Typhoon Kalmaegi

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Kalmaegi originated from an area of convection that developed on October 30, located about 313 nautical miles (580 km) east-southeast of Yap. Satellite imagery showed cycling deep convection over a poorly organized low-level circulation center (LLCC). The disturbance was embedded in a favorable environment for tropical cyclogenesis, with low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). [2] On the following day, the JMA classified the system as a tropical depression as its LLCC slowly consolidated. [3] The JTWC noted that the depression remained in an environment conducive for further development, characterized by light vertical wind shear and warm SSTs. [4] Around 05:00 PHT (21:00 UTC on the previous day) on November 1, PAGASA also classified the system as a tropical depression. [5]

The JTWC issued a TCFA at around 02:00 UTC on November 1, citing a high probability of further development as the system moved west northwestward. [6] The JTWC noted a broad low-level circulation center (LLCC) with convection concentrated north of the center and some curved banding features. Favorable environmental conditions persisted, supported by good poleward outflow. [7] As the LLCC gradually consolidated and convective banding wrapped around its northern semicircle, the system began tracking northwestward along the southwestern edge of a subtropical ridge. [8] [9] At 06:00 UTC, the JMA noted that, while the system remained in a favorable environment, the limited organization of its structure caused it to maintain its intensity for several hours. [10] The JTWC later designated the system as 31W at 09:00 UTC. [11]

At around 12:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded 31W to a tropical storm, assigning it the name Kalmaegi. [12] The JTWC observed a symmetric central dense overcast (CDO) enveloping the LLCC and described the system as compact as it tracked along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge located to the northeast. [13] By 21:00 UTC, the JTWC also classified Kalmaegi as a tropical storm, citing an expanding CDO and a highly favorable environment for further intensification. [14] The storm later entered the PAR at 05:30 PHT on November 2 (the day before at 21:30 UTC) and was given the local name Tino. [15] Satellite imagery showed robust radial outflow and intense central convection, with the deepest convection concentrated over the northern and western semicircles. [16]

At 17:00 PHT (09:00 UTC), PAGASA upgraded Kalmaegi to a severe tropical storm. [17] The JMA noted a brief slowdown in intensification before the system resumed strengthening. [18] According to the JTWC, deep convective bursts developed over the center, with a banding feature forming to the north. Microwave imagery showed a small, forming eye and strong convection displaced slightly to the south, indicating increasingly favorable conditions for further intensification. [19] Three hours later, the JMA also upgraded Kalmaegi to a severe tropical storm. [20] [21] The JTWC noted two distinct clusters of deep convection forming an oblong-shaped CDO. [22] By 18:00 UTC, two lobes became apparent: the southeastern lobe was centered over the low-level circulation and served as the primary region of deep convection, while the northwestern lobe exhibited strong poleward outflow. [23] At 03:00 UTC on November 3, the JTWC upgraded Kalmaegi to a typhoon, citing a consistently favorable environment and strong outflow supported by trade winds. Multispectral satellite imagery showed a compact core with deep convection wrapping closely around the center. [24] [25] At the same time, the JMA and PAGASA also upgraded the system to a typhoon when it was approximately 368 nautical miles (682 km) north-northeast of Sonsorol. [26] [27] The JTWC later noted that deep convection wrapped around the core but an eye failed to develop due to persistent northeasterly wind shear, despite otherwise favorable conditions. [28]

On November 4, Kalmaegi intensified into a Category 2-equivalent typhoon before making landfall in Silago, Southern Leyte at around 00:00 PHT (16:00 UTC). It then weakened back into a Category 1 typhoon due to land interaction. [29] The system went on to make three additional landfalls in Borbon, Cebu, Sagay, Negros Occidental, and San Lorenzo, Guimaras at 05:10 PHT (21:10 UTC), 06:40 PHT (22:40 UTC), and 11:10 PHT (03:10 UTC), respectively. [30] [31] The repeated landfalls caused Kalmaegi to weaken slightly and slow as it moved into the Iloilo Strait. [32] At 13:20 PHT (05:20 UTC), Kalmaegi made its fifth landfall over Iloilo City. [33] It then made a sixth landfall in Magsaysay in the Cuyo Archipelago at 19:30 PHT (11:30 UTC). [34] At 04:10 PHT (20:10 UTC) on November 5, Kalmaegi made its seventh landfall over Batas Island in Taytay, Palawan, [35] followed by an eighth landfall at 04:40 PHT (20:40 UTC) over El Nido, Palawan. [36]

