2025 Cebu earthquake

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2025 Cebu Earthquake
Village for survivors of Typhoon Haiyan affected by the 2025 earthquake.jpg
A village built for Typhoon Haiyan survivors was affected by the earthquake.
Philippines relief location map (Visayas).svg
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Philippines relief location map (square).svg
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UTC  time2025-09-30 13:59:43
ISC  event 644215443
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local dateSeptember 30, 2025 (2025-09-30)
Local time21:59:43 PST (UTC+8)
Duration30 seconds
Magnitude Mw 6.9
Depth10 km (6.2 mi)
Epicenter 11°09′04″N124°08′17″E / 11.151°N 124.138°E / 11.151; 124.138
FaultBogo Bay Fault
Areas affected Visayas, Philippines
Total damage₱3 billion(US$60.91 million)
Max. intensity MMI IX (PEIS VII)
Aftershocks4,161+ ≥Mw 1.0
Mw 5.3 on October 3, 2025 (strongest)
Casualties68 deaths, 559 injuries

On September 30, 2025, at 21:59:43 PST (13:59:43 UTC), an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ) struck the Visayas archipelago in the Philippines. It was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in northern Cebu and the deadliest in the country since 2013, with its epicenter located off the coast of Cebu Province in the Central Visayas region.

Contents

The earthquake was felt in all of Central Visayas while also felt in some areas of Western Visayas, Eastern Visayas, Mindanao and Southern Luzon (particularly Bicol). Thousands of aftershocks were recorded. PHIVOLCS confirmed that the newly named Bogo Bay Fault was the source of the earthquake after documenting surface ruptures and fault scarps in Bogo City.

The earthquake killed at least 68 people and injured 559 others. A total of ₱3 billion( US$ 60.91 million) worth of infrastructure was damaged. Numerous buildings and houses collapsed, including churches and hospitals, with damage occurring as far away as Cebu City. Tsunami advisories were triggered, widespread power outages occurred and landslides caused damage. In response, schools were closed in several parts of the Visayas archipelago. Teams were deployed as the government supported relief efforts. Following the earthquake, most countries expressed their readiness to assist the Philippines.

Tectonic setting

The Philippine Islands are situated within a highly deformed zone between the convergent boundary of the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates, known as the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB). Along the east, the Philippine Sea plate subducts beneath the islands at the Philippine and East Luzon trenches. Major subduction complexes are also active along the southwestern coast of Mindanao at the Cotabato Trench and along the Manila Trench of the west Luzon. [1] [2]

Running through the PMB is the Philippine fault system; a large 1,200-kilometer-long, highly segmented strike-slip fault system. This left-lateral system of faults runs from southeastern Mindanao to northwestern Luzon. Strike-slip deformation within the PMB occurs as a result of oblique subduction of the Philippine Sea plate, where the Philippine fault system accommodates much of it. [3] The PMB has numerous subduction zones which either dip west or east depending on the location. [4]

In the center of the PMB is the Visayas archipelago which is bounded in the west by the Negros Trench and the Mindoro Collision Zone. Mesozoic and sedimentary formations are exposed but are unbearably covered by Paleogene and Neogene formations. These sedimentary formations are then covered by Plio-Pleistocene rocks. A large portion of these formations become an anticlinorium directed NNE originating from multiple tectonic events. Rock units in central Cebu are divided into three units which are divided by shear zones trending NE. Three of these shear zones are identified as possible faults, particularly the Uling-Masaba Fault, Lutac-Jaclupan Fault, and an unnamed fault. [5]

PHIVOLCS reported that between 1885 and 2013, Cebu and nearby provinces experienced at least eight strong earthquakes with magnitudes from M5.0 to M7.2, including ones recorded in 2012 and 2013. [6] Cebu was not known to be as seismically active as other regions in central Philippines as there were barely any known faults which have generated earthquakes. [7]

