2021 Maduo earthquake

Last updated

2021 Maduo earthquake
China edcp relief location map.jpg
Bullseye1.png
China Qinghai rel location map.svg
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time2021-05-21 18:04:13
ISC  event 620437814
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date22 May 2021
Local time02:04 (China Standard Time)
Magnitude7.4 Mw
7.4 Ms
Depth17 km (11 mi)
Epicenter 34°35′10″N98°15′18″E / 34.586°N 98.255°E / 34.586; 98.255
Areas affected Qinghai & Tibet, China
Total damage ¥4.1 billion ($646 million USD) [1]
Max. intensity CSIS X [2] [3]

MMI X (Extreme) [4]
AftershocksMultiple. Largest is an mb  5.5 [5]
Casualties
  • 19 injured (official) [6]
  • 20 dead, 300 injured, 13 missing (anonymous source) [7]

The 2021 Maduo earthquake, also known as the 5.22 earthquake struck Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China on 22 May at 02:04 local time. [8] The earthquake had a moment magnitude and surface-wave magnitude of 7.4. [9] [10] [11] [12] Highway bridges, roads and walls collapsed as a result of the earthquake. [13] According to an anonymous source, at least 20 people were killed, 300 were injured, and 13 were missing. [7] Officials stated that there were no deaths but 19 people sustained minor injuries. [14] It was the strongest in China since 2008. [15] It was assigned a maximum intensity of X in Machali, Maduo County on the China seismic intensity scale and Modified Mercalli intensity scale. [3] This earthquake was preceded by another unrelated earthquake that occurred 5 hours earlier in Yunnan. [16] [17]

Contents

Tectonic setting

Map of the main fault zones and blocks of the Tibetan Plateau. TibetanPlateauTectonics.png
Map of the main fault zones and blocks of the Tibetan Plateau.

Western Sichuan is situated at the edge of the Tibetan Plateau in a vast zone of complex continental deformation caused by the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate. As the thrusting of the Indian plate beneath the Eurasian plate along the Himalayas continues, the continental crust within the Eurasian plate is actively uplifted and thickened, forming the Tibetan Plateau. As there are no active thrust structures within the plateau, compression is accommodated by strike-slip motion along large structures including the Altyn Tagh Fault, Kunlun Fault, Haiyuan Fault and Xianshuihe fault system. Left-lateral strike-slip motion squeezes the crustal blocks of the Tibetan Plateau outwards, forcing it to move eastwards. Meanwhile, the strike-slip motion also results in east–west extension of the plateau, causing normal faults to break within the thickened crust. [18] [19]

One of these blocks is the Bayan Har block; bounded to the east by the Longmenshan Fault, Kunlun Fault to the north, and Xianshuihe fault system in the south.

Earthquake

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the earthquake occurred as a result of dominantly left-lateral strike-slip faulting with a component of normal dip-slip. It had an estimated focal depth of 10–17 km. In a matter of days after the event, expert seismologists in China confirmed that the event occurred on the Kunlunshankou–Jiangcuo Fault; a left-lateral fault located within the Bayan Har block. This fault is located approximately 70–80 km south of the much larger Kunlun Fault. [20]

Analysis of the USGS preliminary finite fault model of the slip distribution suggest the rupture was about 180 km long and the greatest slip was at 3.3 meters. [21] A research paper soon to be published in Science Bulletin found that the largest surface displacements measured 2.4 meters, while the use of satellite imagery to model the earthquake rupture found a maximum slip of 6 meters near the hypocenter. [22] In another earthquake model, up to 7 meters of coseismic slip occurred on the shallow 12 km of the rupture. Meanwhile, another study published in Geophysical Research Letters inferred a maximum slip of 9.3 meters at a depth of 7 km. [23] Field analysis show the quake occurred on the Jiangcuo Fault. [24] Parallel to the Jiangcuo Fault are the Maduo-Grande, South Gande, Dari, and Xizangdagou-Changmahe faults, which did not rupture. [24] Based on inferring the locations of the aftershock zone, which extended for approximately 170 km, and the location of the mainshock epicenter, the event involved a bilateral rupture on the strike-slip fault. [25] At the eastern and western termination of the earthquake rupture, a secondary segment also ruptured. The secondary rupture in the west measured longer than that of the east. [20] Further analysis of the event by seismologists indicate it was a supershear earthquake. [26]

