Acacia aneura

Last updated

Mulga
Acacia aneura habit.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Species:
A. aneura
Binomial name
Acacia aneura
Synonyms [2]
List
    • Acacia aneura var. (Napperby S.L.Everist 4226)
    • Acacia aneura var. (Thargomindah D.E.Boyland 8099)
    • Acacia aneura var. intermedia Pedley
    • Racosperma aneurum(Benth.) Pedley
    • Racosperma aneurum var. intermedium(Pedley) Pedley
    • Acacia aneura var. coniferaauct. non Randell: Holland, A.E. & Pedley, L. in Henderson, R.J.F. (2002) p.p.
    • Acacia aneura var. coniferaauct. non Randell: Pedley, L. in Bostock, P.D. & Holland, A.E. (ed.) (2007) p.p.
    • Acacia aneura var. coniferaauct. non Randell: Pedley, L. in Bostock, P.D. & Holland, A.E. (ed.) 2010 p.p.
Acacia aneura var. aneura leaves and flowers Acacia aneura var. aneura.jpg
Acacia aneura var. aneura leaves and flowers
Mulga woodland in Southwestern Queensland Mulga.jpg
Mulga woodland in Southwestern Queensland
Acacia aneura branch with seed pods Acacia aneura pods.jpg
Acacia aneura branch with seed pods
Acacia aneura bark Acacia-aneura-bark3.jpg
Acacia aneura bark
Mulga heath in Southwestern Queensland Mulga heath.jpg
Mulga heath in Southwestern Queensland
Acacia anuera woodland Acacia anuera woodland Wilson River catchment south west Qld September 1991 IMG 0030.jpg
Acacia anuera woodland

Acacia aneura, commonly known as mulga, [3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland Australia. It is a variable shrub or small tree with flat, narrowly linear to elliptic phyllodes, cylindrical spikes of bright yellow flowers and more or less flat and straight, leathery pods.

Contents

Description

Acacia aneura is a variable shrub or small tree that typically grows to a height of 2.5–7 m (8 ft 2 in – 23 ft 0 in), sometimes up to 10 m (33 ft) and is often multistemmed with a bushy crown. [3] Its phyllodes are flat, narrowly linear to narrowly elliptic, 40–100 mm (1.6–3.9 in) long and mostly 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) wide, straight or slightly curved. [4] The flowers are borne in a cylindrical head in the axils of phyllodes on a hairy peduncle 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long. The heads are 15–25 mm (0.59–0.98 in) long and bright yellow. [4] Flowering occurs from March to May [4] or August [3] and the pod is more or less straight and flat, 20–40 mm (0.79–1.57 in) long and 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in) wide with a winged edge. [4] The pods are papery, brown to greyish-brown, containing elliptic to oblong or egg-shaped seeds 3.5–5 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long and 2.5–3.0 mm (0.098–0.118 in) with a small whitich or cream-coloured aril. [3]

Aboriginal peoples of the Coober Pedy area in South Australia refer to mulga trees as Umoona, which means "long life". [5]

Taxonomy

Acacia aneura was first formally described in 1855 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. Bentham's description was published in Linnaea: Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. [6] [7] The specific epithet (aneura) means 'without nerves', referring to the phyllodes. [8]

Distribution and habitat

Mulga is endemic to Australia, and is found in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales. [2] In Western Australia it grows in a variety of soils and habitats in the Central Ranges, Coolgardie, Gascoyne, Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Little Sandy Desert, Murchison, Nullarbor, Pilbara and Tanami bioregions. [9]

In the Northern Territory it occurs in the Burt Plain, Central Ranges, Channel Country, Davenport Murchison Ranges, Finke, Gawler, Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Little Sandy Desert, MacDonnell Ranges, Mitchell Grass Downs, Mount Isa Inlier, Murchison, Pilbara, Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields, Stony Plains and Tanami bioregions. [10]

In South Australia, mulga occurs in scattered population in the north-west of that state [11] and in Queensland it is found in the south-west, but also extend northwards through the Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion and west into the Channel Country. [12]

In New South Wales, Acacia aneura is mainly found west from Nyngan and Griffith and possibly as far east as the Hunter Valley. [4]

Habitat and ecology

Mulga savanna and mulga codominant tussock grasslands cover roughly 20% of the Australian continent, or about 1.5 million square kilometres. The mean rainfall for much of the habitat for A. aneura in Australia is roughly 200–250 mm/year, but it goes to as high as 500 mm/year in New South Wales and Queensland. The lowest mean rainfall where it grows is about 50–60 mm/year. [13] Both summer and winter rainfall are necessary to maintain mulga, and the species is absent from semiarid regions that experience summer or winter drought. [14]

Mulga scrub is distinctive and widespread, with the Mulga Lands of eastern Australia defined as a specific bioregion. The dominant species in these woodlands is mulga, with poplar box ( Eucalyptus populnea ) forming an increasingly important codominant in the eastern districts. [15] [16] The extent of ground cover in mulga woodlands varies with canopy density of the overstorey, becoming almost nonexistent in extremely dense stands. In more open stands, the herbaceous layer consists of wire grasses ( Aristida spp.), mulga oats ( Monocather sp.), mulga mitchell ( Thyridolepis sp.), wanderrie ( Eriachne spp.), finger grasses ( Digitaria spp.) and love grasses ( Eragrostis spp.). Various other woody species are also significant in mulga woodlands, particularly hop bushes ( Dodonaea spp.), Eremophila and cassia ( Senna spp.). [14] [16]

