2021 Maduo earthquake

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2021 Maduo earthquake
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China Qinghai rel location map.svg
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UTC  time2021-05-21 18:04:13
ISC  event 620437814
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date22 May 2021
Local time02:04 (China Standard Time)
Magnitude7.4 Mw
7.4 Ms
Depth17 km (11 mi)
Epicenter 34°35′10″N98°15′18″E / 34.586°N 98.255°E / 34.586; 98.255
Areas affected Qinghai & Tibet, China
Total damage ¥4.1 billion ($646 million USD) [1]
Max. intensity CSIS X [2] [3]

X (Extreme) [4]
AftershocksMultiple. Largest is an mb  5.5 [5]
Casualties
  • 19 injured (official) [6]
  • 20 dead, 300 injured, 13 missing (anonymous source) [7]

The 2021 Maduo earthquake, also known as the 5.22 earthquake struck Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China on 22 May at 02:04 local time. [8] The earthquake had a moment magnitude and surface-wave magnitude of 7.4. [9] [10] [11] [12] Highway bridges, roads and walls collapsed as a result of the earthquake. [13] According to an anonymous source, at least 20 people were killed, 300 were injured, and 13 were missing. [7] Officials stated that there were no deaths but 19 people sustained minor injuries. [14] It was the strongest in China since 2008. [15] It was assigned a maximum intensity of X in Machali, Maduo County on the China seismic intensity scale and Modified Mercalli intensity scale. [3] This earthquake was preceded by another unrelated earthquake that occurred 5 hours earlier in Yunnan. [16] [17]

Contents

Tectonic setting

Map of the main fault zones and blocks of the Tibetan Plateau. TibetanPlateauTectonics.png
Map of the main fault zones and blocks of the Tibetan Plateau.

Western Sichuan is situated at the edge of the Tibetan Plateau in a vast zone of complex continental deformation caused by the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. As the thrusting of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate along the Himalayas continues, the continental crust within the Eurasian Plate is actively uplifted and thickened, forming the Tibetan Plateau. As there are no active thrust structures within the plateau, compression is accommodated by strike-slip motion along large structures including the Altyn Tagh Fault, Kunlun Fault, Haiyuan Fault and Xianshuihe fault system. Left-lateral strike-slip motion squeezes the crustal blocks of the Tibetan Plateau outwards, forcing it to move eastwards. Meanwhile, the strike-slip motion also results in east-west extension of the plateau, causing normal faults to break within the thickened crust. [18] [19]

One of these blocks is the Bayan Har block; bounded to the east by the Longmenshan Fault, Kunlun Fault to the north, and Xianshuihe fault system in the south.

Earthquake

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the earthquake occurred as a result of dominantly left-lateral strike-slip faulting with a component of normal dip-slip. It had an estimated focal depth of 10–17 km. In a matter of days after the event, expert seismologists in China confirmed that the event occurred on the Kunlunshankou–Jiangcuo Fault; a left-lateral fault located within the Bayan Har block. This fault is located approximately 70–80 km south of the much larger Kunlun Fault. [20]

Analysis of the USGS preliminary finite fault model of the slip distribution suggest the rupture was about 180 km long and the greatest slip was at 3.3 meters. [21] A research paper soon to be published in Science Bulletin found that the largest surface displacements measured 2.4 meters, while the use of satellite imagery to model the earthquake rupture found a maximum slip of 6 meters near the hypocenter. [22] In another earthquake model, up to 7 meters of coseismic slip occurred on the shallow 12 km of the rupture. Meanwhile, another study published in Geophysical Research Letters inferred a maximum slip of 9.3 meters at a depth of 7 km. [23] Field analysis show the quake occurred on the Jiangcuo Fault. [24] Parallel to the Jiangcuo Fault are the Maduo-Grande, South Gande, Dari, and Xizangdagou-Changmahe faults, which did not rupture. [24] Based on inferring the locations of the aftershock zone, which extended for approximately 170 km, and the location of the mainshock epicenter, the event involved a bilateral rupture on the strike-slip fault. [25] At the eastern and western termination of the earthquake rupture, a secondary segment also ruptured. The secondary rupture in the west measured longer than that of the east. [20] Further analysis of the event by seismologists indicate it was a supershear earthquake. [26]