Earthquake

The earthquake struck at 21:59:43 PST on September 30, with an epicenter that was located 11 km (6.8 mi) off the eastern coast of Daanbantayan in Cebu Province, Central Visayas and at a depth of 5 km (3.1 mi). [8] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) both reported a moment magnitude (Mw ) of 6.9. [8] [9]

Analysis suggests that the 2025 event occurred in a region that had accumulated pressure from the 2017 Leyte earthquake. [10] PHIVOLCS described the event as the strongest earthquake ever recorded in northern Cebu. [11]

Bogo Bay Fault

PHIVOLCS identified the newly named Bogo Bay Fault as the source of the earthquake Bogo Bay Fault, October 2025.jpg
PHIVOLCS identified the newly named Bogo Bay Fault as the source of the earthquake

On October 1, PHIVOLCS identified the fault that caused the earthquake. It was previously unnamed and rarely detected due to its underwater location, and it had not shown any significant movement for more than 400 years. [12] [13] PHIVOLCS stated that even though minor earthquakes with magnitudes below 4.5 were recorded in the area, they were too weak to indicate the presence of a fault that could cause an earthquake. [14] On October 3, PHIVOLCS confirmed that the newly named Bogo Bay Fault was the source of the earthquake, after its Quick Response Team documented surface ruptures and fault scarps in Bogo. [15] PHIVOLCS reported that the drone surveys revealed the fault may extend up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi), [16] adding that the fault appeared to have moved in a right-lateral manner. [17]

Seismic intensity

USGS ShakeMap showing the earthquake's intensity 2025-09-30 Calape, Philippines M6.9 earthquake shakemap (USGS).jpg
USGS ShakeMap showing the earthquake's intensity

A maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) was estimated by the USGS; according to their Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response service, approximately 59,000 people were within the zone of intensity IX, in multiple barangays of Daanbantayan and Medellin, with 315,000 others in Tabogon, San Remigio and Bogo exposed to MMI VIII (Severe) shakings. An additional three million people were exposed to VI-VII (Strong-Very strong) shaking in Cebu, Leyte, Masbate and Negros Occidental provinces; MMI VI was felt in Cebu City. MMI V (Moderate) shaking was felt by 11.12 million people across the Visayas and nearby areas, including Iloilo, Bacolod, Samar, Bohol and Roxas City. [8] The earthquake was felt as far away as Quezon in Luzon [18] and Davao del Sur in Mindanao. [19] On the PHIVOLCS earthquake intensity scale, a maximum intensity of VII (Destructive) was instrumentally recorded at Cebu City, Daanbantayan, Bogo, Medellin and San Remigio. [20] Shaking in areas near the epicenter lasted approximately 30 seconds. [21]

