Grampians National Park

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Grampians National Park / Gariwerd
Victoria
Grampians.jpg
Grampians National Park / Gariwerd viewed from north of Boroka Peak
Australia Victoria relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Grampians National Park / Gariwerd
Grampians National Park
Nearest town or city Halls Gap
Coordinates 37°12′28″S142°23′59″E / 37.20778°S 142.39972°E / -37.20778; 142.39972
Established1 July 1984 (1984-07-01) [1]
Area1,672.19 km2 (645.6 sq mi) [1]
Managing authorities Parks Victoria
Website Grampians National Park / Gariwerd
See also Protected areas of Victoria

The Grampians National Park commonly referred to as the Grampians, is a national park located in the Grampians region of Victoria, Australia. The Jardwadjali name for the mountain range itself is Gariwerd. [2]

Contents

The 167,219-hectare (413,210-acre) national park is situated between Stawell and Horsham on the Western Highway and Dunkeld on the Glenelg Highway, 260 kilometres (160 mi) west of Melbourne and 460 kilometres (290 mi) east of Adelaide. Proclaimed as a national park on 1 July 1984, the park was listed on the National Heritage List on 15 December 2006 for its outstanding natural beauty and being one of the richest Aboriginal rock art sites in south-eastern Australia. [3]

The Grampians feature a striking series of mountain ranges of sandstone. The Gariwerd area features about 90% of the rock art in the state. [4]

Etymology

Grampians / Gariwerd at dusk Grampian National Park Victoria.jpg
Grampians / Gariwerd at dusk

At the time of European colonisation, the Grampians had a number of indigenous names, one of which was Gariwerd in the western Kulin language of the Mukjarawaint, [5] Jardwadjali, and Djab Wurrung people, who lived in the area and who shared 90 per cent of their vocabulary. [6]

According to historian Benjamin Wilkie, the name Gariwerd was first written down in 1841, taken from a Jardwadjali speaker by the Chief Protector of Aborigines, George Augustus Robinson, as Currewurt. From speakers of the Djab Wurrung language or Djargurd Wurrung language, to the east, he recorded "Erewurrr, country of the Grampians" – likely a mishearing of Gariwerd. Recorded variations on Gariwerd include Cowa, Gowah, and Gar – generic words for a pointed mountain. Dhauwurd Wurrung language speakers from the south-west coast of Victoria called the mountains Murraibuggum, while Wathawurrung (Wathaurong) speakers used the name Tolotmutgo. [6]

In 1836, the explorer and Surveyor General of New South Wales Sir Thomas Mitchell named Gariwerd after the Grampian Mountains in his native Scotland. According to Wilkie, Mitchell first referred to Gariwerd as the Coast Mountains and, in July 1836, called them the Gulielmian Mountains after William IV of the United Kingdom (Gulielmi IV Regis). Members of his expedition referred to the mountains as the Gulielmean, Gulielman, and the Blue Gulielmean Mountains. Later in 1836, Mitchell settled on Grampians, and the Grampians National Park took that name in 1984. [7]

After a two-year consultation process, the park was renamed Grampians (Gariwerd) National Park in 1991, but that proved controversial and was reversed after the election of the Kennett government in 1992. [8] The 1998 Geographic Place Names Act reinstated the dual naming of geographical features, [9] and that has been subsequently adopted in the park, based on Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung names for rock art sites and landscape features, with the Australian National Heritage List referring to "Grampians National Park (Gariwerd)". [3]

Physiography

This area is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Western Victorian Highlands province, which, in turn, is part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division — commonly known as the Great Dividing Range — a series of mountain ranges, plateaus and rolling hills forming out of the Wimmera plains just to the west of the Grampians, staying close to the east Australian coastline and extending 4,000 km (2,500 miles) to the north to Dauan Island in the Torres Strait off the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula .

Geography

Grampians 12 4 05 to 15 4 05 039.jpg
A190, Grampians National Park, Australia, The Balconies, 2007.JPG
Left: View from the Balconies overlook into Victoria Valley. Right: View from Boroka Lookout with Halls Gap out of frame to left.