Scientific reactions

Experts from the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) said that it is unlikely that another similar-sized earthquake would strike the same area again in the near future. [27] They added that this earthquake likely occurred within the Bayan Har block, a piece of continental crust in the Tibetan Plateau. Its main boundaries are the Xianshuihe Fault to the south and the Kunlun Fault to the north. [28] The largest earthquakes in the vicinity of the May 22 event are the 2001 Kunlun earthquake and the 1937 Tuosuo Lake earthquake, [29] [30] both measuring 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale and involving a rupture on the Kunlun Fault. [31] [32] The earthquake was unexpected and a surprise to seismologists who had previously thought the Bayan Har block was not capable of producing large earthquakes, and that its interior was tectonically stable.[ citation needed ]

Aftershocks

The magnitude 7.4 earthquake was followed by many aftershocks, the largest measuring up to 5.5 on the body wave magnitude (mb ) scale. Two additional aftershocks measured 5.4 mb . The aftershocks were distributed along the entire length of the rupture. [24]

Only aftershocks of magnitude 5.0 or greater are included in this table.

Time

(UTC)

 Latitude Longitude Magnitude (Mw )MMISource
2021-05-21 18:04:1334.586°N98.255°E7.4X [10]
2021-05-21 18:10:4134.576°N98.295°E5.2- [33]
2021-05-21 18:12:1534.624°N98.473°E5.5VII [5]
2021-05-21 18:13:0134.482°N99.084°E5.4VI [34]
2021-05-22 02:29:3734.936°N97.448°E5.1- [35]
2021-05-22 02:38:4534.540°N98.927°E5.1- [36]
2021-05-22 03:21:1834.730°N98.086°E5.2- [37]
2021-05-30 04:50:0934.614°N98.220°E5.1- [38]
2021-05-30 06:55:1534.587°N34.587°N5.2- [39]
2021-06-03 05:55:1834.723°N97.841°E5.0VI [40]
2021-07-08 13:23:2534.676°N97.917°E5.1- [41]
2021-08-13 04:21:3734.598°N97.428°E5.4VII [42]

Intensity

2021 Maduo earthquake seismic intensities
MSK 64 LocationsFelt area (km3)
CSIS X Machali69
CSIS IX Machali, Huanghe Township, Dawu Town, Youyun Township, Maqên County 1,079
CSIS VIII Tehetu Township, Huashixia, Gyaring Lake, Youyun Township 2,295
CSIS VII Youyun Township, Dawu Township, Maqin County, Tehetu Township , Darlag County 10,650
CSIS VI Dangluo Township, Tehetu Township, Jiangqian Township, Qingzhen Township, Xiagongma Township, Ganglong Township, Gadê County, Qumarlêb County, Yüxü, Qingshuihe Town, Dulan County, Qaidam, Sêrxü County 39,611

The Ministry of Emergency Management and the China Earthquake Administration conducted a field analysis of 55 affected areas to investigate the effects of the earthquake. The survey results were compiled to create an intensity map of the earthquake which was released on 28 May. [43] According to the findings, 3 cities, prefectures, 7 counties, 32 townships in Qinghai Province, and 1 city, prefecture, 1 county, 4 townships in Sichuan Province were located within the seismic intensities VI–X on the China seismic intensity scale. [44]

The meizoseismal area of the earthquake was in Machali, a town in Maduo County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The earthquake has its maximum intensity of shaking felt in this region. It was assigned X on the China seismic intensity scale for an area of 69 km². Such level of intensity would result in bridge piers collapsing and surface fissuring. [3] Intensity IX was felt in two separate areas for 1,069 km² and 375 km² respectively along the fault trace. Intensity VIII was felt for a larger 2,295 km². [3] The earthquake was felt as far as Lanzhou, Xi'an and Chengdu. [45]