In contrast to the eucalypt woodlands that dominate much of Australia, mulga woodlands are not well adapted to regular fire and species in mulga communities vary in their ability to survive fires. [17] [18] Many species, including mulga, have a very limited ability to resprout after fire, and rely instead on mechanisms of seed production for species survival. Many plants produce hard, woody fruits or seeds, which can not only survive intense heat, but also may require the stimulus of fire to scarify and promote germination. Long-lived seed stores in soil is also common in these woodlands. [18] [19] [20]

Uses

Agriculture

Mulga can be planted with sandalwood in plantations as a host tree. The flowers provide forage for bees, especially when there is enough water available. [21]

Mulga is of great economic importance to the Australian pastoral industry. Despite containing considerable amounts of indigestible tannins, mulga leaves are a valuable fodder source, particularly in times of drought, as they are palatable to stock and provide up to 12% crude protein. [21]

The seeds of Acacia aneura are traditionally used to make seedcakes. The mulga apple is an insect gall commonly eaten by Aboriginal people. [22] Mulga tree gum (ngkwarle alkerampwe in the Arrernte language) is a type of lerp scale found on mulga branches. It provides a tasty, honey-like treat. [21]

Wood

Wood from Acacia aneura stands up very well to being buried in soil, so it is used for posts. The wood has a density of about 850–1100 kg/m3. [21] It is also good as firewood, and good-quality charcoal can be produced from it. [21]

Mulga is a vital tree to Aboriginal Australians in central and Western Australia; the wood is a good hardwood for making various implements, such as digging sticks, woomeras, shields and wooden bowls. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coober Pedy</span> Town in South Australia

Coober Pedy is a town in northern South Australia, 846 km (526 mi) north of Adelaide on the Stuart Highway. The town is sometimes referred to as the "opal capital of the world" because of the quantity of precious opals that are mined there. A blower truck is raised above the town sign, representing the importance of opal mining to the town's history. Coober Pedy is also renowned for its below-ground dwellings, called "dugouts", which are built in this fashion due to the scorching daytime heat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Savanna</span> Mixed woodland-grassland ecosystem

A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland biome and ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of grasses. Four savanna forms exist; savanna woodland where trees and shrubs form a light canopy, tree savanna with scattered trees and shrubs, shrub savanna with distributed shrubs, and grass savanna where trees and shrubs are mostly nonexistent.

<i>Acacia ligulata</i> Species of plant

Acacia ligulata is a species of Acacia, a dense shrub widespread in all states of mainland Australia. It is not considered rare or endangered. Its common names include sandhill wattle, umbrella bush, marpoo, dune wattle, small coobah, wirra, and watarrka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murchison (Western Australia)</span> Bioregion in Western Australia

The Murchison is a loosely defined area of Western Australia located within the interior of the Mid West region. It was the subject of a major gold rush in the 1890s and remains a significant mining district. The Murchison is also included as an interim Australian bioregion. The bioregion is loosely related to the catchment area of the Murchison River and has an area of 281,205 square kilometres (108,574 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deserts of Australia</span> Deserts in Australia

The deserts of Australia or the Australian deserts cover about 1,371,000 km2 (529,000 sq mi), or 18% of the Australian mainland, but about 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain, it is practically desert. Collectively known as the Great Australian desert, they are primarily distributed throughout the Western Plateau and interior lowlands of the country, covering areas from South West Queensland, Far West region of New South Wales, Sunraysia in Victoria and Spencer Gulf in South Australia to the Barkly Tableland in Northern Territory and the Kimberley region in Western Australia.

<i>Acacia harpophylla</i> Species of legume

Acacia harpophylla, commonly known as brigalow, brigalow spearwood or orkor, is an endemic tree of Australia. The Aboriginal Australian group the Gamilaraay peoples know the tree as Barranbaa or Burrii. It is found in central and coastal Queensland to northern New South Wales. It can reach up to 25 m (82 ft) tall and forms extensive open-forest communities on clay soils.

<i>Acacia ayersiana</i> Species of plant

Acacia ayersiana is a plant that grows in arid areas of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yalgoo bioregion</span> Bioregion in Western Australia

Yalgoo is an interim Australian bioregion located in Western Australia. It has an area of 5,087,577 hectares. The bioregion, together with the Avon Wheatbelt and Geraldton Sandplains bioregions, is part of the larger Southwest Australia savanna ecoregion as classified by the World Wildlife Fund.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Western Australia</span>

Western Australia occupies nearly one third of the Australian continent. Due to the size and the isolation of the state, considerable emphasis has been made of these features; it is the second largest administrative territory in the world, after Yakutia in Russia, despite the fact that Australia is only the sixth largest country in the world by area, and no other regional administrative jurisdiction in the world occupies such a high percentage of a continental land mass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mulga Lands</span>

The Mulga Lands are an interim Australian bioregion of eastern Australia consisting of dry sandy plains with low mulga woodlands and shrublands that are dominated by Acacia aneura (mulga). The Eastern Australia mulga shrublands ecoregion is coterminous with the Mulga Lands bioregion.

