Victorian Alps

Last updated

Victorian Alps
Victoria Alps, High Plains, High Country, The Alps
Mount Feathertop and Razorback.jpg
Mount Feathertop and the Razorback
Highest point
Peak Mount Bogong
Elevation 1,986 m (6,516 ft) [1]
AHD
Coordinates 36°43′56″S147°18′21″E / 36.73222°S 147.30583°E / -36.73222; 147.30583 [2]
Dimensions
Length400 km (250 mi)NE-SW (approx)
Width200 km (120 mi)E-W (approx)
Area5,199 km2 (2,007 sq mi) [3]
Geography
Australia Victoria relief location map.jpg
Red triangle with thick white border.svg
Victorian Alps
Location of the Victorian Alps in Victoria
Country Australia
Region Victoria
Range coordinates 36°44′S147°18′E / 36.733°S 147.300°E / -36.733; 147.300 [4]
Parent range Great Dividing Range
Borders on New South Wales
Geology
Age of rock Devonian
Type of rock Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic

The Victorian Alps, also known locally as the High Country, is a large mountain system in the southeastern Australian state of Victoria. Occupying the majority of eastern Victoria, it is the southwestern half of the Australian Alps (the other half being the Snowy Mountains), the tallest portion of the Great Dividing Range. The Yarra and Dandenong Ranges, both sources of rivers and drinking waters for Melbourne (Victoria's capital, largest city and home to three quarters of the state's population), are branches of the Victorian Alps.

Contents

The promise of gold in the mid-1800s, during the Victorian Gold rush led to the European settlement of the area. [5] The region's rich natural resources brought a second wave of agricultural settlers; the foothills around the Victorian Alps today has a large agrarian sector, with significant cattle stations being sold recently for over thirty million dollars. [6] The Victorian Alps is also the source of many of Victoria's water ways, including Murray and Yarra Rivers and the Gippsland Lakes. [5] The valleys beneath the high plains are surrounded by wineries and orchards because of this abundance of water. [7] The region is also home to Victoria's largest national park, the Alpine National Park, which covers over 646,000 hectares (1,600,000 acres). [8] [5] The establishment of the Alpine National Park has meant that economic activities such as mining, logging and agriculture are limited, to preserve the natural ecosystem for visitors. [5] Tourism within the region centres around snow sports in winter and various outdoor activities during the summer months. [7]

The Australian Alps is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia sub-bioregion of approximately 519,866 hectares (1,284,620 acres), [3] and an administrative sub-region of Victoria bordering the Gippsland and Hume regions.

History

Indigenous heritage

The Victorian Alps were a significant meeting place for multiple Indigenous tribes from all-over South-east Australia. [5] Seasonally Indigenous peoples from many tribes would meet at the highest peaks for trade, settling of disputes, marriage and initiation ceremonies. [5] Whilst on the high plains the tribes would feast upon the Bogong moth, a moth that migrates from breeding grounds in Queensland to the Victorian Alps during the summer months. [9]

European exploration and settlement

Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, Angus McMillan and Alfred Howitt were some of the first Victorian settlers to explore the Victorian Alps in the early 1850s. [5] Gold was found in the region in 1852 and brought thousands to the high plains. [5] In search of grazing pastures men such as John Mitchell, George Gray, James Brown and John Wells travelled from central Victoria in what is now the Hume region to the Bogong high plains, settling in the area because of its abundance of natural grass fields. [5] These early settlements were often seasonal as the harsh winter made grazing and mining impractical. [5] The communities in the Victorian Alps were disconnected from Australian civilisation, which bred a distinctive way of life epitomised in the famed poem by Banjo Patterson, "The Man from Snowy River". [10] After the Second World War a growing population increased the demand for timber from the Victorian Alps. [5] This added growth to the economy of the area with the building of a series of roads, train-lines and bridges, [5] the most prominent of these being the Great Alpine Road, a 308 km fully paved mountain pass that connects Bairnsdale in East Gippsland, to Wangaratta in Central Victoria. [7] The road reaches an altitude of 1,845 metres (6,053 ft) AHD at a site called the cross, which is the highest section of sealed road in Australia; the site was a popular tourist destination with motorists in the 1920s and 1930s. [11]