The general form that the ranges take is: from the west, a series of low-angled sandstone ridges running roughly north–south. The eastern sides of the ridges, where the sedimentary layers have faulted, are steep and beyond the vertical in place - notably at Hollow Mountain near Dadswells Bridge at the northern end of the ranges.

Geology

The rock material that composes the high peaks is sandstone which was laid down from rivers during the Devonian period 425 - 415 million years ago. [10] This sediment slowly accumulated to a depth of 7 kilometres (4.3 mi); this was later raised and tilted for its present form.[ citation needed ] A number of stratigraphic layers have been identified, such as the Silverband Formation, the Mount Difficult Subgroup and the Red Man Bluff Subgroup. [10] The coarse grain and fine lamination of the Silverstone Formation, along with undulations at the surface, is thought to have been an estuarine backwater before becoming preserved around 400 million years ago. [11]

The Southern Ocean reached the base of the northern and western edges of the mountain range about 40 million years ago, the deposition from the range forming the sea floor which is now Little Desert National Park.[ citation needed ]

The highest peak is Mount William at 1,167 metres (3,829 ft). Numerous waterfalls, such as Mackenzie Falls, are found in the park and are easily accessible via a well-developed road network.[ citation needed ]

The western part of the park, with the rock formation known as The Fortress to the right Grampians Fortress Stevage.jpg
The western part of the park, with the rock formation known as The Fortress to the right

Climate

Due to being an exposed peak in the far west of Victoria, Mount William features especially cool maximum temperatures throughout the year. Winter cloud cover is profound; with an extraordinary 26 days of precipitation in July, constituting an annual total of 216 days—quite possibly the highest figure of any site in mainland Australia.

Snowfalls are both frequent and heavy throughout the year. Daily maximum temperatures can struggle above the single digits even in summer, and on such days the afternoon and mid-day readings can be near to 0 °C (32 °F) in extreme cases such as in December 2022. The peak can be classed as a cold Mediterranean climate on account of high summer (February) only averaging 34 millimetres (1.3 in) of rainfall. [12]

Climate data for Grampians (Mount William, 2005–2023); 1,150 m AMSL; 37.30° S, 142.60° E
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)36.6
(97.9)		36.6
(97.9)		32.2
(90.0)		26.1
(79.0)		18.0
(64.4)		13.4
(56.1)		12.1
(53.8)		16.1
(61.0)		20.6
(69.1)		27.0
(80.6)		32.1
(89.8)		34.9
(94.8)		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)21.4
(70.5)		20.0
(68.0)		17.3
(63.1)		12.5
(54.5)		8.3
(46.9)		5.8
(42.4)		5.1
(41.2)		5.8
(42.4)		8.8
(47.8)		12.7
(54.9)		15.8
(60.4)		18.3
(64.9)		12.7
(54.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)10.3
(50.5)		9.5
(49.1)		8.4
(47.1)		6.0
(42.8)		3.6
(38.5)		1.8
(35.2)		1.0
(33.8)		1.1
(34.0)		2.1
(35.8)		4.0
(39.2)		6.2
(43.2)		7.8
(46.0)		5.2
(41.3)
Record low °C (°F)0.9
(33.6)		1.8
(35.2)		−0.1
(31.8)		−1.2
(29.8)		−2.1
(28.2)		−2.6
(27.3)		−4.1
(24.6)		−2.9
(26.8)		−3.8
(25.2)		−3.3
(26.1)		−2.5
(27.5)		−0.5
(31.1)		−4.1
(24.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)62.6
(2.46)		33.8
(1.33)		57.0
(2.24)		82.2
(3.24)		132.4
(5.21)		147.2
(5.80)		174.4
(6.87)		157.0
(6.18)		118.2
(4.65)		93.8
(3.69)		77.1
(3.04)		55.0
(2.17)		1,179.2
(46.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)8.811.515.318.222.324.425.524.121.317.115.611.4215.5
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Grampians (Mount William)

