply increased, falling below typhoon strength on March 31. The storm transitioned into a subtropical cyclone on April 1, before dissipating on that same day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Mawar</span> Pacific typhoon in 2023

Typhoon Mawar, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Betty, was one of the strongest Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones on record in the month of May, and the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2023. The name "Mawar" means Rose in Malay. The second named storm, the first typhoon and the first super typhoon of the 2023 Pacific typhoon season, Mawar originated from an area of low pressure south-southwest of Chuuk Lagoon that developed into a tropical depression on May 19. It fluctuated in intensity and became a tropical storm, after which it intensified into a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. It then underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, then reintensified to attain 1-minute sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) according to the JTWC, becoming a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. Mawar weakened slightly as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical high that made it steer north of the Philippines and then east of Taiwan. Mawar traversed the Okinawa Islands as a tropical storm, then transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it moved northeastward out to sea, where it later dissipated east of Kamchatka Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Bolaven (2023)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2023

Typhoon Bolaven was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that struck the Northern Mariana Islands in mid-October 2023. The fifteenth named storm of the 2023 Pacific typhoon season, Bolaven originated on October 6 near the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and moved to the northwest.

References

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Typhoon Wutip (Betty)
Wutip 2019-02-25 0600Z.png
Wutip at its secondary peak intensity west of the island of Guam, on February 25
Tropical cyclones of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season
2019 Pacific typhoon season summary.png
TS
Pabuk
TD
Amang
VITY
Wutip
TD
Chedeng
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TS
Sepat
TD
TD
TD
Egay
TS
Mun
TS
Danas
TD
Goring
TS
Nari
TS
Wipha
TY
Francisco
VITY
Lekima
TY
Krosa
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
STS
Bailu
TS
Podul
VSTY
Faxai
TS
Kajiki
VSTY
Lingling
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
TD
Marilyn
TS
Peipah
TD
TD
TY
Tapah
TD
TD
TY
Mitag
TD
TD
VITY
Hagibis
TY
Neoguri
VSTY
Bualoi
TD
TD
STS
Matmo
VITY
Halong
TY
Nakri
VSTY
Fengshen
TY
Kalmaegi
STS
Fung-wong
TD
TD
VSTY
Kammuri
TD
TD
TD
TD
TY
Phanfone
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