The introduction of snow-sports to Victoria began in the 1910s, with the government-funded building of the Mount Buffalo chalet. [9] The chalet is the largest wooden building in Australia and was for many years the only ski field in the Victorian Alps. [9] In the decades following skiing in the Alps grew slowly, predominantly centred around ski clubs such as the University Ski club which was founded in 1929 under the name Melbourne University Ski Club. [12] In the early 1960s skiing began to evolve as ski fields started to install tow ropes and Austrian immigrants like Hans Grimus at Mount Buller and Peter Zirknisker at Mount Hotham, opened ski rental businesses and lodges at their respected mountains. [13] [14]

Location and features

Aerial panorama of Mount Donna Buang. Flurry of snow in early spring. Shot on 9 September 2023. Aerial panorama of Mount Donna Buang. Flurry of snow in early spring. Shot on 9 September 2023.jpg
Aerial panorama of Mount Donna Buang. Flurry of snow in early spring. Shot on 9 September 2023.

Comprising the Bogong High Plains, Bowen Range, Cathedral Range, Cobberas Range, and numerous other smaller ranges, the Victorian Alps include the Alpine Shire, parts of the East Gippsland Shire, and some parts of the Mansfield Shire local government areas. The Alps are sometimes called the High Plains or High Country. The 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics census showed that the Alpine Shire had 12,337 permanent residents with 49.2% male and 50.8% female, and a median age of 49. [15]

The highest peak in the range is Mount Bogong at an elevation of 1,986 metres (6,516 ft) AHD , which is also the highest peak in Victoria. [1] Other prominent peaks within the region are as follows; Mount Feathertop at an elevation of 1,922 metres (6,306 ft) AHD , Mount Hotham at an elevation of 1,862 metres (6,109 ft) AHD and Mount Buffalo at an elevation of 1,723 metres (5,653 ft) AHD [16] ,.

View of Mount Buffalo from Mount Hotham, in summer. Mount Buffalo.jpg
View of Mount Buffalo from Mount Hotham, in summer.
Mount Hotham in winter Back Country Mount Hotham.jpg
Mount Hotham in winter
View of Mount Bogong above Mount Beauty, in summer. Bogong above Mount Beauty - panoramio.jpg
View of Mount Bogong above Mount Beauty, in summer.

Flora and fauna

Flora

The majority of unique flora is found above the timberline at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) AHD , the region above the forest of Eucalyptus (ADH). [17]  The unique flora includes the largest range of Tussock Grasses (Poa spp.), Herbaceous Daisies, Eyebrights and Carexes (small sedges) in Australia. [18] Many other small vegetation ecosystems appear on the High Plains, including but not limited to Tussock grassland, Alpine shrubby heathland, Subalpine woodland and Tall Alpine herb field. [5] Important or notable species within the Victorian alps include: [5]

Fauna

Mammals

The Victorian alps is home to a variety of small marsupials and mammals, many of which are found nowhere else on earth. [5] The Mountain pygmy possum is a prime example of this as it can only be found within the alpine regions of Victoria and NSW. [19] Thought to be extinct until they were rediscovered in the 1960s at Mount Hotham, the Mountain pygmy possum is now on the critically endangered species list due to introduced predators like the fox, reduction in habitat and lowering number of the Bogong moth. [19] The region is also home to echidna, common wombat, wallaby, kangaroo and bush rat. [18]

Other vertebrates

Other vertebrates found within the region include common native woodland bird species such as Robins, Sparrows, Rosellas, Fantails, Currawongs and Honeyeaters; as well as six species of frog and several variants of skink. [18] The Alpine she oak Skink is on the endangered species list due to the severe fires in the region over the past decades. [19] The Baw Baw frog is critically endangered with estimated number being below 1,000, the major threat to this species is a disease from the fungus Amphibian Chytrid called Chytridiomycosis. [19] Mountain streams are also populated by species of small fish such as the Mountain Galaxia. [5] There is very limited fauna diversity within the Victorian alps, due to the climate, and exposed conditions. [5]

Introduced species

Introduced species are considerably dangerous to the delicate ecosystem that is the Victorian Alps. [18] Red foxes are the fourth most common species found in the area due to the abundance of other introduced species such as rabbit and hare. [18] Brumbies/wild Australian horses are also a major pest in the Victorian High Plains. The horse's hard hooves trample the local flora, because of this the Victorian Government has extended efforts to cull the wild horses from the national park. [20] However, Initiatives to block the culling of Brumbies claiming they are “national icons” gained traction in May 2020, seeing the 2020 seasonal cull being put on hold. [21] A supreme court injunction led by Phillip Maguire has caused this halting of the cull, as petitions on "Change.org", led by OCEAN LEGAL have gathered over 100,000 signatures in support of preventing the cull. [21] [22]

