Indigenous Australian food groups

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Indigenous Australian peoples traditionally classified food sources in a methodical way. Below are a few examples.

Contents

Central Australia

In Central Australia, people used innovative means to obtain a balanced diet.

The food categories, and their Arrernte names, are: [1]

Arrernte nameFoodsExamples
Kerefood from animals; meat, fat, offal, blood, eggsKere arlewatyerre (goanna), Kere ulkerte (perentie), Kere arntetherrke (carpet snake), Kere aherre (kangaroo), Kere antenhe (possum), Kere inape (echidna), Kere ankerre (emu)
Mernefood from plants; fruit, vegetables Merne atwakeye (wild orange), Merne arrutnenge (wild passionfruit), Merne pmerlpe (quandong), Merne mwanyeme (bush tomato), Merne arnweketye (conkerberry), Merne alangkwe (bush banana), Merne arlatyeye (pencil yam). merne marrre (Honey Beans)
Ntange (Merne ntange)edible seedsMerne ntange ulyawe (Pigweed seed), Merne ntange arlepe (Prickly wattle seed), Merne ntange artetye (Mulga seed), Merne ntange arlketyerre (Dead finish seed).
(See also: seedcakes)
Tyapeedible grubs and insects; witchetties, cicadas,Tyape atnyematye (Witchetty grub), Tyape ahernenge (River red gum grub), Tyape ankerrutne (Coolibah tree grub), Tyape tyerraye (Cicadas), Tyape ayepe-arenye (Tar vine caterpillars).

Tyape atnyematye (Witchetty grub)

  • find cracks in the ground underneath a Witchetty bush (Acacia kempeana)and dig there
  • lever up swollen root where the grubs are located
  • eat grubs raw or cooked in hot earth
  • squash guts of the grubs onto sores
Ngkwarle honey-like foods; nectar, wild honey, lerps, gum
Ngkwarle athenge arlperle (Ironwood tree gum), Ngkwarle alkerampwe (Mulga tree gum, Ngkwarle arlperrampwe (Whitewood tree gum, Ngkwarle atnyerampwe (Supplejack tree gum), Ngkwarle akikarre (Witchetty bush gum), Ngkwarle aperarnte (River Red gum honeydew, Ngkwarle yerrampe, (Honeyant), Ngkwarle arwengalkere (Native bee honey), Ngkwarle untyeyampe (Corkwood flower nectar).

Some other category words from Arrernte that are used in relation to food include:

Top End

In the Top End, seafood plays an important part in the diet. The food groups and their Yolngu names are:

MARANHU (foods)
Yolŋu nameFoods
Murnyaŋ'

(plant or vegetable food)
Alternative names: Dhäkadatj; Ŋayaŋay', Buku-bira'

Gonyil

(meat, shellfish, eggs)
Alternative names: Matha-yal, Merrpal'Matha-bira,
Ŋänarr-yal

1. Borum— fruits1. Warrakan'— land animals and birds
2. Guku— bee products2. Miyapunu— marine mammals
3. Ŋatha— root foods3. Maranydjalk— rays and sharks
4. Manutji Ŋatha— seeds4. Guyafish
5. Mudhuŋaycycad foodstuffs5. Maypalshellfish, crabs
6. Mapu— eggs

The old people would talk about the need to eat from both murŋyan' and gonyil food groups and the need to supplement their diet with gapu (fresh water). While this balance was maintained, the people knew they were eating correctly. [2]

When the men would come back from the magpie goose hunt, they would be craving murnyaŋ foods after having eaten so much meat and eggs. Meanwhile, the women, children and old people back in the camps would be looking forward to gonyil, magpie goose meat and eggs, after eating so much murnyaŋ'. [3]

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References

  1. Turner, Margaret-Mary, Arrernte Foods, Foods from Central Australia, IAD Press, Alice Springs, 1994, ISBN   0-949659-76-2 pviii
  2. Richard Trudgen, below
  3. Thomson, Donald and Peterson, Nicolas, Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land, Miegunyah Press, 2003, ISBN   0-522-85063-4, p 158.