Scientific reactions

Experts from the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) said that it is unlikely that another similar-sized earthquake would strike the same area again in the near future. [27] They added that this earthquake likely occurred within the Bayan Har block, a piece of continental crust in the Tibetan Plateau. Its main boundaries are the Xianshuihe Fault to the south and the Kunlun Fault to the north. [28] The largest earthquakes in the vicinity of the May 22 event are the 2001 Kunlun earthquake and the 1937 Tuosuo Lake earthquake, [29] [30] both measuring 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale and involving a rupture on the Kunlun Fault. [31] [32] The earthquake was unexpected and a surprise to seismologists who had previously thought the Bayan Har block was not capable of producing large earthquakes, and that its interior was tectonically stable.[ citation needed ]

Aftershocks

The magnitude 7.4 earthquake was followed by many aftershocks, the largest measuring up to 5.5 on the body wave magnitude (mb ) scale. Two additional aftershocks measured 5.4 mb . The aftershocks were distributed along the entire length of the rupture. [24]

Only aftershocks of magnitude 5.0 or greater are included in this table.

Time

(UTC)

 Latitude Longitude Magnitude (Mw )MMISource
2021-05-21 18:04:1334.586°N98.255°E7.4X [10]
2021-05-21 18:10:4134.576°N98.295°E5.2- [33]
2021-05-21 18:12:1534.624°N98.473°E5.5VII [5]
2021-05-21 18:13:0134.482°N99.084°E5.4VI [34]
2021-05-22 02:29:3734.936°N97.448°E5.1- [35]
2021-05-22 02:38:4534.540°N98.927°E5.1- [36]
2021-05-22 03:21:1834.730°N98.086°E5.2- [37]
2021-05-30 04:50:0934.614°N98.220°E5.1- [38]
2021-05-30 06:55:1534.587°N34.587°N5.2- [39]
2021-06-03 05:55:1834.723°N97.841°E5.0VI [40]
2021-07-08 13:23:2534.676°N97.917°E5.1- [41]
2021-08-13 04:21:3734.598°N97.428°E5.4VII [42]

Intensity

2021 Maduo earthquake seismic intensities
MSK 64 LocationsFelt area (km3)
CSIS X Machali69
CSIS IX Machali, Huanghe Township, Dawu Town, Youyun Township, Maqên County 1,079
CSIS VIII Tehetu Township, Huashixia, Gyaring Lake, Youyun Township 2,295
CSIS VII Youyun Township, Dawu Township, Maqin County, Tehetu Township, Darlag County 10,650
CSIS VI Dangluo Township, Tehetu Township, Jiangqian Township, Qingzhen Township, Xiagongma Township, Ganglong Township, Gadê County, Qumarlêb County, Yüxü, Qingshuihe Town, Dulan County, Qaidam, Sêrxü County 39,611

The Ministry of Emergency Management and the China Earthquake Administration conducted a field analysis of 55 affected areas to investigate the effects of the earthquake. The survey results were compiled to create an intensity map of the earthquake which was released on 28 May. [43] According to the findings, 3 cities, prefectures, 7 counties, 32 townships in Qinghai Province, and 1 city, prefecture, 1 county, 4 townships in Sichuan Province were located within the seismic intensities VI–X on the China seismic intensity scale. [44]

The meizoseismal area of the earthquake was in Machali, a town in Maduo County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The earthquake has its maximum intensity of shaking felt in this region. It was assigned X on the China seismic intensity scale for an area of 69 km2. Such level of intensity would result in bridge piers collapsing and surface fissuring. [3] Intensity IX was felt in two separate areas for 1,069 km2 and 375 km2 respectively along the fault trace. Intensity VIII was felt for a larger 2,295 km2. [3] The earthquake was felt as far as Lanzhou, Xi'an and Chengdu. [45]