Other introduced species within the region include Deer, pigs, goats, cats, trout and dogs. [5] The Victorian Government's response to these pests in the national park involves extensive trapping and baiting programs ran by the Parks managers. [5]

As well as wild pests, production animals such as Cattle and sheep were previously also found in the Victorian Alps. [18] Cattle grazing can cause major disturbances to the natural flora and rare grass species found above the tree line 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) AHD . [23]   The effect the cattle have on the environment is amplified through the short growing season for alpine flora, which means that once they are disturbed it can take a long time to recover. [23] Because of the severity of damage subdued to the Alpine national park flora the Victorian government banned cattle grazing in the park in 2015 as a part  of the National Parks Amendment (Prohibiting Cattle Grazing) Bill 2015. [24] Cobungra station however continues the heritage of alpine cattle grazing, without damaging the flora above the tree line as it nestled between 1500m and 1000m in the foothills below Mount Hotham. [25] Cobungra station is a significant staple of the Victorian alpine region as it boasts the largest wagyu station in the state. [26]

Geology

In the Victorian Alps, bedrock is exposed along the entire range. [27] Because of the exposed bedrock, Geologists have been able to determine that the rock types at surface of the range today were formed in an ancient ocean, between 530 and 400 million years ago. [27] The Mountains in the range are flat and round when compared other prominent ranges around the world, this is due to two main factors. [5] Firstly the Victorian Alps originated through continental splitting; secondly the Victorian Alps were never tall enough to develop large glaciers, and it is the erosion from ice that produces jagged peaks. [5] The Victorian Alps are still being influenced by plate tectonics today, as continental collision with New Zealand drives the range up each year. [28] This contradicts earlier theories about the range, which assumed the mountains size was due to years of erosion, in fact it is now believed that the Australian Alps are a relatively young range, forming their current peaks in the last 10 million years. [28]

Water catchment

The Victorian Alps receive some of the most rainfall in Victoria with locations such as Falls Creek elevation 1,765 metres (5,791 ft) AHD receiving an average of 12,273 millimetres (40.266 ft) annually from 1990 to 2020. [29] The high volumes of water that fall within the region, feed waterways such as the Yarra river, and Gippsland lakes. [5] The Murray River is also fed by the Victorian Alps, and although the region only accounts for 1% of the Murray's catchment area it is estimated to provide over 29% to the annual flow. [5]   This is due to the high amounts of snow, and the unique alpine vegetation which has the ability to hold water and regulate its release throughout the year. [5] Water from the Victorian Alps is also used for power generation at the Kiewa Hydroelectric scheme, although not as extensive as the Snowy Mountains Scheme, the Kiewa scheme still provides Victoria with 241MW. [30]

Recreation

Winter recreation

In the winter the main attraction in the Victorian Alps is the ski fields, the largest of which by number of lifts is Mount Buller and the largest of which by skiable terrain is Mount Hotham. [7] Other Victorian ski fields include Mount Baw Baw, Mount Stirling, Lake Mountain, Falls Creek and previously Mount Buffalo. [7] Ski touring within the Victorian Alps is also very popular with famed routes such as the Twin Valleys, Mount Bogong, Feathertop Ridge and other Mount Hotham side country routes. There are many converted cattleman's huts that litter the alpine landscape to accommodate such activities. [31] On the whole the snow-sports industry brought over $911 million of gross state profit to the Victorian economy in the 2016/2017 financial year. Over the same period the region saw over 762,981 visitors across ski season which produced almost 1.4 million visitor nights. [32]