Afterwards, Kalmaegi emerged over the South China Sea, where it began reorganizing under favorable oceanic and atmospheric conditions, with satellite imagery showing improved structure and strengthening convection. [37] It rapidly intensified as a broad region of diffluent outflow developed and a ragged eye formed. [38] The JTWC later noted that Kalmaegi began to gradually weaken on approach to Vietnam due to northeasterly wind shear, although the environment remained marginally supportive, and satellite imagery continued to show a well-defined eye. [39] The typhoon made landfall over south central Vietnam on November 6. [40]

Preparations

Philippines

Visualization of PAGASA's Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals for Typhoon Kalmaegi (Tino) at 14:00 PHT (06:00 UTC) on November 3 Kalmaegi (TIno) TCWS Bulletin No. 7.png
Visualization of PAGASA's Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals for Typhoon Kalmaegi (Tino) at 14:00 PHT (06:00 UTC) on November 3

At 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC) on November 2, PAGASA issued Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1, indicating winds of 24 to 38 mph (39 to 61 km/h) after 36 hours, to Eastern Samar, Dinagat Islands, Siargao, and Bucas Grande. [41] Seven more provinces were put on Signal No. 1 six hours later: six in the Visayas and one in Mindanao. [17] At 23:00 PHT (15:00 UTC), Guiuan, Salcedo, and Mercedes in Eastern Samar, and the Siargao and Bucas Grande Islands, were placed in Signal No. 2, indicating winds of 39 to 55 mph (62 to 88 km/h) in a 24-hour period as more areas were placed under Signal No. 1. [42] By 05:00 PHT on November 3 (21:00 UTC the previous day), Signal No. 2 was hoisted to an additional 11 provinces. [43] At 08:00 PHT (00:00 UTC), Guiuan, Mercedes, the Dinagat Islands, and the Siargao and Bucas Grande Islands were added to Signal No. 3, signifying winds of 55 to 73 mph (89 to 117 km/h) in 18 hours. [44] At 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC), the southern portion of Eastern Samar, Marabut in Samar, the central and southern portions of Leyte, Southern Leyte, Camotes Islands, the eastern portion of Bohol, Dinagat Islands, the northern portion of Surigao del Norte were issued Signal No. 3. [27] Three hours later, the Dinagat, Siargao, and Bucas Grande Islands were upgraded to Signal No. 4, indicating winds of 73 to 114 mph (118 to 184 km/h) winds in 12 hours. [45] At 17:00 PHT (09:00 UTC), Guiuan, the southern portion of Leyte, Southern Leyte, the Camotes Islands, and the northeastern portion of Bohol was added to Signal No. 4. [46] Three hours later, Mercedes, the western portion of Leyte, and the northern portion of Cebu was added to Signal No. 4. [47] At 23:00 PHT (15:00 UTC), the northernmost portion of Negros Oriental, the northern portion of Negros Occidental, and Guimaras was added to the signal. [48] Three hours later on November 4, the central and southern portions of Iloilo and the southern portion of Antique was added. [49] At 08:00 PHT (00:00 UTC), the entirety of Iloilo and the southern portion of Aklan was added. [50] As the system moved closer to Palawan, the northern portion of the province and the Calamian and Cuyo Islands were added to Signal No. 4. [51] At 17:00 PHT (09:00 UTC), all Signal No. 4 and 3 alerts were removed. [52] By November 6, only the Spratly Islands remained; [53] PAGASA issued their final alert at 17:00 PHT (09:00 UTC) that same day. [54]

The Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC) of Eastern Visayas warned citizens to avoid travel to and from the region and suggested the public to view weather bulletins. [55] Officials of Lapu-Lapu City held a meeting to prepare for the storm's impact. [56] The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) prepared thousands of food packs and placed specialized equipment on standby. [57] All sea travel in Surigao del Norte and nearby routes due to bad conditions. [58] Cebu City was placed in a blue alert, causing all response units in the city to be on standby. [59] Cebu Governor Pam Baricuatro initiated a disaster preparedness and response plan for 11 municipalities and 1 city affected by the 2025 Cebu earthquake. [60] The Department of Education alerted disaster reduction teams throughout the nation due to 25,000 schools having a risk of landslide. [61] The National Capital Region Police Office considered raising a full alert due to the storm. [62] A Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. basketball match between the University of the Visayas and the University of Southern Philippines Foundation was postponed. [63] Evacuations were done in Palo and Tanauan, Leyte. The local government in Guiuan resorted to forced evacuations. Dinagat Islands Governor Nilo Demerey Jr. reported that 10,000 to 15,000 people were evacuated in the province. [64] The Office of Civil Defense on November 4 reported that 400,000 people had been evacuated nationwide. [65] Cebu archbishop Alberto Uy ordered all churches in the Archdiocese of Cebu to be used as shelters for displaced residents. [66]