Impact

Official words from Chinese authorities stated that 30,000 residents were affected, no deaths occurred and 19 people from Maduo and Maqin counties were injured. [46] [6] Most residents sustained minor injuries, 17 of whom were discharged from the hospitals after receiving treatment. [47] [48] The relatively few number of casualties was attributed to the low population density of the area around the earthquake. [3] On June 1, according to an unidentified Tibetan source, there were 20 deaths, over 300 injured, and 13 missing. [7] The source cited by Radio Free Asia stated that residents in Maduo County and Tibet were prohibited to spread any information of casualties. [7] An estimated 32,000 or more people were displaced. [49] [48]

The earthquake caused damage to at least 625 homes and seven barns in the Huanghe Township area. In Zhalinghu Township, two homes and a barn collapsed due to the shock. Another barn was destroyed in Machali Town. In Huashixia Town, the earthquake collapsed 16 homes. Two parallel bridges of the G0613 Xining–Lijiang Expressway in Maduo County collapsed under the effects of the shock. [50] [51] The bridges were identified as the Yematan No. 2 Bridge of Yugong Expressway and Changma Bridge of Huajiu Expressway. [52] Sections of other major highways were also seriously damaged and deformed beyond use. [53] According to the Qinghai Provincial Transportation Department, the all roads and highways affected by the earthquake were temporarily closed and immediately attended to by repair workers. [47] [54]

Displaced residents relocated to three temporary residential settlements.[ citation needed ] Cotton tents were used as makeshift homes to those affected. Medical workers were also brought to the scene to assist. [48] Some 186 boarding schoolchildren in Huanghe Township had to be moved to temporary shelters because of the tremors. [55] Immediate repair works to communication services and power lines were also carried on. [48] Checks were also conducted at nearby reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations for damage. [56]

Many land fissures, landslides, and ground failures were reported around a zone greater than 100 km in length. Total destruction was observed to homes at Xuema, a small village located at the eastern terminus of the rupture where a small zone of the intensity was assigned IX. A 1.5-km-long surface fissure caused by liquefaction was reported near the village. Approximately 100 meters the north, a 1.5-km-long surface rupture was reported. Major damage was reported in brick structures. The collapse of a house buried two people while another two had minor injuries. [57]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1920 Haiyuan earthquake</span> 1920 earthquake in central China

The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake occurred on December 16 in Haiyuan County, Ningxia Province, Republic of China at 19:05:53. It was also called the 1920 Gansu earthquake because Ningxia was a part of Gansu Province when the earthquake occurred. It caused destruction in the Lijunbu-Haiyuan-Ganyanchi area and was assigned the maximum intensity on the Mercalli intensity scale. About 258,707-273,407 died, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in China and disasters in China by death toll.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2001 Kunlun earthquake</span> 2001 earthquake in western China

An earthquake occurred in China on 14 November 2001 at 09:26 UTC, with an epicenter near Kokoxili, close to the border between Qinghai and Xinjiang in a remote mountainous region. With a magnitude of 7.8 Mw, it was the most powerful earthquake in China for 5 decades. No casualties were reported, presumably due to the very low population density and the lack of high-rise buildings. This earthquake was associated with the longest surface rupture ever recorded on land, ~450 km.

The 2010 Yushu earthquake struck on April 14 and registered a magnitude of 6.9 Mw or 7.1 Ms. It originated in Yushu, Qinghai, China, at 7:49 am local time. According to the Xinhua News Agency, 2,698 people were confirmed dead, 270 missing and 12,135 injured, 1,434 of them severely. The epicenter was located in Rima village (日玛村/日麻村), Upper Laxiu township (上拉秀乡) of Yushu County, in remote and rugged terrain, near the border of Tibet Autonomous Region, about 30 km from Gyêgu town or Jyekundo, the seat of Yushu County, and about 240 km from Qamdo. The epicenter was in a sparsely populated area on the Tibetan plateau that is regularly hit by earthquakes.

