2025 Tibet earthquake

Last updated

2025 Tibet earthquake
2025 Tibet earthquake aftermath.png
Collapsed and damaged homes in Tingri County
China edcp relief location map.jpg
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time2025-01-07 01:05:16
ISC  event 642702740
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date7 January 2025 (2025-01-07)
Local time09:05 CST (UTC+8)
Magnitude Mw 7.1
Ms 6.8
Depth10.0 km (6.2 mi)
Epicenter 28°38′20″N87°21′40″E / 28.639°N 87.361°E / 28.639; 87.361
Type Normal
Areas affected Southwestern China, Nepal and India
Max. intensity CSIS IX

MMI IX (Violent)
Foreshocksmb 4.1 [1]
Aftershocks515+ [2]
Strongest: mb 5.1 [3]
Casualties126 fatalities, 201 injuries

On 7 January 2025 at 09:05 CST (UTC+8), an earthquake measuring Mw 7.1 or Ms 6.8 struck Tingri County, located in the Shigatse prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region of southwestern China. [4] At least 126 people were killed while 188 others were injured in the region. The earthquake also injured 13 people in Nepal and caused minor damage in northern India. Shaking was felt across South Asia. The earthquake was the largest in China since May 2021 and the deadliest since December 2023. [5] [6] It was caused by noral faulting and originated within the continental crust at 10 km (6.2 mi) depth.

Contents

Tectonic setting

The Tibetan plateau attains its high elevation due to crustal thickening caused by the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian plate, creating the Himalayas. [7] Faulting within the plateau is associated with strike-slip and normal mechanisms. The plateau extends in an east–west direction along evidenced by north–south striking grabens, strike-slip faulting and GPS data. [8] In the northern region, strike-slip faulting constitutes the dominant style of tectonics while in the south, the dominant tectonic domain is east-west extension on north–south trending normal faults. [9]

The largest earthquakes in Tibet, with magnitudes of 8.0 or similar, occur along strike-slip faults. Normal faulting earthquakes are smaller in magnitudes; in 2008, five normal faulting earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.9 to 7.1 occurred in various locations across the plateau. These earthquakes occurred on faults with dip angles of 40 to 50 degrees and extended to a depth of 10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi). [8]

A 2010 study in Geophysical Journal International observed within the past 43 years, 85 percent of seismic moment released during normal faulting occurred in areas of more than 5 km (3.1 mi) elevation. This may suggest normal faulting earthquakes are dependent on gravitational potential energy to trigger these ruptures. [8]

Earthquake

USGS ShakeMap illustrating ground motion around the epicenter 2025-01-07 2025 Xizang, China Earthquake M7.1 earthquake ShakeMap.pdf
USGS ShakeMap illustrating ground motion around the epicenter

The United States Geological Survey said that the earthquake measured a moment magnitude (Mww ) of 7.1, while the China Earthquake Networks Center reported its magnitude at Ms 6.8. The shock occurred at 10 km (6.2 mi) depth, indicating it occurred within the continental crust that forms the Tibetan Plateau. [10] It was caused by normal faulting with a minor strike-slip component. [11] Focal mechanism solutions indicate that the rupture occurred on a north-south striking fault, dipping moderately to either to the east or west. [4] The epicenter was located at Tsogo Township in Tingri County, an area with an average altitude of 4,500 m (14,800 ft). [12] Moment magnitude and surface wave magnitude (Ms) are two slightly different ways to measure the strength of an earthquake; moment magnitude is more recently developed to measure total energy released by the earthquake. [13]

Modelling of the rupture by the United States Geological Survey revealed motion along a north–northeast striking fault dipping west–northwest or north–northwest striking fault dipping east–northeast. In both solutions, co-seismic slip occurred for about 80 km (50 mi) along strike and extended to 20 km (12 mi) depth. The maximum slip in these solutions were 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) and 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in), respectively. A rupture area of about 80 km (50 mi) x 20 km (12 mi) was estimated, extending from Ngamring County to southern Tingri County near the border with Nepal. [4] Seismologists at the China Earthquake Networks Center said the mainshock originated within the Lhasa terrane, a crustal block that forms part of the plateau. [14] Geologic activity causes north–south compression and east−west extension within the plateau which are accommodated by faults. [15]