A province-wide class suspension was experienced in Cavite. Fifteen municipalities and cities in Laguna suspended classes in all levels. Two towns in Quezon refrained from holding classes in pre-school levels. Classes were ceased in the entire province of Oriental Mindoro; in Palawan, six municipalities abstained from holding classes. Seventeen local government units in Romblon, five in Marinduque, and one in Occidental Mindoro suspended classes. [67]

Vietnam

On the afternoon of November 4, several communes and wards in Gia Lai province began mobilizing and evacuating people in vulnerable areas at high risk of landslides and flooding. [68] Approximately 350,000 people were evacuated in Gia Lai in the lead-up to the storm. [69] A further 7,976 people were evacuated in Daklak province. [70] Six airports in central Vietnam suspended operations. [71] Tô Lâm, the general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, cut short a meeting of the party's Central Committee to allow officials to head back to affected regions. [72]

Elsewhere

In China, authorities activated maritime disaster emergency response procedures in Hainan and issued warnings of a "catastrophic wave process" in the South China Sea. [73] The United States National Weather Service, on November 1, alerted the Yap island group in the Federated States of Micronesia to monitor any forecasts and changes due to the Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert; the report said that scattered showers and isolated thunderstorms were possible in the islands for the next couple of days. [74]

Impact

Philippines

Baybay Boulevard, Borongan during the onslaught of Kalmaegi with storm surge. Baybay Boulevard during Typhoon Kalmaegi (Tino).jpg
Baybay Boulevard, Borongan during the onslaught of Kalmaegi with storm surge.

On November 4, the Philippine Coast Guard reported that 4,704 people, 1,649 rolling cargoes and 1,643 maritime vessels were stranded or seeking shelter in 104 ports throughout the country. [75] At least 186 flights were cancelled, [76] affecting at least 16,000 passengers. [77] The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported that 1,951,546 individuals were affected by the typhoon, with 643,101 affected in Western Visayas alone. At least 562,037 were displaced. At least 69 roads and eight bridges were rendered impassable, while two airports were closed. [78] Seventy-six schools were damaged, mostly in Eastern Visayas. [79] On November 6, President Bongbong Marcos placed the entire Philippines under a state of calamity. [80] Around 1.4 million households lost electricity. [81] At least ₱13.26 million( US$ 269,238.58) in agricultural damage was recorded. [82]

Damage in Cebu City Effects of Typhoon Tino in Cebu City 2025-11-04 002.jpg
Damage in Cebu City

Kalmaegi generated strong winds and flooding that left at least 142 dead, [1] 82 injured and 127 missing in the Philippines. [83] The major causes of deaths were drowning and being struck by trees. [84] At least 114 deaths occurred in Cebu, [1] including 35 in Liloan, [85] 15 in Compostela, 12 each in Cebu City and Mandaue, eight in Danao and seven in Talisay, with 28 additional deaths occurring elsewhere. [1] Twenty-eight missing people were reported in Cebu City after the Butuanon River swelled and caused flooding. The city's mayor, Nestor Archival, estimated that around 200,000 houses were damaged or inundated. Half of barangay Bacayan was flooded, with many residents saying it was the first such incident in the area in 35 years. [86] Floodwaters in Mandaue reached chest levels, causing people to go to evacuation centers. Flooding sometimes reached the second floor of houses; all barangays in the city were affected by the flooding. [87] A state of calamity was declared in Cebu. [88] Its governor, Pam Baricuatro, said Kalmaegi brought the "worst flash flood caused by a typhoon" in the province's history. [89] A state of calamity was also declared in Cebu City, [90] with half of the city reported to be submerged. [91] The inauguration of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System was delayed. [92]