The 1997 Manyi earthquake occurred on November 8 at 10:02 UTC. The epicenter was in Nagqu Prefecture in northern Tibet, China. The focal mechanism indicates a left-lateral strike-slip movement. This earthquake had a surface rupture of 17 km (11 mi) long with up to 7 m (23 ft) of left-lateral slip along the Manyi fault, a westward continuation of the Kunlun fault, offset about 100 km (62 mi) to the south. Normally, the continental crust is about 35 km (22 mi) thick, but it reaches 70 km (43 mi) thick under the Tibetan Plateau. This earthquake ruptured up to 20 km (12 mi) of the top part of the local continental crust.

The 1932 Changma earthquake occurred at 10:04:27 local time on 25 December. With an estimated magnitude of 7.6 on the surface-wave magnitude scale, and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, the quake destroyed 1,167 houses and caused 275 to 70,000 deaths and 320 injuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haiyuan Fault</span> Intracontinental strike-slip fault in Tibet

The Haiyuan Fault is a major active intracontinental strike-slip (sinistral) fault in Central Asia.

The 1973 Luhuo earthquake struck near the town of Zhaggo in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China on February 6, 1973, with a magnitude of 7.6 Ms. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. It resulted in between 2,175 and 2,204 deaths and a further 2,743 injuries. Serious and widespread destruction occurred in Luhuo County.

The 1990 Gonghe earthquake occurred on April 26 at 17:37 China Standard Time in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The mainshock had a surface wave magnitude of 7.0 Ms  and a moment magnitude of 6.5 Mw . It was presaged by two foreshocks that struck merely seconds before the main earthquake. On the Mercalli intensity scale, the earthquake had a rating of IX (Violent).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Dali earthquake</span> Earthquake in China

On May 21, 2021, a 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck the Dali City, Yunnan, China, at a depth of 10.0 km. Three people died during the quake, while another 32 were injured. The earthquake was referred by the Chinese media as the 5.21 earthquake or 2021 Yangbi earthquake.

The 2020 Kashgar earthquake, also known as the Jiashi earthquake occurred on 19 January 2020 at 21:27:56 China Standard Time in Xinjiang Province, China. According to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake had a moment magnitude of 6.0 and a surface-wave magnitude of 6.4 according to the China Earthquake Network Center. It struck at a shallow depth of 5.6 km according to the USGS while the CENC has the figure at 16 km. Local emergency management agencies said the earthquake damaged more than 1,000 homes and businesses in the nearby populated towns and villages. One person is known to have died while two other children were injured.

The 1995 Menglian earthquake or 1995 Myanmar–China earthquake occurred on 12 July at 05:46:43 local time in the Myanmar–China border region. The earthquake had an epicenter on the Myanmar side of the border, located in the mountainous region of Shan State. It registered 7.3 on the Chinese surface wave magnitude scale (Ms ) and 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ). With a maximum Mercalli intensity assigned at VIII, it killed 11 people and left another 136 injured. Over 100,000 homes in both countries were destroyed and 42,000 seriously damaged. Some damage to structures were also reported in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, Thailand. The low death toll from this earthquake was attributed to an early warning issued prior to it happening. Precursor events including foreshocks and some seismic anomalies led to an evacuation of the area before the mainshock struck. It is thought to be one of the few successfully predicted earthquakes in history.

The 2021 Luxian earthquake was a damaging seismic event occurring in the early hours of September 16 at 04:33 China Standard Time. The surface-wave magnitude (Ms ) 6.0 or moment magnitude (Mw ) 5.4 earthquake struck at a shallow depth of 7.5 km and severe shaking in an area of 4,000 square kilometers was assigned a maximum intensity of VIII on the China seismic intensity scale. Three people were killed and 146 injured when the earthquake struck Lu County, Luzhou, Sichuan Province. At least 36,800 buildings were affected, 7,800 of them seriously damaged or completely destroyed, causing about a quarter of a billion dollars worth of damage.

The 1850 Xichang earthquake rocked Sichuan Province of Qing China on September 12. The earthquake which caused major damage in Xichang county had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.3–7.9 Mw  and a surface wave magnitude of 7.5–7.7 Ms . An estimated 20,650 people died.

The 1654 Tianshui earthquake occurred on July 21 in Tianshui, Gansu Province, Ming dynasty sometime between 21:00 and 23:00 local time. The event had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.0 and was assigned a maximum intensity of XI on the China seismic intensity scale. Resulting in extreme damage and affecting at least four provinces, the quake killed approximately 30,000 people.