Impact

Official words from Chinese authorities stated that 30,000 residents were affected, no deaths occurred and 19 people from Maduo and Maqin counties were injured. [46] [6] Most residents sustained minor injuries, 17 of whom were discharged from the hospitals after receiving treatment. [47] [48] The relatively few number of casualties was attributed to the low population density of the area around the earthquake. [3] On June 1, according to an unidentified Tibetan source, there were 20 deaths, over 300 injured, and 13 missing. [7] The source cited by Radio Free Asia stated that residents in Maduo County and Tibet were prohibited to spread any information of casualties. [7] An estimated 32,000 or more people were displaced. [49] [48]

The earthquake caused damage to at least 625 homes and seven barns in the Huanghe Township area. In Zhalinghu Township, two homes and a barn collapsed due to the shock. Another barn was destroyed in Machali Town. In Huashixia Town, the earthquake collapsed 16 homes. Two parallel bridges of the G0613 Xining–Lijiang Expressway in Maduo County collapsed under the effects of the shock. [50] [51] The bridges were identified as the Yematan No. 2 Bridge of Yugong Expressway and Changma Bridge of Huajiu Expressway. [52] Sections of other major highways were also seriously damaged and deformed beyond use. [53] According to the Qinghai Provincial Transportation Department, the all roads and highways affected by the earthquake were temporarily closed and immediately attended to by repair workers. [47] [54]

Displaced residents relocated to three temporary residential settlements.[ citation needed ] Cotton tents were used as makeshift homes to those affected. Medical workers were also brought to the scene to assist. [48] Some 186 boarding schoolchildren in Huanghe Township had to be moved to temporary shelters because of the tremors. [55] Immediate repair works to communication services and power lines were also carried on. [48] Checks were also conducted at nearby reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations for damage. [56]

Many land fissures, landslides, and ground failures were reported around a zone greater than 100 km in length. Total destruction was observed to homes at Xuema, a small village located at the eastern terminus of the rupture where a small zone of the intensity was assigned IX. A 1.5-km-long surface fissure caused by liquefaction was reported near the village. Approximately 100 meters the north, a 1.5-km-long surface rupture was reported. Major damage was reported in brick structures. The collapse of a house buried two people while another two had minor injuries. [57]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2001 Kunlun earthquake</span> 2001 earthquake in western China

An earthquake occurred in China on 14 November 2001 at 09:26 UTC, with an epicenter near Kokoxili, close to the border between Qinghai and Xinjiang in a remote mountainous region. With a magnitude of 7.8 Mw, it was the most powerful earthquake in China for 5 decades. No casualties were reported, presumably due to the very low population density and the lack of high-rise buildings. This earthquake was associated with the longest surface rupture ever recorded on land, ~450 km.

The 2010 Yushu earthquake struck on April 14 and registered a magnitude of 6.9 Mw or 7.1 Ms. It originated in Yushu, Qinghai, China, at 7:49 am local time. According to the Xinhua News Agency, 2,698 people were confirmed dead, 270 missing and 12,135 injured, 1,434 of them severely. The epicenter was located in Rima village (日玛村/日麻村), Upper Laxiu township (上拉秀乡) of Yushu County, in remote and rugged terrain, near the border of Tibet Autonomous Region, about 30 km from Gyêgu town or Jyekundo, the seat of Yushu County, and about 240 km from Qamdo. The epicenter was in a sparsely populated area on the Tibetan plateau that is regularly hit by earthquakes.

The 1997 Manyi earthquake occurred on November 8 at 10:02 UTC. The epicenter was in Nagqu Prefecture in northern Tibet, China. The focal mechanism indicates a left-lateral strike-slip movement. This earthquake had a surface rupture of 17 km (11 mi) long with up to 7 m (23 ft) of left-lateral slip along the Manyi fault, a westward continuation of the Kunlun fault, offset about 100 km (62 mi) to the south. Normally, the continental crust is about 35 km (22 mi) thick, but it reaches 70 km (43 mi) thick under the Tibetan Plateau. This earthquake ruptured up to 20 km (12 mi) of the top part of the local continental crust.

The 1932 Changma earthquake occurred at 10:04:27 local time on 25 December. With an estimated magnitude of 7.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale, and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, the quake destroyed 1,167 houses and caused 275 to 70,000 deaths and 320 injuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haiyuan Fault</span> Intracontinental strike-slip fault in Tibet

The Haiyuan Fault is a major active intracontinental strike-slip (sinistral) fault in Central Asia.