In Negros Occidental, at least 24 people were killed, while 41 were reported missing, mostly in La Castellana. [93] Thirteen people were killed in Negros Oriental, while 12 others went missing. [94] A barangay official also died in Panglao, Bohol due to a falling coconut tree. [95] Two people were killed while another went missing in Southern Leyte, [96] where a province-wide power outage occurred. [97] A state of calamity was declared in Silago, [98] where up to 95% of houses were damaged after the town experienced its first major flooding since 1952. [99] The entire service area of Negros Power in Negros Occidental, including Bacolod, lost electricity, affecting 250,000 customers. [100] The Wright–Taft Road in Taft, Eastern Samar was unpassable. A national road in Alaminos was only reported as passable in one lane. [67]

A Super Huey helicopter of the Philippine Air Force crashed on its way to conduct disaster reconnaissance in Loreto, Agusan del Sur, killing six people. [101] Two ships collided with each other in the port of Jolo, Sulu. [102] In Antique, seven municipalities experienced power outages. In Surigao del Norte, two towns also experienced power interruptions. [67] Within 24 hours, Kalmaegi generated 235.2 mm (9.26 in) of rain in Maasin, Southern Leyte, and 183 mm (7.2 in) of rain in Lapu-Lapu City, which was greater than the monthly average in those areas. [103] Power outages were reported in Dinagat Islands, [104] where a NAPOCOR power station was damaged in Gibusong Island. In Tubajon, a birthing clinic was damaged, causing ₱3.2 million( US$ 64,974.62) in losses. The province was placed under a state of calamity. [105] A national high school in Cagdianao was extensively damaged. [106] The Visayas State University in Baybay sustained heavy damage. [107] Two people died in separate storm-related incidents in Capiz and Antique. [108] One person died after a boat capsized in Maguindanao del Sur. [109] A barangay in Mogpog, Marinduque experienced 1 foot (0.30 metres) floods. Four barangays in Cataingan and one barangay in Cawayan underwent floods as well. A rain-induced landslide was reported in Antique, burying a motorcycle. [110] A family of four died in Mandaue while a four-month-old infant died in floodwaters. In island barangays in Guiuan, 30 percent of homes were damaged. [95] The town was also placed under a state of calamity. [111] Uprooted trees and damaged electrical lines were reported in Lapu-Lapu City, but no deaths were recorded. [88] In Iloilo City, 243 houses were damaged, while 23 were destroyed. [112] More than 1,000 houses were damaged in Iloilo Province. [113]

Vietnam

In Xuan Lanh, Daklak province, one man was killed by a collapsing house. Strong winds and heavy rainfall in the province and in Sông Cầu, Phú Yên province blown off the roofs of dozens of homes, damaged structures and downed trees and electric poles. [114] Three people went missing out to sea near Lý Sơn, Quảng Ngãi province. [115]