The 1923 Renda earthquake occurred on March 24 at 20:40 local time between the counties of Daofu and Luhuo in Sichuan, China. The estimated Ms 7.3 earthquake was assigned a maximum modified Mercalli intensity scale rating of X (Extreme). Severe damage occurred in Sichuan, killing an estimated 4,800 people.

The 1955 Zheduotang earthquake, also known as the Kangding earthquake occurred on April 14 at 09:29:02 local time near the city of Kangding in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a surface wave magnitude of 7.1 and struck at a depth of 10 km. Severe damage occurred in Kangding with the loss of 70 lives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Qinghai earthquake</span> 2022 Earthquake centered in Menyuan, Qinghai province, China

On January 8, 2022, a magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Menyuan County, Qinghai Province near the border with Gansu Province, China. It was the largest earthquake in China since the 2021 Maduo earthquake.

On April 11, 1870, a moment magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck Batang County in Sichuan, China. The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The earthquake and a large fire resulted in between 2,300 and 5,000 fatalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Ya'an earthquake</span> Earthquake in Sichuan Province, China

On June 1, 2022, a moment magnitude (Mw ) 5.8 or surface-wave magnitude (Ms ) 6.1 earthquake struck Lushan County in Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China. At least four people were killed and 42 were injured. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of VIII on the China seismic intensity scale, causing damage to many homes and triggering rockslides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Jishishan earthquake</span> Earthquake in Gansu, China

On 18 December 2023 at around 23:59:30 CST, an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.9–6.2 struck Jishishan County, in Gansu Province, China. The shallow thrust faulting earthquake struck a densely populated area on the border between the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. One hundred and fifty-one people died and 982 others were injured. This made it China's deadliest earthquake since the 2014 Ludian earthquake.