The 1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes, also known as the 11.6 earthquakes by the Chinese media were a pair of devastating seismic events that struck Lancang and Gengma counties, Yunnan, near the border with Shan State, Burma. The earthquake measured moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.0 and was followed 13 minutes later by a 6.9 Mw  shock. These earthquakes were assigned a maximum China seismic intensity of IX and X, respectively. Between 748 and 939 people were killed; more than 7,700 were injured. Both earthquakes resulted in US$270 million in damage and economic losses. Moderately large aftershocks continued to rock the region, causing additional casualties and damage.

The 1973 Luhuo earthquake struck near the town of Zhaggo in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China on February 6, 1973, with a magnitude of 7.6 Ms. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. It resulted in between 2,175 and 2,204 deaths and a further 2,743 injuries. Serious and widespread destruction occurred in Luhuo County.

The 1990 Gonghe earthquake occurred on April 26 at 17:37 China Standard Time in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The mainshock had a surface wave magnitude of 7.0 Ms  and a moment magnitude of 6.5 Mw . It was presaged by two foreshocks that struck merely seconds before the main earthquake. On the Mercalli intensity scale, the earthquake had a rating of IX (Violent).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Dali earthquake</span> Earthquake in China

On May 21, 2021, a 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck the Dali City, Yunnan, China, at a depth of 10.0 km. Three people died during the quake, while another 32 were injured. The earthquake was referred by the Chinese media as the 5.21 earthquake or 2021 Yangbi earthquake.

The 2020 Kashgar earthquake, also known as the Jiashi earthquake occurred on 19 January 2020 at 21:27:56 China Standard Time in Xinjiang Province, China. According to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake had a moment magnitude of 6.0 and a surface wave magnitude of 6.4 according to the China Earthquake Network Center. It struck at a shallow depth of 5.6 km according to the USGS while the CENC has the figure at 16 km. Local emergency management agencies said the earthquake damaged more than 1,000 homes and businesses in the nearby populated towns and villages. One person is known to have died while two other children were injured.

The 1995 Menglian earthquake or 1995 Myanmar–China earthquake occurred on 12 July at 05:46:43 local time in the Myanmar–China border region. The earthquake had an epicenter on the Myanmar side of the border, located in the mountainous region of Shan State. It registered 7.3 on the Chinese surface wave magnitude scale (Ms ) and 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ). With a maximum Mercalli intensity assigned at VIII, the quake killed eleven people and left another 136 injured. Over 100,000 homes in both countries were destroyed and 42,000 seriously damaged. Some damage to structures were also reported in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, Thailand. The low death toll from this earthquake was attributed to an early warning issued prior to it happening. Precursor events including foreshocks and some seismic anomalies led to an evacuation of the area before the mainshock struck. It is thought to be one of the few successfully predicted earthquakes in history.

The 2021 Luxian earthquake was a damaging seismic event occurring in the early hours of September 16 at 04:33 China Standard Time. The surface wave magnitude (Ms ) 6.0 or moment magnitude (Mw ) 5.4 earthquake struck at a shallow depth of 7.5 km and severe shaking in an area of 4,000 square kilometers was assigned a maximum intensity of VIII on the China seismic intensity scale. Three people were killed and 146 injured when the earthquake struck Lu County, Luzhou, Sichuan Province. At least 36,800 buildings were affected, 7,800 of them seriously damaged or completely destroyed, causing about a quarter of a billion dollars worth of damage.

The 1850 Xichang earthquake rocked Sichuan Province of Qing China on September 12. The earthquake which caused major damage in Xichang county had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.6–7.9 Mw  and a surface wave magnitude of 7.5–7.7 Ms . An estimated 20,650 people died.

The 1998 Zhangbei–Shangyi earthquake occurred at 11:50 local time on 10 January with a moment magnitude of 5.7 at a depth of 14.1 km. It struck the province of Hebei in Zhangjiakou. At least 70 people died, 11,500 were injured and a further 44,000 families were homeless in the wake of the event. Damage was reported in the town of Zhangbei, Hebei Province, as well as to sections of the Great Wall of China.