Summer recreation

Summer recreation brings in lower annual visitor numbers as seen over the summer months in 2016/2017, when the region received 348,366 tourist for a total of 485,722 visitor days. [32] Large events such as the Peaks Challenge which sees cyclists ride 235 km through the High Plains, contribute to these numbers. [33] The Dinner Plain Polo is another yearly event that sees a rise in tourist numbers in the area. [7] Founded 31 years ago, the Dinner Plain Polo is the longest, and highest in altitude running polo competition in Australia. [26] Bushwalking is also a large part of summer recreation in the Victorian Alps. [7] The recently finished Mount Hotham to Falls Creek overnight walking track, spans some of the highest regions of the Victorian Alps, with overnight stops at both Cope and Dibbins hut; the walk is 37 kilometres in total. [34] Other summer activities that draw visitors to the Victorian Alps include mountain biking (at Lake Mountain, Mount Baw Baw, Mount Beauty, Mount Buller, Bright, Falls Creek, Dinner Plain amongst others) rock climbing (particularly at Mount Buffalo), trout fishing and horse riding. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Dividing Range</span> Mountain range in Australia

The Great Dividing Range, also known as the East Australian Cordillera or the Eastern Highlands, is a cordillera system in eastern Australia consisting of an expansive collection of mountain ranges, plateaus and rolling hills. It runs roughly parallel to the east coast of Australia and forms the fifth-longest land-based mountain chain in the world, and the longest entirely within a single country. It is mainland Australia's most substantial topographic feature and serves as the definitive watershed for the river systems in eastern Australia, hence the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpine National Park</span> Protected area in Victoria, Australia

The Alpine National Park is a national park located in the Central Highlands and Alpine regions of Victoria, Australia. The 646,000-hectare (1,600,000-acre) national park is located northeast of Melbourne. It is the largest National Park in Victoria, and covers much of the higher areas of the Great Dividing Range in Victoria, including Victoria's highest point, Mount Bogong at 1,986 metres (6,516 ft) and the associated subalpine woodland and grassland of the Bogong High Plains. The park's north-eastern boundary is along the border with New South Wales, where it abuts the Kosciuszko National Park. On 7 November 2008 the Alpine National Park was added to the Australian National Heritage List as one of eleven areas constituting the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skiing in Victoria</span>

Skiing in Victoria, Australia takes place in the Australian Alps located in the State of Victoria during the southern hemisphere winter. Victoria is the State with the greatest number of ski resorts in Australia. The highest peak in Victoria is Mount Bogong at 1986m. The first ski tow was constructed near Mount Buffalo in 1938. Victoria has a number of well developed ski resorts including Mount Hotham, Falls Creek and Mount Buller. Cross country skiing is popular in such national parks as Mount Buffalo National Park and Alpine National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Buffalo National Park</span> Protected area in Victoria, Australia

The Mount Buffalo National Park is a national park in the alpine region of Victoria, Australia. The 31,000-hectare (77,000-acre) national park is located approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) northeast of Melbourne in the Australian Alps. Within the national park is Mount Buffalo, a moderately high mountain plateau, with an elevation of 1,723 metres (5,653 ft) above sea level.

The Kosciuszko National Park is a 6,900-square-kilometre (2,700 sq mi) national park and contains mainland Australia's highest peak, Mount Kosciuszko, for which it is named, and Cabramurra, the highest town in Australia. Its borders contain a mix of rugged mountains and wilderness, characterised by an alpine climate, which makes it popular with recreational skiers and bushwalkers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gippsland</span> Region in Victoria, Australia

Gippsland is a rural region that makes up the southeastern part of Victoria, Australia, mostly comprising the coastal plains to the rainward (southern) side of the Victorian Alps. It covers an elongated area of 41,556 km2 (16,045 sq mi) located further east of the Shire of Cardinia between Dandenong Ranges and Mornington Peninsula, and is bounded to the north by the mountain ranges and plateaus/highlands of the High Country, to the southwest by the Western Port Bay, to the south and east by the Bass Strait and the Tasman Sea, and to the east and northeast by the Black–Allan Line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Falls Creek Alpine Resort</span> Ski resort in Victoria, Australia

The Falls Creek Alpine Resort is an alpine ski resort in the Hume region in northeastern Victoria, Australia. It is located in the Alpine National Park in the Victorian Alps, approximately 350 kilometres by road from Melbourne, with the nearest town being Mount Beauty, which is approximately 30 km (20 mi) away. The resort lies between an elevation of 1,500 and 1,830 m above sea level, with the highest lifted point at 1,780 m (5,840 ft). Skiing is possible on the nearby peak of Mount McKay at 1,842 m (6,043 ft), accessed by snowcat from the resort.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Alps</span> Bioregion in Australia