Cultural heritage

Evidence of vertebrate life

The Silverband Formation (see Geology above) was the source of sandstone paving slabs used for the construction of a nearby Cobb & Co station in 1873. The surface of one paver contained 23 impressions, the tracks of a four-legged animal around 850 millimetres (33 in) in length, which have been described as the oldest trace of a vertebrate walking on land. [11]

Aboriginal Australian heritage

To the Jardwadjali and Djab wurrung peoples, Gariwerd was central to the dreaming of the creator, Bunjil, and buledji Brambimbula, the two brothers Bram, who were responsible for the creation and naming of many landscape features in western Victoria.

Grampians National Park (Gariwerd) is one of the richest Indigenous rock art sites in south-eastern Australia and was listed on the National Heritage List for its natural beauty as well as its past and continuing Aboriginal cultural associations. [13] Motifs painted in numerous caves include depictions of humans, human hands, animal tracks and birds. Notable rock art sites include: [3] [14]

The rock art was created by Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung peoples, and while Aboriginal communities continue to pass on knowledge and cultural traditions, much Indigenous knowledge has also been lost since European settlement of the area from 1840. The significance of the right hand prints at Gulgurn Manja is now unknown. [15]

One of the most significant Aboriginal cultural sites in south-eastern Australia is Bunjil's Shelter, not within the park area, but in Black Range Scenic Reserve near Stawell. [16] It is the only known rock art depiction of Bunjil, the creator-being in Aboriginal Australian mythology. [17]

Dual naming of features has been adopted in the park based on Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung names for rock art sites and landscape features, including: [18]

Recreation

Gariwerd and the Grampians National Park has been a popular destination for recreation and tourism since the middle of the nineteenth century. According to Wilkie, the extension of railways to nearby Stawell, Ararat and Dunkeld were an important factor in the mountains' increasing popularity in the early twentieth century; growing car ownership and the construction of tourist roads in the ranges during the 1920s were also significant. [19]

Gliding

Mount William is known within the gliding community for the "Grampians Wave", a weather phenomenon that sometimes enables glider pilots to reach extreme altitudes of the order of 28,000 ft (8,500 m). This predominantly occurs during the months of May, June, September and October when strong westerly winds flow at right angles to the ridge, and produce a large-scale standing wave. [20]

Rock climbing

The Grampians is a famous rock climbing destination, with the first routes being established in the 1960s. [21] Notable routes include The Wheel of Life (V15 / 35) and Groove Train (33) which attract world class climbers. [22] Australian adventurer Jon Muir regards the Grampians, along with the Arapiles, as near perfect in their combination of access, climate and type of rock. [23]

In March 2019, 30% of climbing areas were closed by Parks Victoria due to cultural and ecological concerns, namely bolting, chalk marks, and making access paths through vegetation. [24] [21] [25] It closed 70% of bouldering routes, and 50% of sport climbing. [26]

Parks Victoria were accused by climbers of exaggerating damage and acting heavy handedly by pitting them against traditional owners, of whom they are "natural allies". [27] [25] [28] Jon Muir and renowned Australian mountaineer Tim Macartney-Snape have criticised Parks Victoria’s handling of the situation, with Muir saying, “The climbers haven’t really been taken into the equation”, and Macartney-Snape saying, “It’s really the way it has been managed. It’s a blight on Australian administration of natural land.” [23]

Bushwalking

In 2015 Parks Victoria started building the 164 km Grampians Peaks Trail. [29] The trail, which takes inspiration from popular Tasmanian trails, is designed to take 13 days to walk and crosses the length of the park. [30] It was officially opened on 12 November 2021. [31]

The most popular walking area for day trippers is the Wonderland area near Halls Gap. In summer the ranges can get very hot and dry. Winter and spring are the best times for walking. The Wonderland area is also host to "The Grand Canyon" on the "Wonderland Loop" on one of the tracks to the "Pinnacle".