References

  1. ↑ Yanyan Han; Yang Zang; Lingyuan Meng; Yue Wang; Shiguang Deng; Yawei Ma; Mengyu Xie (2022). "A summary of seismic activities in and around China in 2021". China Earthquake Networks Center . 2 (3): 100157. Bibcode:2022EaRA....200157H. doi: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100157 . S2CID   250027593.
  2. ↑ Zhang Ni (22 May 2021). "四、五月份是强震高发期？地震专家解析网友疑惑" (in Chinese). Xinhua Newspaper Network. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Tang Guorong. "The Ministry of Emergency Management released the intensity map of the Qinghai Maduo M7.4 earthquake" (in Chinese). Beijing News. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  4. ↑ Wenkai Chen; Dun Wang; Can Zhang; Qiang Yao; Hongjun Si (2021). "Estimating seismic intensity maps of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Madoi, Qinghai and Mw 6.1 Yangbi, Yunnan, China earthquakes". Journal of Earth Science. 33 (4): 839–846. doi:10.1007/s12583-021-1586-9. S2CID   247246109.
  5. 1 2 "M 5.5 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  6. 1 2 Li Ning (27 May 2021). "19 people were injured and 17 people were discharged from hospital after the May 22 earthquake in Maduo, Qinghai" (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "At Least 20 Dead, More Than 300 Injured in Qinghai Quake as China Imposes Information Lockdown". Radio Free Asia.
  8. ↑ Yue Hongbin, Yan Jiaqi (22 May 2021). "青海省玛多县发生7.4级地震 西宁震感强烈". People's Daily. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  9. ↑ "Global CMT Catalog Search 202105211804A". globalcmt.org. Global Centroid-Moment-Tensor. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  10. 1 2 "M 7.3 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  11. ↑ "A magnitude 7.4 earthquake occurred in Maduo County, Guoluo Prefecture, Qinghai Province at 2:4 on May 22" (in Chinese). China Earthquake Administration. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  12. ↑ "M 7.4 – SOUTHERN QINGHAI, CHINA – 2021-05-21 18:04:14 UTC". European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre . 21 May 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  13. ↑ "青海玛多7.4级地震 县城区域有围墙倒塌 救援队伍已集结". Sina Corp. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  14. ↑ "13 people were slightly injured in Qinghai Maduo earthquake". Xinhua News Agency. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  15. ↑ "Powerful earthquakes hit Chinese cities, 3 dead". newsonair.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  16. ↑ "M 6.1 – 28 km NW of Dali, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  17. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "China: Earthquakes shake northwestern, southwestern regions | DW | 21.05.2021". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  18. ↑ J. R. Elliott, R. J. Walters, P. C. England, J. A. Jackson, Z. Li, B. Parsons (2010). "Extension on the Tibetan plateau: recent normal faulting measured by InSAR and body wave seismology". Geophysical Journal International. 183 (2): 503–535. Bibcode:2010GeoJI.183..503E. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04754.x . S2CID   134590278.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Weijun Gan; Peizhen Zhang; Zheng-Kang Shen; Zhijun Niu; Min Wang; Yongge Wan; Demin Zhou; Jia Cheng (2007). "Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B8). American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.8416G. doi: 10.1029/2005JB004120 .
  20. 1 2 Zhiyu Gao; Yanchuan Li; Xinjian Shan; Chuanhua Zhu (8 November 2021). "Earthquake Magnitude Estimation from High-rate GNSS Data: A Case Study of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake". Remote Sensing. 13 (4478): 4478. Bibcode:2021RemS...13.4478G. doi: 10.3390/rs13214478 .
  21. ↑ Yujiang Li; Luyuan Huang; Rui Ding; Shuxin Yang; Lei Liu; Shimin Zhang; Haoqing Liu (2021). "Coulomb stress changes associated with the M7.3 Maduo earthquake and implications for seismic hazards". Natural Hazards Research. 1 (2): 95–101. Bibcode:2021NatHR...1...95L. doi: 10.1016/j.nhres.2021.06.003 . ISSN   2666-5921.
  22. ↑ Jihong Liu; Jun Hu; Zhiwei Li; Zhangfeng Ma; Lixin Wu; Weiping Jiang; Guangcai Feng; Jianjun Zhu (2021). "Complete three-dimensional coseismic displacements related to the 2021 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai Province, China from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 SAR images". Earth and Space Science Open Archive: 19. doi:10.1002/essoar.10507403.1. S2CID   237916038 . Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  23. ↑ Rumeng Guo; Hongfeng Yang; Yu Li; Yong Zheng; Lupeng Zhang (2022). "Complex Slip Distribution of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo, China, Earthquake: An Event Occurring on the Slowly Slipping Fault". Seismological Research Letters. 93 (2A): 653–665. Bibcode:2022SeiRL..93..653G. doi:10.1785/0220210226. S2CID   244817728.
  24. 1 2 3 Junjie Ren; Zhiwen Zhang; Hailong Gai; Wenjun Kang (2021). "Typical Riedel shear structures of the coseismic surface rupture zone produced by the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo earthquake, Qinghai, China, and the implications for seismic hazards in the block interior". Natural Hazards Research. 1 (4): 145–152. Bibcode:2021NatHR...1..145R. doi: 10.1016/j.nhres.2021.10.001 . S2CID   239552856.