PEIS reported intensities [20]
Intensity

Scales

Location
VII Bogo, Daanbantayan, Medellin, San Remigio, and Tabuelan, Cebu; Cebu City
VI Murcia, Negros Occidental; Bantayan, Borbon, Catmon, and Sogod, Cebu
V Cataingan, Esperanza, and Pio V. Corpus, Masbate; Cadiz, Hinigaran, Moises Padilla, San Carlos, San Enrique, Sipalay, and Toboso, Negros Occidental; Dauis, Tagbilaran, and Talibon, Bohol; Alcoy, Argao, Asturias, Carmen, Compostela, Consolacion, Dalaguete, Danao, Liloan, Oslob, Samboan, San Fernando, and Santander, Cebu; Lapu-Lapu City; Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Culaba, Kawayan, Maripipi, and Naval, Biliran; Abuyog, Alangalang, Albuera, Babatngon, Barugo, Bato, Baybay, Burauen, Calubian, Capoocan, Carigara, Dagami, Dulag, Hilongos, Hindang, Inopacan, Isabel, Jaro, Javier, Julita, Kananga, La Paz, Leyte, Macarthur, Matag-ob, Matalom, Mayorga, Merida, Palo, Palompon, Pastrana, San Isidro, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Tabango, Tabontabon, Tanauan, Tolosa, Tunga, and Villaba, Leyte; Ormoc; Tacloban
IV Ligao, Albay; Dimasalang, Mandaon, Masbate City, Milagros, Monreal, Palanas, San Fernando, and San Jacinto, Masbate; Bulan, Bulusan, Casiguran, Irosin, Magallanes, and Pilar, Sorsogon; Dao, Roxas City, and Sigma, Capiz; Leganes, Iloilo; Bago, Himamaylan, Ilog, and Kabankalan, Negros Occidental; Ubay, Bohol; Amlan, Bacong, Bais, Bayawan, Dauin, San Jose, Santa Catalina, Tanjay, and Zamboanguita, Negros Oriental; Arteche, Borongan, Can-avid, Dolores, General Macarthur, Guiuan, Hernani, Lawaan, Mercedes, Oras, Salcedo, San Julian, Sulat, and Taft, Eastern Samar; Mahaplag, Leyte; Allen, Bobon, Catarman, Catubig, Gamay, Laoang, Lapinig, Lope De Vega, Mapanas, Mondragon, Palapag, Pambujan, Rosario, San Antonio, San Roque, and Victoria, Northern Samar; Almagro, Calbayog, Catbalogan, Marabut, San Jorge, and Tagapul-an, Samar; Anahawan, Bontoc, Hinunangan, Hinundayan, Libagon, Liloan, Limasawa, Maasin, Macrohon, Malitbog, Padre Burgos, Pintuyan, Saint Bernard, San Francisco, San Juan, San Ricardo, Silago, Sogod, and Tomas Oppus, Southern Leyte; Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte; Mambajao, Camiguin

Aftershocks

Aftershocks continued to be experienced after the initial mainshock. [22] By October 3, 2025, at least 4,161 aftershocks were recorded, [23] the strongest being a mb 5.3 event at 05:39 PST on October 3. [24] The aftershocks were recorded at magnitudes of 1.0-5.1, with 21 of them being felt. [23]

Impact

The Philippine Army and the Bureau of Fire Protection joined the rescue efforts Search Retrieval Cebu Quake, 2025.png
The Philippine Army and the Bureau of Fire Protection joined the rescue efforts

As of October 3,2025, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council reported that 366,360 people were affected, with 77,022 displaced from their homes. Additionally, 5,013 houses were damaged, of which 658 were destroyed. [25] The Visayan Electric Company reported power outages in some areas. [26] The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) said that the earthquake disconnected Leyte, Samar, and parts of Bohol from the Cebu-Negros-Panay grid. It also recorded damage to its Daanbantayan Substation and the tripping of four 230k V transmission lines in the Visayas. [27] Twenty-seven power stations failed, resulting in power outages that affected 819,843 consumers across 309 municipalities. [28] Business operations in the Philippines were disrupted when the Cebu IT Park was evacuated. [29] Power outages also occurred in Iloilo City. [30]

Several sinkholes appeared in Daanbantayan and Medellin. [31] [32]

Damage

Bogo City Hall damaged by the earthquake Bogo City Hall damaged by the earthquake, October 2025.jpg
Bogo City Hall damaged by the earthquake

An estimated ₱3 billion( US$ 60.91 million) in infrastructure was damaged. [33] Collapsed structures include the Archdiocesan Shrine of Santa Rosa de Lima church in Daanbantayan, a bridge in San Remigio, [34] [35] and three structures in Bantayan. [36] [37] In addition, three government buildings and six bridges were also damaged in the province. [38] [39] Some 5,587 classrooms sustained minor damage, 803 sustained major damage, and 1,187 were destroyed, [40] with more than 19,000 students and 950 teachers and staff affected. [41] Four police stations were damaged. [42] Across the Visayas, more than 25 tourist destinations and heritage structures, including 11 in Cebu, sustained damage. Around 339 guests were evacuated from the Nustar Resort and Casino in Cebu City after its canopy collapsed and walls cracked. [43] A total of 335 infrastructures were damaged due to the earthquake, including seven road sections and 11 bridges. At least three seaports were non-operational, stranding at least 214 passengers. [44]