In spring, the Grampians wildflowers are an attraction. Colloquially known as the ‘garden of Victoria’, the Grampians is home to 975 native plant species (including more than 75 orchid species), representing one third of the total Victorian flora, and many of these species are only found in the Grampians, including the Grampians pincushion lily (Borya mirabilis), one of the rarest native lilies in Australia. [3]

Tourist centres

Halls Gap / Budja Budja is the largest service town in the area and is located at a point roughly equidistant between the towns of Ararat and Stawell. The town is located towards the eastern side of the park and offers accommodation to the many tourists who visit the area.

The Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre in Halls Gap is owned and managed by Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung people from five Aboriginal communities with historic links to the Gariwerd-Grampians ranges and the surrounding plains. [32]

A 180deg panoramic view looking roughly east from The Pinnacle, providing views of Halls Gap on the left and Lake Bellfield on the right Grampians Panorama from Pinnacle Edit 1 - Nov 2008.jpg
A 180° panoramic view looking roughly east from The Pinnacle, providing views of Halls Gap on the left and Lake Bellfield on the right

Food and Wine Festival

Grampians National Park is home to one of Australia's longest running food and wine festivals, Grampians Grape Escape, held over the first weekend of May in Halls Gap every year. Launched in 1992, the Grampians Grape Escape is a hallmark event for Victoria and provides food and wine offerings by more than 100 local artisan producers, live music and family entertainment. [33]

Natural disasters

Typical regrowth after the bushfire Eucalypt trees, Australia, 15 months after a bushfire.jpg
Typical regrowth after the bushfire

A major bushfire burned out about 50% of the Grampians National Park in January 2006. Soon afterwards the first signs of regeneration were already visible with, for example, regrowth of the eucalyptus trees. Many trees exhibit epicormic growth, where a mass of young shoots re-sprout along the whole length of the trunk to the base of the tree. Major flooding followed 5 years later in January 2011, forcing the closure of some parts of the Grampians National Park for several months.

Further reading

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bunjil</span> Creator deity, culture hero and ancestral being in Australian Aboriginal mythology

Bunjil, also spelt Bundjil, is a creator deity, culture hero and ancestral being, often depicted as a wedge-tailed eagle in Australian Aboriginal mythology of some of the Aboriginal peoples of Victoria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shire of Northern Grampians</span> Local government area in Victoria, Australia

The Shire of Northern Grampians is a local government area in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 5,730 square kilometres (2,210 sq mi) and in June 2018 had a population of 11,431, having fallen from 12,087 in 2008. It includes the city of Stawell and the towns of St Arnaud, Great Western, Marnoo, Glenorchy, Stuart Mill, Navarre and the tourist town of Halls Gap. It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Stawell, Town of St Arnaud, Shire of Stawell, Shire of Kara Kara and parts of the Shire of Wimmera, Shire of Dunmunkle and Shire of Donald.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stawell, Victoria</span> Town in Victoria, Australia

Stawell ( "stall"), is an Australian town in the Wimmera region of Victoria 237 kilometres (147 mi) west-north-west of the state capital, Melbourne. Located within the Shire of Northern Grampians local government area, it is a seat of local government for the shire and its main administrative centre. At the 2021 census, Stawell had a population of 6,220.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ararat, Victoria</span> City in Australia

Ararat is a town in south-west Victoria, Australia, about 198 kilometres (120 mi) west of Melbourne, on the Western Highway on the eastern slopes of the Ararat Hills and Cemetery Creek valley between Victoria's Western District and the Wimmera. Its urban population according to 2021 census is 8,500 and services the region of 11,880 residents across the Rural City's boundaries. It is also the home of the 2018/19 GMGA Golf Championship Final.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wimmera Southern Mallee (region)</span> Region in Victoria, Australia

The Victorian government's Wimmera Southern Mallee subregion is part of the Grampians region in western Victoria. It includes most of what is considered the Wimmera, and part of the southern Mallee region. The subregion is based on the social catchment of Horsham, its main settlement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halls Gap</span> Town in Victoria, Australia