The 1923 Renda earthquake occurred on March 24 at 20:40 local time between the counties of Daofu and Luhuo in Sichuan, China. The estimated Ms 7.3 earthquake was assigned a maximum modified Mercalli intensity scale rating of X (Extreme). Severe damage occurred in Sichuan, killing an estimated 4,800 people.

The 1955 Zheduotang earthquake, also known as the Kangding earthquake occurred on April 14 at 09:29:02 local time near the city of Kangding in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a surface wave magnitude of 7.1 and struck at a depth of 10 km. Severe damage occurred in Kangding with the loss of 70 lives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Qinghai earthquake</span> 2022 Earthquake centered in Menyuan, Qinghai province, China

On January 8, 2022, a magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Menyuan County, Qinghai Province near the border with Gansu Province, China. It was the largest earthquake in China since the 2021 Maduo earthquake.

On April 11, 1870, a moment magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck Batang County in Sichuan, China. The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The earthquake and a large fire resulted in between 2,300 and 5,000 fatalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Ya'an earthquake</span> Earthquake in Sichuan Province, China

On June 1, 2022, a moment magnitude (Mw ) 5.8 or surface-wave magnitude (Ms ) 6.1 earthquake struck Lushan County in Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China. At least four people were killed and 42 were injured. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of VIII on the China seismic intensity scale, causing damage to many homes and triggering rockslides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Luding earthquake</span> Earthquake in China

A Mw 6.7 earthquake struck Luding County in Sichuan province, China on 5 September 2022 at 12:52:19 local time. The epicenter was located 226 km (140 mi) from Chengdu, or 43 km (27 mi) southeast of Kangding. Ninety-three people died, 424 were injured and 24 remained missing. More than 13,000 homes and other infrastructure were damaged or destroyed. It was the largest earthquake to strike the province since 2017.

References

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  44. ↑ "玛多"5·22"地震抗震救灾新闻发布会(第八场)召开". Qinghai Daily . 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  45. ↑ "青海玛多县发生7.4级地震 兰州西安成都等多地有震感_台网". sohu.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  46. ↑ "UNICEF Sends Supplies to Children Affected by an Earthquake in Qinghai Province". unicef.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Hu Guilong; Zhang Tianfu (23 May 2021). "青海玛多7.4级地震：17人受轻伤，避险转移安置2万余人" (in Chinese). China News Network. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  48. ↑ "China Focus: Quake-hit areas in China resume school". Xining, China. Xinhua News Agency. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  49. ↑ Liu, Pai (22 May 2021). "Ms 7.4 earthquake in Maduo County, Qinghai: Five people were slightly injured and the bridge collapsed severely". China News Network. Baidu. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  50. ↑ "G0613西丽高速野马滩大桥因地震双向坍塌" [G0613 Xili Expressway Yematan Bridge collapsed by earthquake]. Sohu . Archived from the original on 25 May 2021.
  51. ↑ "Rush to the rescue, Yunnan, Qinghai earthquake, closely aligned with our compatriots". Xinhua News Agency. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  52. ↑ Sun, Zonghe (22 May 2021). "No casualties have been reported due to the collapse of some roads and bridges due to the Mado 7.4 earthquake in Qinghai". Baidu. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  53. ↑ Tang Ying (27 May 2021). "Ministry of Transport: All highways damaged by the earthquake in Yunnan and Qinghai have been rushed through" (in Chinese). CCTV News Client. China News. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  54. ↑ "186 children accommodated at temporary shelter in quake-hit county in Qinghai - Xinhua | English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  55. ↑ Chinanews (23 May 2021). "青海玛多7.4级地震：17人受轻伤，避险转移安置2万余人" (in Chinese). ce.cn. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  56. ↑ Zhang, Yanbo; Xu, Yueren; Li, Wenqiao; Liu, Runchao; Mu, Ruoyu; Li, Jiayi; Zhang, Da; Li, Haofeng; Tian, Qinjian (2022). "Coseismic surface rupture characteristics and earthquake damage analysis of the eastern end of the 2021 MS 7.4 Madoi (Qinghai) earthquake". Earthquake Research Advances. Elsevier. 2 (2): 100133. doi: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100133 . S2CID   247422588.

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