Many roads in Bogo were seriously damaged, [45] along with Cebu Provincial Hospital. [46] All 38 schools in the city were damaged, with two of them destroyed. More than half of the 20,000 tombs in the Corazon Cemetery were also damaged. [47] Churches in Daanbantayan, Bantayan, Borbon, San Remigio, Tabogon and Tabuelan collapsed or were damaged. Numerous roads in Tabuelan were damaged. [48] [9] A McDonald's restaurant collapsed. [49] One bridge in Tabogon, four bridges in Tuburan, and one road in Daanbantayan were destroyed. Housing facilities like SM Cares Housing and Condor Lodge in Bogo also collapsed. A landslide was triggered in Tabuelan while a fire broke out in SM Consolacion. [50]

In Ormoc, the city's Superdome partially collapsed. The earthquake triggered a landslide in Villaba, Leyte, blocking a main road and disrupting local transportation. [51] Another landslide occurred and a bridge was damaged in the town of Leyte. In Naval, Biliran, a gym sustained damage. [52] Many buildings were damaged in Cebu City, including the city hall, [53] Fort San Pedro [54] and a shopping mall which suffered a collapsed ceiling. [55] Severe water scarcity occurred in San Remigio and Medellin after municipal water systems were damaged. [56] Six school handwashing facilities were damaged. [57] The San Pedro Apóstol church in Bantayan faced heavy damage on its facade. [56] The Daanbantayan substation was damaged, causing the municipality to suffer heavy power loss. [58] The port of Medellin was partially damaged, [59] while a seaport in Bogo and a wall at the city's fire station collapsed. [60] [61] In Mandaue, an ammonia leakage occurred at the San Miguel Brewery. [62]

Casualties

At least 68 people were killed in the earthquake. [63] It was the deadliest earthquake in the country since 2013. [64] In addition, there were 559 injuries. [65] In Bogo, 10 people were killed at a village built for victims of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). [66] A rockslide in Barangay Binabag killed 15 people. [67]

In San Remigio, five people were killed after the San Remigio Sports Complex and Recreation Center collapsed during a basketball game. [68] [69] In Cebu City, at least five people sustained minor injuries. [53] In Passi, Iloilo, 39 students were hospitalized after the earthquake triggered a mass panic during a college acquaintance party at the Passi City Arena. [70] The earthquake disrupted a gala night of the Miss Asia Pacific International in Cebu City, injuring the Belgian contestant after she fell off a runway. [71] One person survived after falling into a sinkhole in San Remigio generated by the earthquake. [72]

On October 3, the NDRRMC lowered the death toll from 72 to 68 after validation by the Department of the Interior and Local Government-led Management of the Dead and Missing cluster. A civil defense official said the numbers may still change as validation is still ongoing. [73]

Response and aftermath

Schools were ordered closed in Negros Occidental [74] and in Mandaue, Lapu-Lapu City, Talisay, Danao, Minglanilla, Consolacion, Carmen, and Barili in Cebu on October 1. [75] Classes in Cebu City were suspended as a precautionary measure. [9] Government work at the Iloilo Provincial Capitol was suspended to allow for an assessment of the building's structural integrity. In Tagbilaran, Bohol, government work was also suspended, except for the city's earthquake quick response team. [26] The municipality of San Remigio announced its intention to declare a state of calamity in order to expedite response and relief operations. [76] Cebu was placed in a state of calamity. [77]

Medical teams from the Cebu South Medical Center and other organizations were deployed to areas affected by the earthquake. [78] In Bogo, residents lay in tents while charging their phones using generators according to Rappler correspondent John Sitchon. Sitchon recalled the aftermath reminiscent of Typhoon Rai (Odette) but also said the aftermath a "nightmare". [79] A civil defense official said the earthquake was deadly because it struck at night, when people were asleep and slower to react. [80]

Local

The victims of the Cebu earthquake pose holding a sign 2025-10-02 - PBBM at Ground Zero, oversees immediate relief efforts for Cebu earthquake victims (10).jpg
The victims of the Cebu earthquake pose holding a sign