Response

Due to the flooding in Mandaue, 30 people from the city's Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office were deployed to rescue residents; the office was placed on red alert. [87] Clearing operations started in the city while the local government assessed the damages. [116] President Bongbong Marcos told government agencies to speed up recovery efforts for areas affected by the typhoon, directing his cabinet members to visit the affected places. [117] The Department of Health declared a code white alert to ensure faster deployment of medical assistance. [118] The provincial government of Cebu redeployed heavy equipment from the north of the province that were used in the 2025 Cebu earthquake to areas affected by the storm and declared a state of calamity due to widespread destruction. [86] [119]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Tino death toll passes 140 as typhoon heads towards Vietnam". Agence France-Presse (via ABS-CBN News). November 6, 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  2. ↑ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans, 06Z 30 October 2025 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 30, 2025. Archived from the original on October 30, 2025. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  3. ↑ Warning and Summary 311800 (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. October 31, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  4. ↑ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans, 06Z 31 October 2025 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 31, 2025. Archived from the original on October 31, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  5. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory #1 for Tropical Depression". PAGASA . November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  6. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Invest 98W) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  7. ↑ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans, 02Z 1 November 2025 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  8. ↑ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans, 06Z 1 November 2025 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  9. ↑ Reasoning No. 1 for TD located at 9.4N 139.3E (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  10. ↑ Reasoning No. 2 for TD located at 9.9N 138.4E (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  11. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 31W (Thirtyone) Warning No. 1 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  12. ↑ RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  13. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 2 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  14. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 3 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 1, 2025. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  15. ↑ Clores, Keith (November 2, 2025). "Tropical storm enters PAR on Sunday morning — Pagasa". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  16. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 4 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 2, 2025. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  17. 1 2 "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #2 for Severe Tropical Storm 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 2, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  18. ↑ Reasoning No. 6 for TS 2525 Kalmaegi (2525) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 2, 2025. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  19. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 5 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 2, 2025. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  20. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning No. 7 for STS 2525 Kalmaegi (2525) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 2, 2025. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  21. ↑ STS Kalmaegi (2525) upgraded from TS (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 2, 2025. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  22. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 6 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 2, 2025. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  23. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 7 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 2, 2025. Archived from the original on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  24. ↑ Typhoon 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 8 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 3, 2025. Archived from the original on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  25. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 8 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 3, 2025. Archived from the original on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  26. ↑ TY 2525 Kalmaegi (2525) upgraded from STS (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. November 3, 2025. Archived from the original on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  27. 1 2 "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #6 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 3, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  28. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 9 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 3, 2025. Archived from the original on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  29. ↑ "Tino makes landfall over Silago, Southern Leyte – PAGASA". GMA News Online . November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  30. ↑ "Typhoon Tino makes second landfall in Cebu, third in Negros Occidental". Rappler. November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  31. ↑ Arceo, Acor (November 4, 2025). "Typhoon Tino makes fourth landfall in Guimaras; new storm forms outside PAR". Rappler . Retrieved November 5, 2025.
  32. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #15 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 4, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  33. ↑ Arceo, Acor (November 4, 2025). "Typhoon Tino makes fifth landfall in Iloilo City, crosses Antique". Rappler . Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  34. ↑ "Typhoon Tino approaches northern Palawan". ABS-CBN. November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  35. ↑ Arceo, Acor (November 5, 2025). "Typhoon Tino makes seventh landfall in Palawan's Batas Island". Rappler . Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  36. ↑ "Tino over El Nido waters as super typhoon approaches". ABS-CBN. November 5, 2025. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
  37. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 17 (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 5, 2025. Archived from the original on November 5, 2025. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
  38. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 19 (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 5, 2025. Archived from the original on November 6, 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  39. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Kalmaegi) Warning No. 21 (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 6, 2025. Archived from the original on November 6, 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  40. ↑ "Typhoon Kalmaegi makes landfall in Vietnam, at least 142 dead in Philippines". RTE. November 6, 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  41. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #1 for Tropical Storm 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 2, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  42. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #3 for Severe Tropical Storm 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 2, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  43. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #4 for Severe Tropical Storm 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 3, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  44. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #5 for Severe Tropical Storm 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 3, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  45. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #7 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 3, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  46. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #8 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 3, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  47. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #9 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 3, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  48. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #10 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 3, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  49. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #11 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 4, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  50. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #13 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 4, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  51. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #17 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 4, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  52. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #23 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 5, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2025. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
  53. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #25 for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 6, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  54. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #27-FINAL for Typhoon 'Tino' (Kalmaegi)" (PDF). PAGASA . November 6, 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  55. ↑ Gabieta, Joey A. (November 2, 2025). "Eastern Visayas on alert ahead of Tino's landfall in Eastern Samar". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  56. ↑ Inso, Futch Anthony (November 2, 2025). "Lapu-Lapu City officials convened to assess Tino's potential risks". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
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  • Commons-logo.svg Media related to Typhoon Kalmaegi (2025) at Wikimedia Commons
Typhoon Kalmaegi (Tino)
Kalmaegi 2025-11-06 0340Z.jpg
Kalmaegi at peak intensity over the South China Sea on November 6
RankEventDate(s)Deaths
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • May 28 – mid-September
  • June 26 – mid-July
  • May 28–29
  • August 31
  • January 7–31
    • October 31 – present
  • July 4–5
  • October 1–3
  • June 10–11
  • June 26 – August 7
  • 2,188 – 16,500+
  • 1000+ (+209 missing)
  • 500+ (+600 missing)
  • 375–1,573
  • 31–440
  • 140+ (+127 missing)
  • 135+ (+2 missing)
  • 111 (+2 missing)
  • 103
  • 98 (+63 missing)
Death tolls come from various meteorological agencies.
See Weather of 2025#Deadliest events for the sources to this information.
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