<i>Acacia aptaneura</i> Species of plant

Acacia aptaneura, commonly known as slender mulga, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to central and western parts of Australia. It is a usually an inverted cone-shaped or rounded shrub or tree, with linear or narrowly oblong phyllodes, spikes of golden-yellow flowers, and oblong to narrowly oblong pods up to 60 mm (2.4 in) long.

<i>Acacia minyura</i> Species of legume

Acacia minyura is a tree or shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae endemic to arid parts of central Australia.

<i>Acacia paraneura</i> Species of plant

Acacia paraneura, commonly known as weeping mulga, is a tree or shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae. It is native to arid regions of Australia. The Indigenous Kurrama peoples know the tree as warlun.

<i>Acacia ramulosa</i> Species of plant

Acacia ramulosa, commonly known as horse mulga or bowgada wattle, is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae endemic to arid areas of Australia.

<i>Acacia sibirica</i> Species of plant

Acacia sibirica, commonly known as bastard mulga or false witchetty bush, is a tree or shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae. It is native to arid areas of Australia.

<i>Acacia dictyophleba</i> Species of plant

Acacia dictyophleba, also known as the sandhill wattle, waxy wattle, feather veined wattle, and spear tree, is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae, found in Australia. The Nyangumarta peoples know the plant as Langkur or Lungkun; the Thalanyji know it as Jabandi; and the Pintupi know it as mulyati.

<i>Acacia calcicola</i> Species of plant

Acacia calcicola is a shrub or tree of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves that is native to parts of central Australia. Common names for this species include; shrubby wattle, shrubby mulga, myall-gidgee, northern myall and grey myall. Indigenous Australians the Pitjantjatjara peoples know the tree as ikatuka, the Warlpiri know it as jirlarti and the Arrernte know it as irrakwetye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilbara shrublands</span> Terrestrial ecoregion in Western Australia

The Pilbara shrublands is a deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion in Western Australia. It is coterminous with the Pilbara IBRA region. For other definitions and uses of "Pilbara region" see Pilbara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mulga (habitat)</span> Habitat dominated by the mulga tree

Mulga is a type of habitat composed of woodland or open forest dominated by the mulga tree, Acacia aneura, or similar species of Acacia.

<i>Acacia melvillei</i> Species of legume

Acacia melvillei, commonly known as yarran, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves that is endemic to south eastern Australia.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 "Acacia aneura". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
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  5. "The History of Coober Pedy". Coober Pedy SA. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
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  8. Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 133. ISBN   9780958034180.
  9. "Acacia aneura". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  10. "Acacia aneura". Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  11. "Acacia aneura". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  12. "Mulga management guide". Queensland Government. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  13. Doran, J.C.; Turnbull, J.W.; Boland, D.J.; Gunn, B.V. (1983). "Appendix 2. Notes on the main characteristics of the six acacia species of special interest". Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  14. 1 2 Weston, E.J. (1988). "Native Pasture Communities". In Burrows, H.; Scanlan, J.C.; Rutherford, M.T. (eds.). Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. Brisbane QLD: Department of Primary Industries.
  15. Harrington, G.N.; Mills, D.M.D.; et al. (1984). "Semi-arid woodlands". In Harrington, G.N.; Wilson, A.D. (eds.). Management of Australia's Rangelands. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 189–. ISBN   9780643036147.
  16. 1 2 Burrows, W.H.; Carter, J.O.; Scanlan, J.C.; Anderson, E.R. (1990). "Management of savannas for livestock production in north-east Australia: contrasts across the tree-grass continuum". Journal of Biogeography. 17 (4–5): 503–512. doi:10.2307/2845383. JSTOR   2845383.
  17. Hodgkinson, K.C.; Harrington, G.N.; et al. (1984). "Management of vegetation with fire". In Harrington, G.N.; Wilson, A.D. (eds.). Management of Australia's Rangelands. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 141–. ISBN   9780643036147.
  18. 1 2 Dyer, R.; Craig, A.; et al. (1997). "Fire in northern pastoral lands". In Grice, T.C.; Slatter, S.M. (eds.). Fire in the management of northern Australian pastoral lands. Occasional Publication. Vol. 8. St. Lucia, Australia: Tropical Grassland Society of Australia. hdl:102.100.100/221918.
  19. White, M.E. (1986). The Greening of Gondwana. Reed Books. ISBN   9780730101543.
  20. Hodgkinson, K.C. (1991). "Shrub recruitment response to intensity and season of fire in a semi-arid woodland". Journal of Applied Ecology. 28 (1): 60–70. doi:10.2307/2404113. JSTOR   2404113.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 World AgroForestry Centre
  22. J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia: Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  23. "Aboriginal Plant use and Technology" (PDF). Australian National Botanic Garden. Retrieved 11 November 2016.