The Archdiocese of Cebu, under its new Archbishop Alberto Uy – whose formal installation occurred just a few hours before the earthquake struck – halted church use in earthquake-hit areas and ordered structural assessments of all churches and rectories. [81] Cebu Governor Pam Baricuatro urged residents in Cebu to "stay calm and move to open areas" in a live video message in her Facebook account. A trauma team was formed by the Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center, [9] which issued an appeal for blood donations after its supplies ran low. [82] Contestants of the Miss Asia Pacific International pageant, whose gala night was interrupted by the earthquake, sent donations to victims. [83] Actress Kim Chiu sent aid to the victims in her home province of Cebu. [84] The Davao City government sent relief and assistance teams to Cebu province on October 2. [85] Singer Zsa Zsa Padilla provided food and financial assistance to the victims of the earthquake. [86]

The provincial government of Ilocos Norte donated boxes of relief goods to earthquake victims, [87] the Zamboanga City government sent a team on a humanitarian mission to Cebu, [88] and the city government of Pasig, will mobilize five teams, including a search and rescue unit, to assist areas affected by the earthquake. [89] The Quezon City government mobilized its resources to assist Cebu residents and will also provide ₱ 10 million( US$ 203,045.69) in financial assistance. [90]

The Mactan–Cebu International Airport was temporarily evacuated for assessment and experienced a power outage. [57] [91] A flight arriving at Bacolod–Silay Airport was delayed for 30 minutes due to inspections on the runway. [92] Fishing communities faced livelihood problems. [56] A ban on trucks travelling on national and provincial roads in Cebu was lifted for the duration of the province's state of calamity declaration to allow for faster delivery of aid. [93]

3,000 residents, mostly young people, volunteered to help relief efforts by packing goods in the Cebu Provincial Capitol although they could not venture into the hardest-hit towns by themselves. [94] Around 1,025 evacuation centers were established. [95] In Medellin, some residents were forced to sleep in plastic bags due to rain and lack of tents. [96]

Domestic

President Bongbong Marcos visited the earthquake-affected areas in Bogo, Cebu 2025-10-02 - PBBM at Ground Zero, oversees immediate relief efforts for Cebu earthquake victims (01).jpg
President Bongbong Marcos visited the earthquake-affected areas in Bogo, Cebu

President Bongbong Marcos urged government agencies to move quickly and provide urgent aid to the affected communities. [97] On October 2, he arrived in Cebu and visited the Yolanda Housing Village in Barangay Palumbato, which was used as a relocation site for survivors of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). [98] Marcos announced that his office had donated over ₱ 200 million( US$ 4.06 million) to the cities and municipalities of Cebu after the earthquake, [99] and that the Office of the President would also provide ₱ 5 million( US$ 101,522.84) each to province-owned hospitals. [100]

Marcos pledged to restore damaged structures and heritage sites, and ordered that electricity and other essential services in Cebu be fully restored within two days. [101] [102] He also instructed the construction of a “tent city” in Bogo to provide temporary shelter for displaced residents. [103] He directed the Department of Budget and Management to allocate ₱ 150 million( US$ 3.05 million) from the Local Government Support Fund to the Cebu provincial government, and ₱ 75 million( US$ 1.52 million) each to the local governments of San Remigio, Bogo, and Medellin. [104] Marcos assured that all earthquake victims who were injured or need hospital care would be covered by the zero balance billing policy, [105] and announced ₱ 100,000( US$ 2,030.46) aid for those with damaged homes. [100]

Vice President Sara Duterte visited earthquake victims in Cebu to offer her sympathies and assured communities still waiting for aid that her satellite office in Cebu would ensure they receive support. [106] [107] According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), a state of calamity was declared in 55 cities and municipalities. [25] The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office deployed immediate relief operations to assist communities affected by the earthquake. [108] A Philippine Coast Guard ship was sent to give assistance and basic emergency equipment for relief efforts. [109] The NGCP placed the Visayas power grid under yellow alert status. [110]