The Australian Alps are a mountain range in southeast Australia. The range comprises an interim Australian bioregion, and is the highest mountain range in Australia. The range straddles the borders of eastern Victoria, southeastern New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory. It contains Australia's only peaks exceeding 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in elevation, and is the only bioregion on the Australian mainland in which deep snow falls annually. The range comprises an area of 1,232,981 ha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Baw Baw</span> Mountain in Victoria, Australia

Mount Baw Baw is a mountain summit on the Baw-Baw Plateau of the Great Dividing Range, located in Victoria, Australia. The name is from the Woiwurrung language spoken by Eastern Kulin people. It is of uncertain meaning, but possibly signifies, echo, or ghost.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Bogong</span> Highest mountain in Victoria, Australia

Mount Bogong,, located in the Alpine National Park and part of the Victorian Alps of the Great Dividing Range, is the highest mountain in Victoria, Australia, at 1,986 metres (6,516 ft) above sea level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Hotham</span> Mountain in Victoria, Australia

Mount Hotham is a mountain located in the Victorian Alps of the Great Dividing Range, in the Australian state of Victoria. The mountain is located approximately 357 kilometres (222 mi) north east of Melbourne, 746 kilometres (464 mi) from Sydney, and 997 kilometres (620 mi) from Adelaide by road. The nearest major road to the mountain is the Great Alpine Road. The mountain is named after Charles Hotham, Governor of Victoria from 1854 to 1855.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bogong High Plains</span> Mountains in Australia

The Bogong High Plains, part of the Victorian Alps of the Great Dividing Range, are a section of plains located in the Alpine National Park in the Australian state of Victoria and are situated south of Mount Bogong.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Alps Walking Track</span> Hiking trail in South East Australia

The Australian Alps Walking Track is a long-distance walking trail through the alpine areas of Victoria, New South Wales and the ACT. It is 655 km long, starting at Walhalla, Victoria, and running through to Tharwa, near Canberra. The track weaves mainly through Australian national parks, such as Alpine National Park and Kosciuszko National Park, although it is not exclusively restricted to national parks. It ascends many peaks including Mount Kosciuszko, Mount Bogong, and Bimberi Peak, the highest points in NSW, Victoria and the ACT respectively. The AAWT crosses exposed high plains including the Victorian Bogong High Plains and the Main Range in NSW. To walk the whole trail can take between 3 and 8 weeks. Food drops or a support crew are necessary as the trail does not pass through any towns, although it passes close to the ski resorts of Mt Hotham, Falls Creek, Mt Baw Baw, Thredbo, Charlotte Pass and Perisher.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter sport in Australia</span> Overview of winter sports practiced in Australia

Winter Sports in Australia encompasses a great variety of activities across the continent of Australia, including winter sports played in snow and ice such as ice hockey. Climate varies considerably from the tropical North to temperate South in Australia, and sporting practices vary accordingly. Ice and snow sports like Skiing in Australia are conducted in the high country of the Australian Alps and Tasmanian Wilderness. Australia has relatively low mountain ranges, but a long history of participation in recreational skiing and the Winter Olympic Games. Australians have won olympic gold in ice skating, skiing and snow-boarding events. Australia's generally flat geography and usually mild winter climate otherwise provide ideal conditions for international non-snow/ice winter sports and team games like rugby union football, rugby league football, and association football (soccer), which are all popular sports during the Australian winter and in which Australia has enjoyed considerable international success. Australian rules football is a home-grown winter football code with a wide following throughout Australia. Many other sports are also played or watched in Australia through the winter season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Horn (Mount Buffalo)</span> Mountain in Victoria, Australia

The Horn is the most prominent peak on the Mount Buffalo plateau in Victoria, Australia. The Horn has an elevation of 1,723 metres (5,653 ft) AHD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Victoria</span>

Victoria is the southernmost mainland state of Australia. With an area of 227,444 km2 (87,817 sq mi), it is Australia's sixth largest state/territory, comparable in size to the island of Great Britain or the U.S. state of Utah. It is bound to the northwest by South Australia, directly north by New South Wales, and also shares a maritime border with Tasmania across the Bass Strait to the south. Most of Victoria's northern border lies along the Murray River. The eastern half of the state is dominated by the Australian Alps and the surrounding highlands of the Great Dividing Range, which also to a lesser extent extend far into the west of the state and ease off after The Grampians. By comparison the north and northwest of the state is extremely flat with little prominence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skiing in Australia</span> Overview of skiing practiced in Australia