Halls Gap is a town in Victoria, Australia. It is located on Grampians Road, adjacent to the Grampians National Park, in the Shire of Northern Grampians local government area. The town is set in the Fyans Valley at the foot of the Wonderland and Mount William ranges. At the 2016 census Halls Gap had a population of 430. The approximate driving time from Melbourne is 3 hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Arnaud, Victoria</span> City in Victoria, Australia

St Arnaud is a town in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia, 244 kilometres north west of the capital Melbourne. It is in the Shire of Northern Grampians local government area. At the 2021 census, St Arnaud had a population of 3,453.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taungurung</span>

The Taungurung people, also spelt Daung Wurrung, are an Aboriginal people who are one of the Kulin nations in present-day Victoria, Australia. They consist of nine clans whose traditional language is the Taungurung language.

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The Jardwadjali (Yartwatjali), also known as the Jaadwa, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of Victoria, whose traditional lands occupy the lands in the upper Wimmera River watershed east to Gariwerd (Grampians) and west to Lake Bringalbert.

The Djab Wurrung, also spelt Djabwurrung, Tjapwurrung, Tjap Wurrung, or Djapwarrung, people are Aboriginal Australians whose country is the volcanic plains of central Victoria from the Mount William Range of Gariwerd in the west to the Pyrenees range in the east encompassing the Wimmera River flowing north and the headwaters of the Hopkins River flowing south. The towns of Ararat, Stawell and Hamilton are within their territory. There were 41 Djab Wurrung clans who formed an alliance with the neighbouring Jardwadjali people through intermarriage, shared culture, trade and moiety system before colonisation. Their lands were conquered but never ceded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount William (Victoria)</span> Mountain in Victoria, Australia

Mount William is a mountain of the Grampians Mountain Range, located within the Grampians National Park, in the Australian state of Victoria. The mountain is situated approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) west-northwest of Melbourne on the eastern edge of the national park, approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) drive from Halls Gap.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aboriginal Victorians</span> Indigenous people of the Australian state of Victoria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aboriginal sites of Victoria</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woiwurrung</span>

The Woiwurrung, also spelt Woi-wurrung, Woi Wurrung, Woiwurrong, Woiworung, Wuywurung, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Woiwurrung language group, in the Kulin alliance.

Mount Zero, also known as Mura Mura in the Jardwadjali language is the northernmost mountain of the Grampian range. Its prominent conical shape is visible from the Western Highway south of Horsham. Scottish explorer Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell named and then described the mountain as "Mount Zero, a name I applied to a remarkable cone at the western extremity of the chain of mountains." While the peak is inside the National Park, the Mount Zero Olive Farm runs along its northern approaches. Scrub covers the sandstone slopes, with a track running up to the summit from the Mt Zero Picnic Area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bunjil's Shelter</span> Protected area in Victoria, Australia

Bunjil's Shelter, also known as Bunjil's Cave, is an Aboriginal sacred site in the Grampians region of Australia near Stawell. It contains a painting of Bunjil and two dingos or dogs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Djab Wurrung Heritage Protection Embassy</span>

The Djab Wurrung Heritage Protection Embassy or Djab Wurrung Embassy was an activist space from 2018 to 2021 that comprised three camps near Buangor, Victoria. The Embassy's goal was to block the Victorian Government from destroying sacred birthing trees and advocate for Aboriginal sovereignty and land rights. The Embassy was led by Djab Wurrung people and received visitors and support from First Nations people and the broader community. The sites of the Embassy were dismantled during arrests in 2020, during which the 'Directions Tree' was destroyed.