The Philippine Air Force delivers hygiene kits onto Sikorsky S-70 PAF personnel loaded hygiene kits onto a Black Hawk helicopter at TOG 8, October 2025.jpg
The Philippine Air Force delivers hygiene kits onto Sikorsky S-70

PHIVOLCS issued a Tsunami Advisory Minor Sea Level Disturbance following the earthquake at around 22:32 PST [111] [112] covering the coastal towns of Leyte, Cebu, and Biliran. [113] The advisory was lifted at 01:20 PST the next day, October 1. [114] [115] On the other hand, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center did not issue a Pacific-wide tsunami threat. [111] The government has yet to decide if to request international help. [116]

The Department of Health mobilized special care units among Cebu while initiating a Code White alert. [56] The University of San Carlos launched a donation drive to affected communities. The Girl Scouts of the Philippines, the Cebu Technological University, the Philippine Red Cross and other organizations initiated donation drives. [117] The Philippine Army deployed soldiers to earthquake-hit areas in Cebu, [118] while the Philippine National Police deployed 2,250 personnel. [119] The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority sent a team to Cebu province following President Marcos’ directive to mobilize resources and deliver aid to communities affected by the earthquake. [120]

Search and rescue operations ended on October 2 after authorities determined that there were no more missing people, with the focus shifting to delivering aid and relief to the affected areas. [121] [122] The government implemented a 60-day price freeze for basic necessities, liquefied petroleum gas and kerosene. [123] As of October 3,2025, the NDRRMC reports that assistance and relief goods worth ₱ 126,260( US$ 2,563.65) have been distributed to affected families. [25]