  25. ↑ Weilai Wang; Lihua Fang; Jianping Wu; Hongwei Tu; Liyi Chen; Guijuan Lai; Long Zhang (2021). "Aftershock sequence relocation of the 2021 MS7.4 Maduo Earthquake, Qinghai, China". Science China Earth Sciences. 64 (8): 1371–1380. Bibcode:2021ScChD..64.1371W. doi:10.1007/s11430-021-9803-3. S2CID   236181805.
  26. ↑ Xu Zhang; Wanpeng Feng; Hailin Du; Sergey Samsonov; Lei Yi (2022). "Supershear Rupture During the 2021 MW 7.4 Maduo, China, Earthquake". Geophysical Research Letters. 49 (6). Bibcode:2022GeoRL..4997984Z. doi: 10.1029/2022GL097984 . S2CID   247485288.
  27. ↑ Xue Tao, ed. (22 May 2021). "专家：青海玛多县地震原震区近期发生7级以上地震的可能性不大" (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Yujun Sun, Taoyuan Fan, Chunjing Zhou, Zhonghai Wu (2015). "The Evolution of Stress and Strain around the Bayan Har Block in the Tibetan Plateau". Journal of Earthquakes. 2015: 971628. doi: 10.1155/2015/971628 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ "M 7.8 – southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  30. ↑ "M 7.8 – southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  31. ↑ Jianming Guo, Aiming Lin, Guoqiang Sun, Jianjing Zheng (2007). "Surface Ruptures Associated with the 1937 M 7.5 Tuosuo Lake and the 1963 M 7.0 Alake Lake Earthquakes and the Paleoseismicity along the Tuosuo Lake Segment of the Kunlun Fault, Northern Tibet". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 97 (2): 474–496. Bibcode:2007BuSSA..97..474G. doi:10.1785/0120050103 . Retrieved 22 May 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ D. P. Robinson, C. Brough, S. Das (2006). "The Mw 7.8, 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake: Extreme rupture speed variability and effect of fault geometry". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (B8): B08303. Bibcode:2006JGRB..111.8303R. doi: 10.1029/2005JB004137 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ "M 5.2 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  34. ↑ "M 5.4 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  35. ↑ "M 5.1 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  36. ↑ "M 5.2 – southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  37. ↑ "M 5.2 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  38. ↑ "M 5.1 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  39. ↑ "M 5.2 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  40. ↑ "M 5.0 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  41. ↑ "M 5.1 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  42. ↑ "M 5.4 – Southern Qinghai, China". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  43. ↑ Xinhua (29 May 2021). "Qinghai Maduo M7.4 earthquake intensity map released, the highest intensity is 10 degrees". People's Daily. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  44. ↑ "玛多"5·22"地震抗震救灾新闻发布会(第八场)召开". Qinghai Daily . 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  45. ↑ "青海玛多县发生7.4级地震 兰州西安成都等多地有震感_台网". sohu.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  46. ↑ "UNICEF Sends Supplies to Children Affected by an Earthquake in Qinghai Province". unicef.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Hu Guilong; Zhang Tianfu (23 May 2021). "青海玛多7.4级地震：17人受轻伤，避险转移安置2万余人" (in Chinese). China News Network. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  48. ↑ "China Focus: Quake-hit areas in China resume school". Xining, China. Xinhua News Agency. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  49. ↑ Liu, Pai (22 May 2021). "Ms 7.4 earthquake in Maduo County, Qinghai: Five people were slightly injured and the bridge collapsed severely". China News Network. Baidu. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  50. ↑ "G0613西丽高速野马滩大桥因地震双向坍塌" [G0613 Xili Expressway Yematan Bridge collapsed by earthquake]. Sohu . Archived from the original on 25 May 2021.
  51. ↑ "Rush to the rescue, Yunnan, Qinghai earthquake, closely aligned with our compatriots". Xinhua News Agency. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  52. ↑ Sun, Zonghe (22 May 2021). "No casualties have been reported due to the collapse of some roads and bridges due to the Mado 7.4 earthquake in Qinghai". Baidu. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  53. ↑ Tang Ying (27 May 2021). "Ministry of Transport: All highways damaged by the earthquake in Yunnan and Qinghai have been rushed through" (in Chinese). CCTV News Client. China News. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  54. ↑ "186 children accommodated at temporary shelter in quake-hit county in Qinghai – Xinhua | English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  55. ↑ Chinanews (23 May 2021). "青海玛多7.4级地震：17人受轻伤，避险转移安置2万余人" (in Chinese). ce.cn. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  56. ↑ Zhang, Yanbo; Xu, Yueren; Li, Wenqiao; Liu, Runchao; Mu, Ruoyu; Li, Jiayi; Zhang, Da; Li, Haofeng; Tian, Qinjian (2022). "Coseismic surface rupture characteristics and earthquake damage analysis of the eastern end of the 2021 MS 7.4 Madoi (Qinghai) earthquake". Earthquake Research Advances. 2 (2). Elsevier: 100133. Bibcode:2022EaRA....200133Z. doi: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100133 . S2CID   247422588.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.