Wotjobaluk people

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Wotjobaluk is an ethnonym used by A. W. Howitt to denote a group of Aboriginal Australian people now know as the Wudjubalug. [1] [2] . The term is used also specifically to refer to a particular subgroup, closely related to the Wergaia people of the state of Victoria.

Contents

Language

Wotjobaluk was a dialect of Wergaia [3] [2] . R. H. Mathews supplied a brief analysis of the closely related Djadjala (Tyattyalla) as spoken around Albacutya [4] He stated that it was characterised by four numbers: the singular, the dual, trial, and plural. [5] There were, in addition, two forms of the trial number for the 1st person, depending on whether the person addressed was included or excluded. [5] Thus one obtains: wutju (a man); "wutju-buliñ" (two men); wutju-kullik (three men); wutju-getyaul (several men). [5] [6]

In mid-2021 a language revival project started up at the Wotjobaluk Knowledge Place, established in December 2020 at Dimboola. A Wergaia language program would run over 20 weeks. [7]

Country

Wotjobaluk territory took in some 12,000 square kilometres (4,800 mi2) inclusive of the Wimmera River, Outlet Creek and the two eutrophic lakes, Hindmarsh and Albacutya. Their southern borders down ran to Dimboola, Kaniva, and Servicetown. Their western frontier lay beyond Yanac, and to the east, as far as Warracknabeal and Lake Korong. Their northern horizon reached Pine Plains. [8]

Social organisation

The Wotjobaluk were divided into 11 bands or clans: [9]

  1. Lail-buil between Pine Plains and the River Murray
  2. Jakelbalak between Pine Plains and Lake Albacutya
  3. Kromelak at Lake Albacutya
  4. Wanmung Wanmungkur at Lake Hindmarsh
  5. Kapuu-kapunbara on the River Wimmera, towards Lake Hindmarsh
  6. Duwinbarap west of River Wimmera
  7. Jackalbarap west of Duwinbarap
  8. Jarambiuk at Yarriambiack Creek (so called)
  9. Whitewurudiuk, east of Yarriambiack Creek
  10. Kerabialbarap south of Mount Arapiles
  11. Murra-murra-barap in the Grampians

According to A. W. Howitt, the Wotjobaluk were divided into two moieties, the "white cockatoo" (Gartchukas) and the "black snake" (Wullernunt). [10]

Culture

As in many other Aboriginal cultures, before they had completed their full initiation rites, young Wotjobaluk males lay under a strict ban against eating a number of foods, such as the flesh of kangaroos or the pademelon. [a]

According to what Wotjobaluk hunters told Adolf Hartmann of their hunting lore, kangaroos had acute hearing, and could twig the presence of a predator at 150 yards simply by hearing the noise of ankle-bones cracking. Older kangaroos were apt to cast their young from their marsupial pouch if chased by dingos, to distract the dogs from their main prey. [12]

Cultural centre

The Wotjobaluk Knowledge Place, apart from teaching language (see above), displays artworks, conducts workshops, and is a centre for social get-togethers. [7]

Alternative names

Some words

Notes

  1. ↑ 'In Australia the boys and girls of the Lower Murray tribes thought that if before initiation they ate emu, wild duck, swans, geese, or black duck, or the eggs of any of these birds, their hair would become premature and their muscles would shrink. Wotjobaluk boys are forbidden to eat of the kangaroo or the pademelon on penalty of breaking out all over with eruption.' [11]

Citations

  1. ↑ Howitt 1904, p. 55.
  2. 1 2 Wergaia (S17).
  3. ↑ Wotjobaluk (S88).
  4. ↑ Mathews 1902, pp. 77ff..
  5. 1 2 3 Mathews 1902, p. 72.
  6. 1 2 Mathews 1902, p. 77.
  7. 1 2 Kelso 2021.
  8. 1 2 Tindale 1974, p. 208.
  9. ↑ Hartmann 1878, p. 39.
  10. ↑ Howitt 1886, p. 410.
  11. ↑ Parsons 1915, p. 46.
  12. ↑ Hartmann 1878, p. 250.
  13. ↑ Stone 1911, p. 435.
  14. 1 2 Mathews 1902, p. 78.
  15. ↑ Mathews 1902, p. 81.

Sources

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