Tetramelas gariwerdensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, described in 2020. It is found in the Grampian Mountains in western Victoria, Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 Victoria, Parks (March 2003). Grampians National Park Management Plan (PDF) (PDF). p. 10. ISBN   0-7311-3131-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Aboriginal Placenames 7. Reviving old Indigenous names for new purposes". Australian National University. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "National Heritage Places - Grampians National Park (Gariwerd)". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment . Australian Government. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  4. ↑ "Gariwerd/Grampians". Budja Budja Aboriginal Cooperative. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  5. ↑ "Native Tribes of South-East Australia". Wikisource. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  6. 1 2 Wilkie, Benjamin (2020). Gariwerd: An Environmental History of the Grampians. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. p. 22. ISBN   9781486307685.
  7. ↑ Wilkie, Benjamin (2020). Gariwerd: An Environmental History of the Grampians. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 43–44. ISBN   9781486307685.
  8. ↑ Wilkie, Benjamin (2018). "Rights, reconciliation, and the restoration of Djabwurrung and Jardwadjali names to Grampians-Gariwerd". Victorian Historical Journal. 89 (1): 113–135.
  9. ↑ "Grampians (Gariwerd) National Park". Vicnames. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Australian Stratigraphic Units Database, Geoscience Australia". Australian Stratigraphic Units Database. Australian Government. Geoscience Australia. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  11. 1 2 Vickers-Rich, P. (1993). Wildlife of Gondwana. NSW: Reed. pp. 103–104. ISBN   0730103153.
  12. ↑ "Climate statistics for Grampians (Mount William)". Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  13. ↑ "Grampians National Park (Gariwerd), Victoria" (PDF). Australian Government. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  14. ↑ C.F.M. Bird and D. Frankel, 2005. An Archaeology of Gariwerd. From Pleistocene to Holocene in Western Victoria. Tempus 8. (Archaeology and Material Culture Studies in Anthropology) University of Queensland, St Lucia.
  15. ↑ "A compelling case for beauty". The Age . 28 December 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  16. ↑ "Aboriginal Victoria, Grampians, Victoria, Australia". Visit Victoria. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  17. ↑ "Bunjil Shelter - Stawell, Attraction, Grampians, Victoria, Australia". Visit Victoria. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  18. ↑ Ian D. Clark and Lionel L. Harradine, The restoration of Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung names for rock art sites and landscape features in and around the Grampians National Park Archived 27 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine , Melbourne, Vic. : Koorie Tourism Unit, 1990.
  19. ↑ Wilkie, Benjamin (2020). Gariwerd: An Environmental History of the Grampians. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 95–97. ISBN   9781486307685.
  20. ↑ "Wonderland Loop (25km) - TRAIL HIKING AUSTRALIA". TRAIL HIKING AUSTRALIA. 26 July 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  21. 1 2 Slavsky, Bennett (21 March 2019). "Australia's Grampians National Park Announces Sweeping Climbing Closures". Climbing Magazine.
  22. ↑ "Jorg Verhoeven Sends Groove Train (33/5.14b) - Grampians, Australia". Rock and Ice. 29 February 2016.
  23. 1 2 Ferguson, John (27 November 2020). "Hanging in the balance". The Weekend Australian Magazine. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  24. ↑ "Battle rages over Grampians as rock climbers banned to protect Indigenous art". ABC News. 29 April 2019.
  25. 1 2 "Climbing Bans in the Grampians". Vertical Life. 14 February 2019.
  26. ↑ "Save Grampians Climbing | Assist efforts in restoring access to world renowned climbing areas in the Grampians National Park".
  27. ↑ "Grampians rock-climbing ban: Indigenous group says heritage is 'non-negotiable'". TheGuardian.com . 2 July 2019.
  28. ↑ "Reconciliation - Vertical Life". Archived from the original on 7 August 2019.
  29. ↑ The Grampians: world’s next epic trek a peak attraction Archived 14 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "144-kilometre walking track to showcase the highlights of the Grampians". 22 June 2015.
  31. ↑ "The Grampians Peaks Trail is officially open!". www.parks.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  32. ↑ About Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre , Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre website. Accessed 25 November 2008
  33. ↑ "2014 Grampians Grape Escape | Victorian Government". Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.


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