The China Earthquake Administration evaluated that the enture rupture occurred within 23 seconds, releasing a seismic moment estimated at 4.0469 × 1019 Nm. However, the greatest moment release occurred 13 seconds after the rupture initiated. The rupture propagated bilaterally along a normal fault, but most of it was directed northward. The institution also determined that there was a high likelihood of surface rupture. [11] Surface ruptures were later mapped via satellite imagery; they occurred on the eastern shores of Dengme Co lake discontinuously for 11 km (6.8 mi). These ruptures exhibited normal faulting characteristics. [16]

The Chengdu University of Technology reported a maximum China seismic intensity scale of IX, which was recorded in six townships within an area of 671 km2 (259 sq mi), including Chamso, Cogo, Gyaco and Qulho Township. Intensity VIII was felt in Dinggyê, Lhatse and Sa'gya Counties within a 2,917 km2 (1,126 sq mi) area. Since 1949, 37 earthquakes of Ms  5.0–5.9, 7 of Ms  6.0–6.9, and 1 of Ms  7.0–7.9 have been recorded within 200 km (120 mi) of the epicentre. It was the deadliest earthquake in the immediate area since a Ms 6.6 event occurred in Yadong County on 20 November 1980. That earthquake had an epicenter 176 km (109 mi) away and killed 3 people in the county. The 7 January 2025 earthquake was also the largest in the area since a Ms 7.1 struck 171 km (106 mi) to the south on 26 April 2015. [17]

The tremor was widely felt in much of South Asia, reaching Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, approximately 400 km (250 mi) from the epicenter, where residents fled their homes in fear. Strong shaking was also experienced in areas near Mount Everest, including Lobuche and Namche. The earthquake's effects extended to Thimphu in Bhutan, and the northern Indian states of Bihar, Assam, and West Bengal. [18] Shaking was also felt in Dhaka, Bangladesh and other parts of the country. [19] At least 515 aftershocks followed the mainshock. [2]

Impact

The earthquake killed at least 126 people, injured 188, [20] and collapsed more than 3,600 homes in Tibet. [21] Fatalities occurred in Tingri, Lhatse and Sa'gya Counties. More than 1,000 homes collapsed in Tingri county. [22] In Lhatse County, debris covered streets and vehicles, [23] and a hotel was damaged. [24] More than 170 China Mobile stations were disabled by the earthquake, although mobile services were restored nine hours later. [21] In Nepal, 13 people were injured, including 11 in Bara, and one each from Kavrepalanchok and Kathmandu. Two homes were destroyed, and 12 others and a police station were damaged across the country. [25] [26] [27] In Bihar, India, several homes were slightly damaged in Samastipur district. [28]

Response

Firefighters and rescuers at the earthquake rescue site in Shigatse 2025 Tibet earthquake aftermath 2.png
Firefighters and rescuers at the earthquake rescue site in Shigatse

Following the earthquake, more than 3,400 rescue personnel, 340 medical workers, [29] 75 vehicles, four search dogs and 7,030 sets of equipment were dispatched to the epicentre. [30] The China Meteorological Administration issued a level-three emergency alert for the area. [31] To prevent further casualties during potential aftershocks, residents were evacuated. Local officials also allocated resources from the transport, water and village administrative departments to aid in rescue efforts. [32] The State Council's Earthquake Relief Command  [ zh ] and the Ministry of Emergency Management, in conjunction with the National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, distributed 22,000 units of centralised relief supplies, including cotton tents, cotton coats, quilts, and folding beds, as well as specialised relief materials for high-cold and high-altitude regions to the affected areas. [33] The national air force also participated in rescue efforts and sent drones to the area. [34] Air cargo, medical services, ground forces, and helicopters of the Western Theater Command Air Force were deployed. [35]

Temperatures in the area at the time of the earthquake were estimated to have been −8 °C (18 °F), and were expected to fall to −16 °C (3 °F) by night. [36] The Western Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army was also mobilised to assist in relief efforts. [37] The China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application deployed eight satellites to monitor the area. [38] The Mount Qomolangma scenic area was temporarily closed and 530 visitors were evacuated. [39] [40]