International

Following the earthquake, the United States, Canada, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia said that they are ready to assist the Philippines. [124] [125] [126] [127] The Singapore Red Cross (SRC) donated S$50,000 (₱ 2.2 million( US$ 44,670.05)) to support affected communities. [128]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Galgana, G. A.; Hamburger, M. W.; McCaffrey, R.; Bacolcol, T. C.; Aurelio, M. A. (December 2007). "Modeling the Philippine Mobile Belt: Tectonic blocks in a deforming plate boundary zone". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2007: G21C–0670. Bibcode:2007AGUFM.G21C0670G.
  2. ↑ "Cebu Catastrophe: 6.9 Quake Kills 69, Levels Towns and Shakes the Visayas". Visgion News. October 1, 2025.
  3. ↑ Aurelio 2000, p. 584–597.
  4. ↑ Mendoza et al. 2022, p. 3.
  5. ↑ Mendoza et al. 2022, p. 4.
  6. ↑ "PRIMER ON THE 30 SEPTEMBER 2025 MAGNITUDE (MW) 6.9 OFFSHORE NORTHERN CEBU EARTHQUAKE" (Press release). PHIVOLCS. Archived from the original on October 1, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  7. ↑ Geronimo, Jee (October 1, 2025). "Cebu is not known to be as quake-prone — until the September 30 earthquake". Rappler. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 ANSS. "M 6.9 - 11 km ESE of Calape, Philippines 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Magnitude 6.9 earthquake jolts Cebu". ABS-CBN . September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  10. ↑ Geronimo, Jee (October 1, 2025). "Cebu is not known to be as quake-prone — until the September 30 earthquake". RAPPLER. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  11. ↑ "Magnitude 6.9 earthquake strongest in northern Cebu history —PHIVOLCS". GMA News Online. October 1, 2025. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  12. ↑ "Cebu earthquake caused by fault that had not moved for 400 years — PHIVOLCS". GMA News Online. October 1, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  13. ↑ Du, Shay (October 1, 2025). "Phivolcs still studying unnamed offshore fault that caused Cebu quake". Rappler. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  14. ↑ Du, Shay (October 2, 2025). "What we know so far about the fault that caused the Cebu earthquake". RAPPLER. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  15. ↑ "Phivolcs identifies Bogo Bay Fault as source of Cebu quake". SunStar. October 3, 2025. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  16. ↑ Morexette Marie B. Erram (October 3, 2025). "Bogo Bay Fault source of 6.9 quake in north Cebu". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  17. ↑ Vince Angelo Ferreras (October 3, 2025). "PHIVOLCS spots fault behind magnitude 6.9 earthquake in Cebu". GMA News. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  18. ↑ "Magnitude 6.9 earthquake strongest in northern Cebu history —PHIVOLCS". GMA News. October 2, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  19. ↑ "M6.9 quake strikes Cebu". SunStar. September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  20. 1 2 "Earthquake Information No. 3". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology . September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  21. ↑ "795 aftershocks recorded; shallow M6.9 quake caused widespread damage - Phivolcs". ABS-CBN . Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  22. ↑ Joviland, Rita; L., V.A. (October 1, 2025). "Cebu earthquake aftershocks reached 379 so far —PHIVOLCS". GMA News Online. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  23. 1 2 "Cebu earthquake aftershocks now 4,161 — PHIVOLCS". GMA News . October 3, 2025. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  24. ↑ ANSS. "M 5.3 - 13 km WNW of Bantiqui, Philippines 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  25. 1 2 3 Situational Report No. 4 for the Effects of Magnitude 6.7 Earthquake in Bogo City Cebu (PDF) (Report). Quezon City, Philippines: National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councilo. October 3, 2025. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  26. 1 2 "Magnitude 6.9 earthquake hits Cebu". Rappler. September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  27. ↑ Andales, Lyle (September 30, 2025). "Cebu rocked by strong magnitude 6.9 earthquake". Cebu Daily News. Manila Bulletin . Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  28. ↑ Elchico, Alvin (October 1, 2025). "Over 800,000 without power after Cebu quake, Opong onslaught". ABS-CBN. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  29. ↑ Data Friendly Spaces 2025, p. 5.
  30. ↑ "Brownouts hit Iloilo City after Cebu quake". Philippine Daily Inquirer . September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  31. ↑ "Residents worry as sinkholes appear in quake-hit Daanbantayan, Cebu". GMA News . October 3, 2025. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  32. ↑ "Sinkholes found in northern Cebu after quake". SunStar . October 3, 2025. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  33. ↑ "73 dead in Cebu temblor; infra damage at P3 B". Manila Bulletin. October 2, 2025. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  34. ↑ "Northern Cebu appeals for water, tents after deadly earthquake". Cebu Daily News . Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  35. ↑ "Child dies in Cebu following strong quake". Philippine Daily Inquirer . September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  36. ↑ "Strong quake causes damage, panic in central Philippine island". Yahoo News. September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  37. ↑ "Cebu earthquake: Heritage churches in northern Cebu damaged". Cebu Daily News. September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  38. ↑ "Earthquake in Philippines Kills at Least 20, Officials Say" . The New York Times . September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  39. ↑ Thakkar, Maitreyee. "Watch: Chilling videos of Philippines earthquake show bridge swaying, roofs falling, beauty pageants running for life - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  40. ↑ Hernando-Malipot, Merlina (October 2, 2025). "DepEd: 1,187 classrooms destroyed, over 19,000 learners displaced by Cebu quake". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  41. ↑ "DepEd: Classes in quake-affected areas may resume in 30 days". GMA News. October 3, 2025. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  42. ↑ "Over 2K cops deployed to assist in Cebu earthquake response ops — PNP". GMA News. October 2, 2025. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  43. ↑ "DOT lists over 25 Visayas tourist sites damaged by Cebu quake". Brigada News. October 2, 2025. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  44. ↑ "Cebu earthquake's injured persons increase to 559 —NDRRMC". GMA News. October 3, 2025. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  45. ↑ "Damage check in Bogo City, Cebu". Rappler. October 1, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  46. ↑ "Cebu Provincial Hospital in Bogo City damaged by earthquake". Rappler. October 1, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
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