Skiing in Australia takes place in the Australian Alps in the states of New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory as well as in the mountains of the island state Tasmania, during the Southern Hemisphere winter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Hotham Alpine Resort</span> Alpine resort in Victoria, Australia

Mount Hotham Alpine Resort is an Australian alpine resort, is located in the Alpine region of Victoria. Set on the slopes of Mount Hotham, the ski resort comprises an alpine village, situated at an altitude of 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) AHD, making it the second highest resort village in Australia after Charlotte Pass village, in New South Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Baw Baw Alpine Resort</span> Ski resort in Victoria, Australia

Mt. Baw Baw Alpine Resort is a small Australian downhill ski resort located approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Melbourne and 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the Latrobe Valley in Victoria. The Alpine Resort is an unincorporated area which is surrounded by the Baw Baw National Park and the Australian Alps Walking Track passes nearby. The summit of Mount Baw Baw (1567m) falls within the boundaries of the resort and is accessible by lift or walking trail. The resort is also a base for cross-country skiing on the Baw-Baw Plateau.

References

  1. 1 2 "Mount Bogong, Australia". Peakbagger.com.
  2. ↑ "Mount Bogong". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  3. 1 2 "Australia's bioregions (IBRA)". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Commonwealth of Australia. 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  4. ↑ "Victoria Alps[sic]". Peakbagger.com.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "the Australian alps". Australian Alps national parks Co-operative Management Program 2020. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  6. ↑ Carberry, Kirrily (7 February 2019). "Rural Funds Group buys beef farm Cobungra Station" . Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jemison, C. "High Country Online". High Country Online. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  8. ↑ Visit Bright. "Alpine National Park". Visit Bright. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 Catrice, Daniel. "THE GARDEN OF THE GODS A BRIEF HISTORY OF MOUNT BUFFALO NATIONAL PARK". www.visitmountbuffalo.com.au. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  10. ↑ Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. "National Heritage Places - Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves". National Heritage Places - Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "The Cross - Great Alpine Road - Mt Hotham, Victoria". Waymarking. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  12. ↑ Sheridan, Lynnette (1988). University Ski Club 1929-1979. Melbourne: University Ski Club.
  13. ↑ "Hotel Pension Grimus - About Us - Grimus Family". hpg-website. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  14. ↑ "Quirky Zirky still king of mountain". www.heraldsun.com.au. 16 August 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  15. ↑ "2016 Census QuickStats: Alpine (S)". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  16. ↑ Slattery, D (2016). Australian Alps : Kosciuszko, Alpine and Namadgi National Parks. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing.
  17. ↑ "Australian Alps | mountains, Australia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Victorian Ecosystems - Alpine". viridans.com. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Local threatened species". www.zoo.org.au. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  20. ↑ "'Running rampant': Victoria to remove 1,200 feral horses from high country". www.abc.net.au. 2 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  21. 1 2 "Parks Victoria says it won't start shooting brumbies until at least winter". www.abc.net.au. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  22. ↑ "Sign the Petition". Change.org.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  23. 1 2 Alpine Grazing Taskforce (May 2005). "Report of the investigation into the future of cattle grazing in the Alpine National Park" (PDF).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ↑ "Cattle Banned From The Alpine National Park". Premier of Victoria. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  25. ↑ "Cobungra Station - About Us". www.cobungrawagyu.com.au. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  26. 1 2 "About". Geebung Polo Classic Is Back On For 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  27. 1 2 Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (30 May 2019). "The geology of eastern Victoria". Earth Resources. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  28. 1 2 "Geoscience shows Victoria's high country starts with New Zealand". AuScope. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "Climate statistics for Australian locations". www.bom.gov.au. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  30. ↑ "Bogong Hydro Power Station". Power Technology | Energy News and Market Analysis. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  31. ↑ Peace, Ray (1993). Ski touring Victoria and NSW. Melbourne: Lothian.
  32. 1 2 "Research shows increased visitor numbers across Victoria's alpine resorts - Australasian Leisure Management". www.ausleisure.com.au. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  33. ↑ "Peaks Challenge Falls Creek | Sunday 7 March 2021". Bicycle Network. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  34. ↑ "Falls to Hotham Alpine Crossing". www.parks.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.