Chinese President Xi Jinping "ordered all-out rescue efforts". He urged the relevant bodies to treat the injured, repair damaged infrastructure, and relocate those displaced. [41] The Chinese government said it would allocate 100 million yuan ($13.6 million) for disaster relief. [20] In Nepal, security forces were deployed to areas affected by the earthquake. [42]

At 14:00 on 7 January, 30 officers and soldiers from the People's Armed Police Tibet Contingent arrived in the earthquake-affected region of Shigatse, while 359 other officers and soldiers hastened to the disaster zone. [43] [44] By the evening, China Central Television reported that more than 400 people were rescued, 14 housing areas were established, and at least 30,400 were relocated. All damaged roads were also reopened. [45] The initial consignment of over 5,800 cotton tents, garments, quilts, and other central relief supplies has reached the earthquake-affected regions of Tingri County, while the remaining more than 16,000 central relief items arrived in the disaster-impacted areas on the 8th. [46]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Shigatse, officially known as Xigazê or Rikaze, is a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Its area of jurisdiction, with an area of 182,000 km2 (70,271 sq mi), corresponds to the historical Ü-Tsang region of Tibet.

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References

  1. ↑ ANSS. "M 4.1 - Southern Tibetan Plateau 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  2. 1 2 "截至今日8时，西藏定日地震共记录到余震515次". China Daily . 8 January 2025. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  3. ↑ ANSS. "M 5.1 – 72 km NE of Lobuche, Nepal 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  4. 1 2 3 ANSS. "M 7.1 – 2025 Xizang, China Earthquake 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  5. ↑ "Search Earthquake Catalog". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  6. ↑ Kua, Isabel (7 January 2025). "Quake In China's Tibet Kills 32 With Tremors Felt In Nepal, India". Barron's . Barron's. Agence France-Presse . Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  7. ↑ Madden-Nadeau, Amber (2014). "Overview of the geology of the Himalayas" (PDF). Geology for Global Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 Elliott, J. R.; Walters, R. J.; England, P. C.; Jackson, J. A.; Li, Z.; Parsons, B. (2010). "Extension on the Tibetan plateau: recent normal faulting measured by InSAR and body wave seismology". Geophysical Journal International. 183 (2): 503–535. Bibcode:2010GeoJI.183..503E. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04754.x .
  9. ↑ Craig, Timothy J.; Copley, Alex; Jackson, James (2012). "Thermal and tectonic consequences of India underthrusting Tibet". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 353–354: 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.010.
  10. ↑ "西藏日喀则市定日县发生6.8级地震" [A 6.8-magnitude earthquake occurred in Dingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet]. China Earthquake Network (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  11. 1 2 "2025年1月7日西藏日喀则市定日县6.8级 地震科技支撑简报" [Briefing on the scientific and technological support for the 6.8-magnitude earthquake in Dingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet on January 7, 2025] (in Chinese). China Earthquake Administration. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  12. ↑ "Strong Xizang earthquake: What we know". Xinhua News Agency. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  13. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions: Moment magnitude, Richter scale - what are the different magnitude scales, and why are there so many?". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2025. Moment is a physical quantity proportional to the slip on the fault multiplied by the area of the fault surface that slips; it is related to the total energy released in the earthquake.
  14. ↑ "专家解析西藏日喀则市定日县6.8级地震成因" [Experts analyze the cause of the 6.8-magnitude earthquake in Dingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet]. 新闻频道_央视网(China Central Television) (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  15. ↑ Tengfei, Zhang (7 January 2025). "专家：此次定日县地震为拉萨地块的1次能量释放" [Experts: The Dingri County earthquake was an energy release in the Lhasa block]. China Central Television (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  16. ↑ "地球所影像解译西藏定日6.8级地震的地表破裂特征" [Image interpretation of the surface rupture characteristics of the 6.8-magnitude Tingri earthquake in Tibet]. China Earthquake Administration (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  17. ↑ State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (7 January 2025). "西藏定日县6.8级地震诱发地质灾害预测" [Prediction of geological disasters induced by a magnitude 6.8 earthquake in Dingri County, Tibet] (in Chinese). Chengdu University of Technology. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  18. ↑ Sharma, Nonika (7 January 2025). "95 Dead After 7.1 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Tibet, Tremors Felt In Patna, Guwahati: Highlights". NDTV. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  19. ↑ "Major earthquake jolts parts of Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  20. 1 2 "Strong earthquake kills at least 126 people in western China near Mount Everest". Associated Press. 7 January 2025. Archived from the original on 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  21. 1 2 Hongming, Liu; Xingxiang, Qiu (7 January 2025). "西藏定日县地震已致126人遇难、188人受伤" [The earthquake in Dingri County, Tibet has caused 126 deaths and 188 injuries]. Science and Technology Daily (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  22. ↑ "西藏6.8级地震已致36人遇难" [6.8-magnitude earthquake in Tibet kills 36 people]. Nanfang Daily. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  23. ↑ "Powerful earthquake rocks remote region of Tibet and parts of Nepal, killing more than 120". KEYT-TV. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  24. ↑ "西藏6.8地震「大量房屋倒塌」已有人身亡「居民受困搶救中」" (in Chinese). Eastern Broadcasting Company. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  25. ↑ "भूकम्पका कारण सिन्धुपाल्चोकको फुल्पिङकट्टी चौकीमा क्षति" (in Nepali). Ratopati. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  26. ↑ "Powerful Tibet earthquake kills nearly 100, rattles Nepal". Reuters. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  27. ↑ "भूकम्पबाट नेपालमा १३ जना घाइते" (in Nepali). Nayapatrika Daily. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  28. ↑ "शौचालय से आई चिटचिटाने की आवाज, बाहर निकला तो दीवारों पर दिखी दरारें, भूकंप के झटकों से दहला बिहार" (in Hindi). News 18. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  29. ↑ "95 dead, 130 injured in Xizang 6.8-magnitude quake". Xinhua News Agency. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  30. ↑ "西藏日喀则6.8级地震救援情况 震中有人员被困". Economic Daily (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  31. ↑ Jiexi, Su (7 January 2024). "中国气象局启动地震灾害气象服务三级应急响应" [China Meteorological Administration launches Level 3 emergency response for earthquake disaster meteorological services]. China Meteorological Administration (in Chinese). Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  32. ↑ "53 killed after 6.8-magnitude quake hits Xizang". Asia News Network. Kathmandu Post. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  33. ↑ "三部门紧急调拨2.2万件中央救灾物资 支援西藏定日县地震救灾救助-新华网". 新华网_让新闻离你更近 (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  34. ↑ Bicker, Laura; Ewe, Koh (7 January 2025). "Tibet earthquake rescuers search for survivors in freezing temperatures". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  35. ↑ "西部战区空军无人机起飞！赴震中勘察情况" [Western Theater Command Air Force drone takes off to investigate the epicenter]. Xinhua News Agency (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  36. ↑ "Tibet earthquake rescuers search for survivors in freezing temperatures". BBC. 7 January 2025. Archived from the original on 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  37. ↑ "All-out rescue efforts underway following Xizang 6.8-magnitude quake". Xinhua News Agency. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  38. ↑ "China deploys satellites for Xizang 6.8-magnitude quake rescue efforts". Xinhua News Agency. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  39. ↑ "Mount Qomolangma scenic area closed after 6.8-magnitude quake hit Xizang". Xinhua News Agency. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  40. ↑ "Powerful earthquake rocks remote region of Tibet and parts of Nepal, killing more than 120". CNN. 7 January 2025. Archived from the original on 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  41. ↑ "Update: Xi orders all-out rescue efforts following heavy casualties in 6.8-magnitude Xizang quake". Xinhua News Agency. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  42. ↑ "Powerful earthquake kills more than 50 in Tibet". France 24. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  43. ↑ "武警西藏总队先头救援力量已抵达震区-新华网". 新华网_让新闻离你更近 (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  44. ↑ "武警西藏总队先头救援力量已抵达震区". ce (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  45. ↑ Qin, Chen (7 January 2025). "西藏定日县地震已致126人遇难 188人受伤" [The earthquake in Dingri County, Tibet has caused 126 deaths and 188 injuries]. China Central Television (in Chinese). Economic Daily. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  46. ↑ "首批中央救灾物资已运抵西藏日喀则地震灾区-中新网". 中国新闻网_梳理天下新闻 (in Chinese). 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
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