The Australian landmass is situated in the Australian plate, far from any known active plate boundary, where most of the world's earthquakes occur. Such earthquakes at the plate boundary are known as interplate earthquakes. In Australia, earthquakes occurring within the Australian plate are known as intraplate earthquakes because they happen within a tectonic plate rather than at the boundary.[9]
An earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or larger strikes Australia about once every six to ten years, based on the seismological data collected over the past 150 years. The last-known magnitude 6.0 quake in Australia occurred in 2016 in the Northern Territory.[14] That earthquake occurred as a result of shallow reverse faulting within the Australian plate. The largest earthquake in Australia was the mainshock of the 1988 Tennant Creek earthquakes which consisted of an Mw6.7 quake preceded by two Mw>6.0 foreshocks.[15]
Earthquake
According to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake occurred on 22 September at 09:15 ACST and measured 5.9 on the moment magnitude scale. The agency also reported that the shock occurred at a depth of 12km (7.5mi).[2] It had an epicenter in Woods Point, or about 130km (81mi) northeast of Melbourne. The earthquake's location places it within the Southern Seismic Zone, a region of considerable tectonic strain. While there northwest–southeast trending faults dated to the Neogene to Quaternary, the earthquake did not occur on any of them. Furthermore InSAR scans failed to locate any possible surface ruptures, indicating a deeper source for the earthquake. In 2023, seismologists published their findings in Seismological Research Letters, concluding that the earthquake was caused by a rupture along an unmapped buried strike-slip fault that is oriented to the north and located at a deeper depth than the mapped faults.[16]
Impact
According to a geologist at the University of Melbourne, the quake produced ten seconds of strong shaking which was felt by people.[17] The earthquake generated shaking lasting up to a minute at the epicenter region.[18]
Many residential buildings in Melbourne were evacuated due to the damage inflicted by the quake. Some damage was reported in many parts of Victoria.[19] On Chapel Street, the earthquake collapsed the top facade of Betty's Burgers & Concrete Co., which is a brick building and left debris across the road.[9] Along Brunswick Road in Fitzroy another brick building suffered a partial collapse of its facade. At least 46 instances of building damage to chimneys and facades were reported in the city.[20] Tall residential apartments of up to 50 storeys swayed for as much as 20 seconds, triggering panic among residents.[21] In Mansfield near the epicentre, there was minor damage to some buildings including a local ambulance centre.[22] Power outages were reported across parts of metropolitan Melbourne.[23]
In the town of Mansfield, Victoria, the quake caused some minor damage to buildings, resulting in no casualties. At least 40km away is a gold mine operated by Kaiser Reef. When the tremors began, at least twelve mining workers were present in the mine and were brought to the surface unhurt. Kaiser Reef said that mining would cease temporarily while inspections were carried out. The company did not find any damage in the mine area. Another mine located 60km away, and operated by White Rock Minerals did not find any damage to their mines after the quake. Nine workers under the mine were safely evacuated.[22]
Initially, state officials and emergency services said no casualties were caused by the earthquake, but a man in Mount Eliza, a coastal suburb in Melbourne, sustained minor injuries. The man was injured when construction fell on him while he was working.[24]
The earthquake made headlines in Australian news outlets the moment it occurred. News Breakfast was interrupted by the shaking which was video recorded. The earthquake which lasted 20 seconds in the filming studio caught hosts Michael Rowland and Tony Armstrong by surprise.[27]
Further tremors
On 4 October 2021, a 2.9-magnitude tremor was felt in the Victorian town of Rawson at approximately 11:11p.m. The following day, two further tremors were recorded, both with a 3.0 magnitude occurring at 7:17a.m. and at 9:17a.m.[28] It is believed to be linked to the earthquake which occurred two weeks prior. Geoscience Australia estimates that the depth of those tremors was 8 to 10 kilometres deep.[29]
↑ Huston, David L.; Champion, David C.; Mernagh, Terrence P.; Downes, Peter M.; Jones, Phil; Carr, Graham; Forster, David; David, Vladimir (2016). "Metallogenesis and geodynamics of the Lachlan Orogen: New (and old) insights from spatial and temporal variations in lead isotopes". Ore Geology Reviews. 76: 257–267. Bibcode:2016OGRv...76..257H. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.07.005.
↑ Cayley, R. A., Korsch, R. J., Moore, D. H., Costelloe, R. D., Nakamura, A., Willman, C. E., Rawling, T. J., Morand, V. J., Skladzien, P. B., & O'Shea, P. J. (2011). Crustal architecture of central Victoria: results from the 2006 deep crustal reflection seismic survey. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(2), 113–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.543151
↑ Mousavi, S.; Hejrani, B.; Miller, M. S.; Salmon, M. (2023). "Hypocenter, Fault Plane, and Rupture Characterization of Australian Earthquakes: Application to the September 2021". Seismological Research Letters. 94 (4): 1761–1774. doi:10.1785/0220220348.
Mousavi, S.; Hejrani, B.; Miller, M. S.; Salmon, M. (2023). "Hypocenter, Fault Plane, and Rupture Characterization of Australian Earthquakes: Application to the September 2021 Mw 5.9 Woods Point Earthquake". Seismological Research Letters. doi:10.1785/0220220348. ISSN0895-0695. S2CID257602004.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
